Chapter 11: Early Adulthood (24 to 34 years)
Chapter Objectives 1. o ide!ti"y a!d de"i!e selected co!cepts that are especially releva!t "or u!dersta!di!# develop$e!t duri!# adulthood i!cludi!#: social roles% the li"e course% a!d "ul"ill$e!t theories.
Chapter Objectives (co!t.) 2. o a!aly&e the process o" "or$i!# i!ti$ate relatio!ships i!cludi!#: i!itial attractio!s% $ate selectio!% a!d co$$it$e!t to a lo!#'ter$ relatio!ship% the role o" cohabitatio! i! "or$i!# close relatio!ships% a!d the challe!#es that o!e "aces i! adjusti!# to the early years o" $arria#e.
Chapter Objectives (co!t.) 3. o describe the "actors associated (ith the decisio! to have childre!% the i$pact o" childbeari!# o! the i!ti$ate relatio!ship% the developi!# pare!tal relatio!ship% a!d the co!tributio! o" childbeari!# to #ro(th i! adulthood .
Chapter Objectives (co!t.) 4. o e)plore the co!cept o" (or* as a sti$ulus "or psycholo#ical develop$e!t i! early adulthood% (ith a special "ocus o! the tech!ical s*ills% authority relatio!s% de$a!ds a!d ha&ards% a!d the i!terperso!al relatio!s i! the (or* e!viro!$e!t.
Chapter Objectives (co!t.) +. o e)a$i!e the co!cept o" li"estyle as the e)pressio! o" i!dividual ide!tity% (ith co!sideratio! "or the pace o" li"e% bala!ci!# co$peti!# role de$a!ds% buildi!# a supportive social !et(or*% a!d adopti!# practices to pro$ote health a!d "it!ess.
Chapter Objectives (co!t.) ,. o de"i!e a!d describe the psychosocial crisis o" i!ti$acy versus isolatio!% the ce!tral process throu#h (hich this crisis is resolved% $utuality a$o!# peers% the pri$e adaptive e#o -uality o" love% a!d the core patholo#y o" e)clusivity. .. o a!aly&e divorce as a li"e stressor i! early adulthood i!cludi!#: "actors co!tributi!# to it a!d the process o" copi!# (ith it.
/ajor Co!cepts i! the 0tudy o" Adulthood: 0ocial 1oles 2 0ocial roles are a set o" behaviors that have so$e socially shared patter!s o" e)pectatio!s "or behavior. 1oles such as teacher% child% or $i!ister 1oles are reciprocal
/ajor Co!cepts i! the 0tudy o" Adulthood: 3i"e Course 2 3i"e course re"ers to the i!te#ratio! a!d se-ue!ci!# o" phases o" (or* a!d "a$ily li"e over ti$e. 2 rajectory: the path o" o!e4s li"e e)perie!ces i! a speci"ic do$ai!. 2 ra!sitio!: the be#i!!i!# or e!di!# o" a! eve!t or relatio!ship.
/ajor Co!cepts i! the 0tudy o" Adulthood: 3i"e Course (co!t.) 2 0ocial Cloc*: a#e !or$s a!d e)pectatio!s "or particular roles or behaviors. Also i$plies there are e)pectatio!s "or the se-ue!ce o" roles% or% role se-ue!ci!# 2 5atter! o" the li"e course is i!"lue!ced by the historical era. 2 Cohort: #roup o" people (ho are rou#hly the sa$e a#e duri!# a particular historical period.
/ajor Co!cepts i! the 0tudy o" Adulthood: 6ul"ill$e!t heories 2 7u$a!istic or "ul"ill$e!t theorists e$phasi&e purposive% #oal'orie!ted behavior i! adult li"e. hese theories have bee! i!te#rated i!to the "ield o" positive psycholo#y. 2 hree co!cepts releva!t to directio! o" #ro(th i! adulthood. Co$pete!ce% sel"'accepta!ce% a!d sel"' actuali&atio!.
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: Cohabitatio! 2 Cohabitatio! rather tha! $arria#e has beco$e a co$$o! e)pressio! o" a co$$itted relatio!ship. 2 8!creasi!# !u$ber o" childre! #ro(i!# up i! the co!te)t o" cohabiti!# relatio!ships. 2 Co!se!sual u!io!: a "or$ o" $arital u!io! o"te! practiced i! 3ati! A$erica.
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: Cohabitatio! (co!t.) 2 0i) types o" cohabitati!# relatio!ships: /ar#i!al 5relude to $arria#e 0ta#e i! the $arria#e process Alter!ative to bei!# si!#le Alter!ative to $arria#e 8!disti!#uishable "ro$ $arria#e
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: 6or$i!# Close 1elatio!ships 9et(ee! 5art!ers o" the 0a$e 0e). 2 :ay $e! a!d lesbia!s are a diverse #roup (ith respect to their i!terests% bac*#rou!ds% a!d other i$porta!t aspects o" adult roles. 2 /a!y o" the dy!a$ics i! heterose)ual relatio!ships apply to sa$e'se) couples. 2 ;!i-ue challe!#es o"te! i!volve a cli$ate o" secrecy a!d social sti#$a% especially "ears about pare!tal rejectio!.
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: 1eadi!ess to /arry. 2 9e"ore the desire to $arry% a! i$porta!t "actor is readi!ess "or a lo!#'ter$ co$$it$e!t. 2 1eadi!ess is i!"lue!ced by: 8de!tity develop$e!t Educatio!al #oals O!e4s perso!al a#e!da
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: 5hases i! the 0electio! o" a 5art!er. 2 E!do#a$y: $arria#e (ithi! o!e4s (ell'de"i!ed #roup 2 5hase 8% Ori#i!al Attractio!: 8!itial i$pressio!s Evolutio!ary perspective hi#hli#hts reproductive pote!tial a!d i!vest$e!t rather tha! ho$o#a$y
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: 5hases i! the 0electio! o" a 5art!er (co!t.) 2 5hase 88% <eeper Attractio! 2 5hase 888% 9arriers to 9rea* ;p: 1ole co$patibility a!d e$pathy bri!# upo! a !e( level o" i!ti$acy. 2 5hase 8=% he >1i#ht O!e? 1elatio!ship: 1elatio!ship o"te! characteri&ed by ro$a!tic love a!d "rie!dship.
Case 0tudy: 7o( 3ove /a*es 8ts @ay i!to a 1elatio!ship. hou#ht Auestio!s: 2 @hat does love $ea! "or <ic* a!d :ailB 8! (hat (ays $i#ht love be di""ere!t "ro$ li*i!#B 2 7o( is the relatio!ship bet(ee! <ic* a!d :ail tra!s"or$ed (he! love is $e!tio!edB
Case 0tudy: 7o( 3ove /a*es 8ts @ay i!to a 1elatio!ship. hou#ht Auestio!s (co!t.) 2 @hat are the -ualities o" a! i!ti$ate relatio!ship that you see illustrated i! the case o" <ic* a!d :ailB @hat ele$e!ts o" a! i!ti$ate relatio!ship appear to be $issi!# i! this relatio!shipB
Case 0tudy: 7o( 3ove /a*es 8ts @ay i!to a 1elatio!ship (co!t.) 2 7o( does the case illustrate the co!cept o" ho$o#a$yB 7o( does the case illustrate the co!cepts "ro$ social evolutio!ary theoryB 2 @hat challe!#es do you i$a#i!e <ic* a!d :ail $i#ht "ace i! the "irst "e( years o" $arria#eB @hat resources $i#ht help the$ cope (ith these challe!#esB
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: Adjust$e!t <uri!# the Early Cears o" /arria#e. 2 Co$$u!icatio! a!d /arital Adjust$e!t: here are $a!y sources o" te!sio! i! a !e( $arria#e. /ost proble$atic are issues o" bala!ci!# e$ploy$e!t a!d $arria#e a!d debt brou#ht i!to $arria#e.
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: Co$$u!icatio! a!d /arital Adjust$e!t. 2 7i#h levels o" disclosure a!d disclosure reciprocity are associated (ith #reater relatio!ship satis"actio!. 2 De#ative i!teractio!s a!d co!"lict are associated (ith $arital distress.
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: Co$$u!icatio! a!d /arital Adjust$e!t. 2 hree di$e!sio!s o" co!"lict are i$porta!t i! di""ere!tiati!# happy a!d distressed $arital relatio!ships: De#ative co$$u!icatio! Coercive escalatio! Co!#rue!ce 23ac* o" co!#rue!ce
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: Co$$u!icatio! 0tyles o" /e! a!d @o$e!. 2 /e! a!d (o$e! co$$u!icate di""ere!tly a!d have di""ere!t perceptio!s o" the process. 7o(ever% both $e! a!d (o$e! pre"er co!tact i!teractio!s% rather tha! co!trolli!# i!teractio!s. 2 <e$a!d'(ithdra( patter! is associated (ith relatio!ship dissatis"actio!.
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: Adjust$e!t i! <ual'Ear!er /arria#es. 2 here has bee! a #reat i!crease over the seco!d hal" o" the 2Eth ce!tury i! the !u$ber o" $arried (o$e! (ho are e$ployed. 2 8!volve$e!t o" both husba!d a!d (i"e i! the labor $ar*et re-uires rede"i!itio! o" traditio!al "a$ily roles a!d the divisio! o" labor.
E)plori!# 8!ti$ate 1elatio!ships: Adjust$e!t i! <ual'Ear!er /arria#es (co!t.) 2 6our be!e"its "or couples (ith $ultiple roles: 9oth part!ers are li*ely to be i!te#rated i!to social support syste$s /ore "i!a!cial resources 0uccess i! o!e role ca! bu""er a#ai!st !e#ative e)perie!ces i! other roles 8!volve$e!t i! si$ilar roles provides part!ers a shared "ra$e o" re"ere!ce
Childbeari!#: 6ertility 1ate 2 6ertility rates i! the ;!ited 0tates vary accordi!# to raceFeth!icity a!d socioeco!o$ic status. 2 Avera#e !u$ber o" births re-uired "or !atural replace$e!t o" a populatio! is 2.1 births.
Childbeari!#: <ecisio!s about Childbeari!# 2 <ecisio!s about childbeari!# are $ade i! the co!te)t o" other perso!al a!d "a$ily #oals a!d co$$it$e!ts. 2 Cultures di""er i! the !or$s a!d e)pectatio!s re#ardi!# the value o" havi!# childre! as (ell as the ti$i!# a!d "re-ue!cy o" pre#!a!cies. 2 <ecisio!s to postpo!e childbeari!# are o"te! i!"lue!ced by the social a!d biolo#ical cloc*s.
VIDEO: Deciding Whether to Have Kids
Childbeari!#: <ual 1oles o" 8!ti$ate 5art!er a!d 5are!t. 2 he arrival o" the "irst child o"te! bri!#s joy% as (ell as a period o" stress to the relatio!ship . 2 he -uality o" $arital adjust$e!t over the tra!sitio! to pare!thood is related to $arital -uality be"ore the child (as bor!. 2 7avi!# childre! does have a! i$pact o! $arital co$pa!io!ship.
Childbeari!#: Do!'$arital Childbeari!# 2 /ajority o" births to u!$arried (o$e! occur at you!#er a#es: 22G o" births to u!$arried (o$e! a#es 2+'2H 2 <ecisio! to have child outside o" $arria#e ca! be a result o" divorce% (ido(hood% i! the co!te)t o" a lesbia! or cohabiti!# relatio!ship% or the desire to start a "a$ily (ithout a part!er.
Childbeari!#: he <ecisio! Dot o 7ave Childre! 2 Dot all couples choose to have childre! 2 8! 2EE,% 2EG o" (o$e! 4E'44 (ere childless 2 he ;.0. culture co!ti!ues to be pro' !atalisticI placi!# a hi#h value o! havi!# childre!.
Chapter 11: Early Adulthood @or*: he @orld o" @or* 2 @ithi! the li"e'course "ra$e(or*% the occupatio!al career is a $ajor co$po!e!t i! each perso!4s li"e story. 2 6our ce!tral co$po!e!ts o" the (or* situatio! are $ajor are!as "or lear!i!# i! early adulthood: ech!ical s*ills% authority relatio!s% de$a!ds a!d ha&ards% a!d i!terperso!al relatio!ships (ith co'(or*ers.
Case 0tudy: Jaye Cro(e hou#ht Auestio!s: 2 @hat do you doB 2 @hat *i!ds o" people do (ell i! this busi!essB 2 @hat do you really li*e about your jobB 2 @hat do you disli*eB 2 7o( ca! so$eo!e #et a job li*e yoursB
@or*: 5overty a!d Career Opportu!ities 2 6actors that li$it the ra!#e o" occupatio!s ope! to a #ive! perso! i!clude: educatio!al attai!$e!t% ability% a!d locatio!. 2 1ece!t policy cha!#es i! the ;.0. have led to a re!e(ed i!terest i! supporti!# the tra!sitio! "ro$ (el"are to (or*. Challe!#es e)ist i! $a*i!# this tra!sitio!
@or*: Career 5hases a!d 8!dividual <evelop$e!t 2 hree phases o" career develop$e!t Early% $iddle% a!d late career develop$e!t 2 8! each phase career develop$e!t re"lects: Co!cer!s about sel" Co!cer!s about career Co!cer!s about "a$ily
3i"estyle: 5ace o" 3i"e 2 3i"estyle: i!te#rates perso!ality characteristics% #oals% co!victio!s% a!d i!!er co!"licts (ith social opportu!ities a!d resources i!to a! or#a!i&i!# patter! o" actio!s a!d choices. 2 5ace o" li"e: the busi!ess o" li"e% shaped by (or*% "a$ily% perso!ality% a!d e!viro!$e!tal co!te)t.
3i"estyle: 0ocial Det(or* 2 /ost people e)pa!d their social !et(or* duri!# early adulthood due to participatio! i! $ultiple roles. 2 0i!#le adults a!d couples (ithout childre! typically have $ore ti$e "or adult "rie!dships tha! do pare!ts.
3i"estyle: Co$peti!# 1ole <e$a!ds 2 A source o" te!sio! i! adulthood is the co$petitio! o" role de$a!ds. 2 Adults stru##le (ith co!"lict bet(ee! de$a!ds o" (or* a!d ho$e li"e. 3i"estyle: 7ealth a!d 6it!ess 2 he co!te$porary e$phasis o! health a!d "it!ess i!dicates the i$porta!ce o" li"estyle decisio!s "or ill!ess preve!tio! a!d lo!#evity.
VIDEO: Adult Women uggling !oles
he 5sychosocial Crisis: 8!ti$acy 2 8!ti$acy: the ability to e)perie!ce a! ope!% supportive% te!der relatio!ship (ith a!other perso! (ithout "ear o" losi!# o!e4s o(! ide!tity i! the process. ;sually ac-uired to(ard the e!d o" early adulthood
he 5sychosocial Crisis: 8!teractio! 0tyles o" /e! a!d @o$e! 2 /e!4s i!teractio! styles vary "ro$ that o" (o$e!I i! that $e! are less i!ti$ate tha! (o$e!. he 5sychosocial Crisis: 8!ti$acy i! the @or* 0etti!# 2 A co$$o! co!te)t "or the establish$e!t o" i!ti$acy is the (or* setti!#.
he 5sychosocial Crisis: 8solatio! 2 8solatio!: a crisis resolutio! i! (hich situatio!al "actors or a "ra#ile se!se o" sel" leads a perso! to re$ai! psycholo#ically dista!t "ro$ others. 2 6eeli!#s o" lo!eli!ess ca! be separated i!to three cate#ories: tra!sie!t% situatio!al% a!d chro!ic.
he 5sychosocial Crisis: 8solatio! 2 6ra#ile 8de!tity: 6or so$e people% the possibility o" close!ess (ith a!other perso! seriously threate!s the se!se o" sel". 2 0e)ual <isorders: 8solatio! $ay be li!*ed to se)ual disorders such as hypoactive se)ual desire a!d co$pulsive se)ual behavior.
he 5sychosocial Crisis: 8solatio! (co!t.) 2 0ituatio!al 6actors: 8solatio! ca! also result "ro$ situatio! "actors such as $ovi!# to a !e( to(!% educatio!al or career decisio!s% etc. 2 <iver#e!t 0pheres o" 8!terest 8solatio! ca! also be a product o" diver#i!# i!terests a!d activities.
he 5sychosocial Crisis: 8solatio! (co!t.) 2 E!$esh$e!t: 0o$e "a$ily therapists su##est that "a$ilies are characteri&ed by a co!ti!uu$ "ro$ dise!#a#ed to e!$eshed. E!$eshed relatio!ships are characteri&ed by over'i!volve$e!t i! o!e a!other4s lives% to the e)te!t that a!y cha!#e i! o!e "a$ily $e$ber is $et by stro!# resista!ce by the others.
he Ce!tral 5rocess: /utuality A$o!# 5eers 2 /utuality: e$pathetic a(are!ess o" o!e a!other% u!dersta!di!# o" sel" a!d other% a!d the ability a!d (illi!#!ess to re#ulate o!e4s !eeds i! order to respo!d to the !eeds o" o!e4s part!er. 2 /utuality is stre!#the!ed as t(o i!dividuals lear! to rely o! each other a!d discover that co$bi!ed e""orts are $ore e""ective tha! i!dividual e""orts.
he 5ri$e Adaptive E#o Auality a!d the Core 5atholo#y 2 3ove: A! e$otio! characteri&ed by a capacity "or $utuality that tra!sce!ds the secure attach$e!t o" i!"a!cy. 2 E)clusivity: he core patholo#y o" this period is e)clusivity% a shutti!# out o" others.
Applied opic: <ivorce 2 6actors co!tributi!# to divorce: A#e at $arria#e 0ocioeco!o$ic level 0ocio'e$otio!al develop$e!t 6a$ily history o" divorce Copi!# (ith divorce Attach$e!t to "or$er spouse Copi!# strate#ies