KMP5703

Design of Manufacturing Systems

SYSTEM
MODELING
Aziana (GS#####)
Harlina binti Ngah (GS25434)
Azazi Ngatiman (GS24816)
Haspirudin Basiron (GS25050)
M. Maaroff Bahurdin (GS25258)
 Overview
[Link] is modeling?
[Link] is simulation?
[Link] is simulation modeling and
analysis?
[Link] types of problems are suitable
for simulation?
[Link] to select simulation software?
[Link] are the benefits and pitfalls in
modeling and simulation?
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WHAT IS MODELING?

 SYSTEM MODELING

WHAT IS MODELING?

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 Modeling Definition
 Modelling is the process of producing a
model which:


 Representation of the construction and

working of some system of interest;
 Similar to but simpler than the system it
represents;
 Enable the analyst to predict the effect of
changes to the system;
 A close approximation to the real system
and incorporate most of its salient
features; and
 Not so complex that it is impossible to
understand and experiment with it. 4
 Simulation practitioners recommend increasing
the complexity of a model iteratively.
 Model validation techniques (important issue)
include simulating the model under known
input conditions and comparing model output
with system output.
 A model intended for a simulation study is a
mathematical model developed with the help
of simulation software.
 Mathematical model classifications include
deterministic or stochastic; and static or
dynamic;
Ø Deterministic (input and output variables are
fixed values)
Ø Stochastic (at least one of the input or output
variables is probabilistic)
Ø Static (time is not taken into account)
Ø Dynamic (time-varying interactions among 5
variables are taken into account)
WHAT IS SIMULATION?

 System modeling

WHAT IS SIMULATION?

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 Simulation
 A simulation of a system is:
Øan analysis tool for understanding
the system.
Øthe operation of a model of the
system.
 Shannon [1975] defines simulation as an
experimental and applied methodology
which seeks to:
i. describe theories or the behavior of
systems;.
[Link] hypotheses that account
for the observed behavior;
[Link] these theories to predict
future behavior, that is, the
effects that will be produced by 7
 Simulation is used before an existing
system is altered or a new system
built.
To reduce the chances of
failure to meet
specifications
To eliminate unforeseen
WHY? bottlenecks
To prevent under or over-
utilization of resources
To optimize system
performance

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Simulation Study
Schematic
ØHuman decision making is
required in:
Model development
Experiment design
Output analysis
Conclusion formulation
Making decisions to alter
the system under study
*Human intervention is not
required while running the
simulations.

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 Strengths of Simulation
Time compression – the potential to simulate


years of real system operation in a few minutes or

seconds.
Component integration – the ability to

integrate system components to study

interactions
Risk avoidance – hypothetical or potentially

dangerous systems can be studied without the

financial or physical risks that may be involved in
building and studying a real system
Physical scaling – the ability to study much

larger or smaller versions of a system

Repeatability– the ability to study different

systems in identical environments or the same

system in different environments 10

Stages in Simulation

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WHAT IS SIMULATION
MODELING AND ANALYSIS?

 System modeling

WHAT IS SIMULATION
MODELING AND ANALYSIS?

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 Simulation Modeling &
Analysis
Ø System modeling is a technique to express,
visualize, analyze and transform the
architecture of a system
Ø A system may consist of software
components, hardware components, or
both and the connections between these
components
Ø It can increase reliability and reduce
development cost by making it easier to
build systems, to reuse previous built
components within new systems, to
change systems to suit changing
requirements such as functional 13
enhancement and platform changes, and
 Simulation Modeling &
Analysis
Ø The purpose of analyzing existing
systems is to understand how the
system does what it does
Ø Whether the system is maintained or
it is prepared to be transformed,
e.g. to another hardware platform,
the emphasis of system analysis lies
on understanding of which
components it is built and how they
interact
Ø A system model as the result of this
analysis, again, aids to the 14
 Simulation Study
Simulation Study:
(1)Human decision making is required

 - All stages, namely, model

development, experiment design,
output analysis, conclusion
formulation, system altering
(2) Human intervention is not required

 - Running of the simulation

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 SIMULATION STUDY
SCHEMATIC
Real Simulation
11 Steps
World Study
System Under Simulation
Study Model

Simulation
Experiment

Altered Simulation
System Analysis

Conclusions

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 Simulation Model
Ø Consist of the following components:
o system entities
o input variables
o performance measures
o functional relationships


Ø Almost all simulation software

packages provides constructs to
model each of the above
components
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 Simulation Model
Steps Involved:


(1)Identify the problem

(2)Formulate the problem
(3)Collect the process real system data
(4)Formulate & develop a model
(5)Validate the model
(6)Document model for future use

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 Simulation Experiment
It is a test or series of test, meaningful
changes are made to the input
variables
We can observe and identify the

reasons of change in the

performance measures
Steps Involved:

(7) Select appropriate experimental

design
(8) Establish experimental conditions 19
 Simulation Analysis
Most simulation packages provide run


statistics on the performance

measure


Steps Involved:
(10) Interpret and present result

(11) Recommend further course of

action

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WHAT TYPES OF PROBLEMS
ARE SUITABLE FOR
SIMULATION?

 System modeling

WHAT TYPES OF PROBLEMS

ARE SUITABLE FOR
SIMULATION?
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 Types of problems to
simulate
 Situations in which simulation modeling
and analysis is used include the following:
Ø It is impossible or extremely expensive to
observe certain processes in the real
world, e.g., next year‘s cancer statistics,
performance of the next space shuttle,
and the effect of Internet advertising on a
company's sales.
Ø Problems in which mathematical model can
be formulated but analytic solutions are
either impossible (e.g., job shop
scheduling problem, high order difference
equations) or too complicated (e.g.
complex systems like the stock market,
and large scale queuing models).
Ø It is impossible or extremely expensive to 22
validate the mathematical model
 Areas suitable for
simulation
 Applications of simulation abound in the
areas of :


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HOW TO SELECT SIMULATION
SOFTWARE?

 System modeling

HOW TO SELECT SIMULATION

SOFTWARE?

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Types of simulation
software

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 Types of simulation
software
General purpose programming lan

Available
ØBut over a wide
when compared variety
with Simu
ØLess expensive Package
ØGreater flexibility
may require more “programming
ØEasier development
lead to “longer
ØLess cost: totime” and “higher
obtain
ØE.g. Visual Basic, C++

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 Types of simulation
software
Using simulation packages
Øreduced programming requirements
But when compared
Øconceptual with built in features
guidance:
GPL:
Øanimation
Øautomated
ss known
gathering of statistics
ss flexible
Øgraphic symbolism
for communication
gher cost
Øflexibility to change the model
ngerØ execution
Ø
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 Simulation language

Offer more flexibility easier to learn and have

than the application- modeling constructs
oriented simulators closely related to the
 application
But languages require 
incorporate animation
varying amounts of
programming which is excellent for
expertise communication and can
be used to debug the
simulation program; a 28
Simulation language

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Application oriented-
simulators

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Metric for evaluations

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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS AND
PITFALLS IN MODELING AND
SIMULATION?

 System modeling

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS

AND PITFALLS IN MODELING
AND SIMULATION?
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 The benefits of simulation
& analysis
ü Obtain a better understanding of the system
ü Test hypotheses about the system for feasibility
ü Experiment with new or unknown situations about
which only weak information is available
ü Identify bottlenecks in the flow of entities (material,
people, etc.) or information
ü Employ a systems approach to problem solving
ü Develop well designed and robust systems and
reduce system development time.
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Pitfalls to guard against in
simulation
Unclear objective
Using simulation when an analytic solution is
appropriate.
Invalid model
Simulation model too complex or too simple
Erroneous assumptions.
Using the wrong input probability distribution
Using the wrong performance measure
Bugs in the simulation program
Poor schedule and budget planning
Poor communication among the personnel involved
in the simulation study 34
MANUFACTURING MODEL
EXAMPLE USING WITNESS

 System Modeling

MANUFACTURING MODEL
EXAMPLE USING WITNESS

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 References
1. Maria, A. INTRODUCTION TO MODELING AND
SIMULATION. in 1997 Winter Simulation
Conference. 1997
2. Bakry, S.H., SIMULATION SOFTWARE. 1996.
3. Miller, S. and D. Pegden. INTRODUCTION TO
MANUFACTURING SIMULATION. in 2000 Winter
Simulation Conference. 2000.

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