Organization Development and Leadership
Presented by: Nadia Rose J. Martinez
Definitions of Organization Development
Organization Development is an effort (1) planned, (2) organization-wide, and (3) managed from top, to (4) increase organization effectiveness and health (5) planned interventions in organizations processes, using behavioral-science knowledge. - Beckhard, 1969 Organization Development is a process of planned change change of an organizations culture from one which avoids an examination of social processes (especially decision making, planning and communication) to one which institutionalizes and legitimizes this examination. - Burke & Hornstein, 1972
Definitions of Organizational Development
Organization Development is a systematic application of behavioral science knowledge to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational strategies, structures, and processes for improving an organizations effectiveness. - Cummings & Worley, 1993
Organization development is a planned process of change in an organizations culture through the utilization of behavioral science technologies, research, and theory. - Burke, 1994
About Organizational Development
OD is about how organizations and people function and how to
get them to function better
Start Point when the leader identifies an undesirable situation
and seeks to change it.
Focus - Making organizations function better (total system
change).
Orientation - Action (achieving results through planned
activities).
No unifying theory just models of practice
OD is an organization improvement strategy
Starting Point
Poor alignment to organizations strategy
Low productivity
Organization
Intergroup conflict
Interpersonal conflicts
Focus
Change new state of things, different from old state of things Can be viewed as an opportunity or as a threat Change First order change (making moderate adjustments) Second order change (reinvent, reengineer, rewrite)
What needs to be changed and how to go about it
Orientation
Diagnosing Taking Action Re-Diagnosing Taking New Action This process is known as
Action Research
Three ingredients: 1. Participation 2. OD consultant (as collaborator & colearner) 3. Iterative process of diagnosis & action
Change occurs based on the actions taken New knowledge comes from examining the results of the actions.
Models and Theories
Kurt Lewin
Change is a three-stage process
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 - Unfreezing the old behavior/ situation - Moving to a new level of behaviors - Refreezing the behavior at the new level
Models and Theories
Seven stage model representing the consulting process Phase 1 Developing a need for change. Phase 2 Establishing the change relationship. Phase 3 Diagnosing the client systems problem. Examining alternative routes, establishing goals Phase 4 and intentions of action. Phase 5 Transforming intentions into actual change efforts. Phase 6 Stabilizing change. Phase 7 Achieving a terminal relationship.
Models and Theories
1. The culture track 2. The management skills track 3. The team-building track
Ralph Kilmann
Five critical leverage points (tracks) for organization change
4. The strategy-structure track 5. The reward system track
Track 1 : Enhances trust, communication, information sharing Track 2 : Provide new ways of coping with complex problems Track 3 : Infuses new culture and updated management skills Track 4 : Develops revised strategy plan for organization Track 5 : Establishes performance based reward system
AT&T, Eastman Kodak, Ford, General Electric, Xerox etc.
Models and Theories
The Burke-Litwin Model of Organizational Change
Warner Burke
First order change (Transactional change)
Change
Second order change (Transformational change)
OD interventions directed towards structure, management practices, and systems (policies & procedures) result in first order change. OD interventions directed towards mission and strategy, leadership, and organization culture result in second order change.
Models and Theories
Porras & Robertson Model of Organizational Change
Jerry Porras Peter Robertson
OD interventions alter features of the work setting causing changes in individuals behaviors, which in turn lead to individual and organizational improvements.
1 2
Organizing arrangements
Social factors Physical setting Technology
Work setting factors
3 4
Models and Theories
Organizing arrangements
Goals, strategies, structure, policies, procedures
Social Factors
Culture, management style, informal networks, individual attributes
Physical Settings
Space configuration, physical ambiance
Technology
Machinery, tools, IT, job design
Systems Theory
Organizations are open systems in active exchange with their environment
David A. Nadler
The Congruence Model
Systems Theory
Sociotechnical Systems Theory (STS) All organizations comprised of two interdependent systems: 1. Social system 2. Technical system
Eric Trist
To achieve high productivity and employee satisfaction, organizations must optimize both systems.
Changes in one system affect the other system.
Participation & Empowerment
Participation in OD programs is not restricted to elites or top people; it is extended broadly throughout the organization. Increased participation and empowerment have always been central goals and fundamental values of OD. Participation enhances empowerment and empowerment in turn enhances performance.
Empowerment is the key to getting people to want to participate in change.
Teams & Teamwork
Many tasks are so complex that they cannot be performed by individuals; people must work together to accomplish them. Putting those empowered individuals into teams creates extraordinary effects on performance. Teams create synergy i.e. sum of efforts of team is far greater than sum of individual efforts. A number of OD interventions are specifically designed to improve team performance. Examples team building, quality circles etc.
Characteristics of successful teams
1. clear, elevating goal
2. result driven structure
3. competent members 4. unified commitment
5. collaborative climate
6. standards of excellence 7. external support and recognition 8. principled leadership ..Larson & LaFasto
Managing the OD Process
Three basic components of OD programs: Diagnosis Continuous collection of data about total system, its subunits, its processes, and its culture Action All activities and interventions designed to improve the organizations functioning Program All activities designed to management ensure success of the program
Diagnosis The Six-Box Model
Purposes Marvin Weisbord Weisbord identifies six critical areas where things must go right if organization is to be successful. According to him, the consultant must attend to both formal and informal aspects of each box. This model is still widely used by OD practitioners Relationships Leadership Structure
Helpful Mechanisms
Rewards
Actions
Interventions are the actions taken to produce desired changes.
Four conditions that give rise to the need for OD interventions:
1. The organization has a problem (corrective action to fix it) 2. Organization sees an unrealized opportunity (enabling action to seize the opportunity) 3. Features of organization are out of alignment (alignment action to get things back in sync) 4. Yesterdays vision is no longer good enough (action for new vision actions to build necessary structures, processes and culture to make new vision a reality)
