CHAPTER THREE
PERCEPTION
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PERCEPTION- DEFINITION
Perception is the process through
which the information from outside
environment is selected, received,
organised and interpreted to make
it meaningful to you.
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Environmental stimuli
Observation
Perceptual selection
Perceptual organization
Interpretation
Response
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MAJOR INFLUENCES ON THE
PERCEPTION PROCESS
Characteristics of the:
Perceiver- needs, values, experiences,
attitudes
Perceived- appearance,
communication, behaviour
Situation- physical location, social
setting, organizational setting
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PERECPTUAL SELECTION
is the process by which people
filter out most stimuli so that they
can deal with the most important
ones.
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EXTERNAL PERCEPTION
FACTORS
are characteristics that influence
whether stimuli will be noticed.
* Size * intensity * Contrast
* Motion * Repition *
Novelty
* Familiarity * Order
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INTERNAL PERCEPTION
FACTORS
are aspects of the perceiver that
influence perceptual selection.
* Personality dimension- field
dependence/independence
* Learning- past experience
* Motivation
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PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
is the process by which we group
outside stimuli into recognisable
and identifiable patterns and whole
objects.
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FIGURE GROUND PRINCIPLE
means we tend to be attentive to
such perceived objects that
standout against a background.
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PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
is the perceptual organization
process of placing people and
objects into recognisable and
manageable patterns or
categories.
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BARRIERS TO PERCEPTUAL
ACCURACY
Errors in judging people/situation
* Similarity error
* Contrast error
* Overweighing positive information
* Race, sex and age bias
* First impression error
* Recency error
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ERRORS MADE IN PEOPLE
PERCEPTION
1. Perceptual defense
2. Stereotyping
3. Halo effect
4. Expectancy effect
5. Projection
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1. PERCEPTUAL DEFENSE
is the tendency for people to
protect themselves against ideas,
objects or situations that are
threatening
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2. STEREOTYPING
is the tendency to assign attributes
to someone solely on the basis of a
category of people of which that
person is a member.
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3. HALO EFFECT
is the tendency to judge a person
entirely on the basis of a single
trait which may be favourable or
unfavourable
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4. EXPECTANCY EFFECT
in the perceptual process are the
extent to which prior expectation
bias perception of events, objects
and people
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5. PROJECTION
is the tendency of people to see
their own traits in other people.
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ATTRIBUTION THEORY
When individuals observe
behaviour, they attempt to
determine whether it is internally
or externally caused.
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FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION
ERROR
is the tendency to underestimate
the influence of external factors
and overestimate the influence of
internal factors when marking
judgment about the behaviour of
others.
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SELF SERVING BIAS
is the tendency for individuals to
attribute their own successes to
internal factors while putting the
blame for failures on external
factors.
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PERCEPTION AND OB
Employment interview
Performance expectations
Performance evaluation
Individual decision making
Impression management
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IMPROVING PERCEPTIONS
1. Diversity management programmes
2. Empathise with others
3. Postpone impression formation
4. Compare perception with others
5. Becoming more aware of our values,
beliefs and prejudices.
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