Class: Xth C Roll no.
: 1
Human Reproduction
Battle of the sexes!!!
Are males and females all that different? Well..
Yes And No!
Anatomy
Male
Female
Similarities
2 pouches
Testicles Ovaries
Start out inside body
Testicles descend before birth
Fetus begins with starter parts that could develop into either gender.
Around 7th Week
Babys body is told by DNA to become either male or female. Unused parts disintegrate Used parts continue development
Male or Female???
DNA determines babys gender XX = Female XY = Male Depends on which egg & sperm get together. Father determines babys gender.
Anatomy similarities Function VERY different!
Male
Uncomplicated Produce sperm 2-4 MILLION every day
Female
Very Complicated! One egg Once a month Careful coordination of hormones & body Timing perfect!
Females
Ovaries
2 pouches
Contain ova
Born with all of her eggs (~ 400,000) Use up ~500 Wont run out!
Ovulation
One egg released from ovary to oviduct (fallopian tube)
After Ovulation
Egg pushed along by cilia Few days travel time to arrive in uterus Cervix Opening between uterus & vagina
Normally tiny At birth muscles pull open (dilation) cervix to allow baby to pass through = Labor
Menstrual Cycle
Complex combination of 10-12 chemicals (hormones) Usually one egg once a month All about timing!!!
Uterus must be ready when egg gets there in case it was fertilized If no fertilization, tear down lining of uterus and rebuild for next month
28-Day Cycle (average)
Three Stages
Tear Down 2. Rebuild 3. Extra nutrients/blood for potential baby
1.
No Sperm met?
Back to #1
Chemicals (hormones)
Regulate events in the body
Estrogen Progesterone LH (leuteinizing hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) Many others
Day 1
First menstrual blood & tissue No baby = breaks down lining of uterus 5-7 days of blood/tissue exits body
Pre-Ovulation
~Day 14
Ovulation = Egg released Temp spikes slightly Most fertile in next few days!
Able to get pregnant
Egg gets fertilized while traveling through oviduct.
Post-Ovulation
If fertilized
Zygote begins to divide as it travels through oviduct Implants into lining of uterus
If not fertilized
Egg travels through oviduct to uterus Exits body with blood and tissues during menstruation
Birth Control Pills
Trick body into thinking its pregnant
Extra hormones No ovulation occurs No ovulation = no egg = no fertilization = no baby! No hormones taken for 7 days = menstruation
Male
Testes
Produce 2-4 million sperm every day Outside body why?
Sperm like temps 1-2 cooler than body temp
Vas Deferens
Tube sperm travel through
Vasectomy
Cut/tie off tube sperm cant get out!
Semen
Contains
300-500 million sperm Sperm food pH buffers
Allows sperm to survive for a couple of days inside females body (hostile environment)
What is sperm?
Then
Used to think it was a tiny human inside each cell Spermists vs. Ovists
Now
Contains Several Parts:
Head
Chemical to dissolve egg goo Dads genetic information (DNA)
Mitochondria
Energy
Tail
Swimming
Prostate Gland
Adds non-sperm stuff to semen
pH buffers Nourishment
Cancer very common
Slower-growing (usually) Surgery for removal
Bulbourethral gland
Adds lubricant to aid travel of semen through the urethra
Conception/Fertilization
Conception/Fertilization
Ejaculation
Release of 300-500 million sperm
Egg needs to be in oviduct Sperm to egg, not an easy task
Go wrong direction : 2 paths only 1 leads to an egg Get attacked by females white blood cells Acidic environment Current
Once egg is located
Dissolve protective goo surrounding egg One gets through enters egg Instant biochemical change in zygote
No more sperm allowed in
Zygote begins development
Time Lapse Development
Implants in uterine lining
Endometrium= outer lining of uterus
Becomes placenta
Uses mothers nutrients Continues development
Fetal Development
Anmion
Membrane surrounding baby Contains amniotic fluid Breaks just before birth = water broke
Amniotic Fluid
The water surrounding baby Buoyant cradle for baby
Protection Free movement
Fetal Dev (contd)
Umbilical Cord
Blood vessels from placenta to baby Moms & babys blood do not circulate together!
Can have 2 different blood types Diffusion
Ancient beliefs
Wak Wak tree
Birth
Labor muscles used to open cervix Baby flips upside down
Head first! Feet first = Breech (bad)
Cesarian Section (C-section) surgical removal of baby
After baby is born mom delivers placenta (afterbirth) that detaches from uterus
Breastfeeding
Most nutritious option for baby
Milk changes as baby grows
Antibodies from mom create immunity for baby Studies have shown correlation between breastfeeding and higher intelligence in baby. Bond w/baby is stronger
Twins/Multiple Births
Two types
Monozygotic
From one egg Identical
Dizygotic
From two eggs Fraternal Not identical
Identical twins
One zygote Splits in 2 No one knows why! Completely random = does NOT run in families Same exact DNA Natures clones
Fraternal Twins
2 separate eggs get fertilized with 2 different sperm cells More than one egg got released during ovulation Siblings
Can be sisters Brothers Brother and sister
Tends to run in families
Conjoined Twins
Used to be called Siamese twins First well known case was in Siam Identical twins that never completely separated during development Sometimes can be separated, depending on what is shared.
THANK YOU!!!!!