CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Conceptual Theories
context or
or Models or Frame works or Schemes or Maps
THEORY Theory is an imaginative grouping of knowledge, ideas and experience that are represented symbolically and seek to illuminate a given phenomenon. (Watson, 1985)
Theory is a logically interconnected set of confirmed hypothesis. (Mc Kay, 1969)
Theories Not discovered Created & invented Theory construction - creative and intellectual enterprise (Realities) Theories can never be proven or confirmed (New evidence / observation disprove or discredit a theory)
PURPOSES
Knit
observations & facts into an orderly system Make scientific finding meaningful and generalizable. Drawing and summarizing accumulated facts from separate investigations Provides directions and impetus
FUNCTIONS
Descriptions
Explanations Predictions Control
NURSING THEORIES
Knowledge
Practice
building Nursing as a Profession
based on sound reliable knowledge
Predicts
patients response to Nursing care Clinical decision making
NATURE OF THEORIES
Concepts Basic Ingredients / Building bocks of theory (Eg., Health, Interactions & Adaptation) Conceptual models- Spring boards of research hypothesis
DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
Appropriate research questions Methods and strategies Consistent with existing body of research evidence Conceptual rationale
IILUSTRATION
Classical Learning Theory (Theory of Reinforcement) Reinforced behavior Tend to be repeated Learned (Concept Reinforcement and Learning) (Relationship between concepts)- Hyperactive children PraisesLess Acting out behavior
Illustration Contd..
A Nurse led smoking cessation intervention would reduce rates of smoking among patients with CVDS Prediction
Theoretical rationale
( Behavior change, knowledge , attitude and motivation )
Illustration Contd..
Gender difference in coping with loss of a child
Prediction
Biological gender difference, Role difference, Social experience difference
CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORY
[Link] concepts [Link] [Link] simple yet generalizable [Link] for hypothesis (Tested or expanded ) Eg. Quantitative / Qualitative) [Link] the general body of knowledge [Link] and improves practice [Link] open unanswered questions that need to be investigated
STEPS IN THEORY DEVELOPMENT
Criticism
& fault finding Statement of the Problem Concept identification Proposition or principle formation Theory construction Validation of Theory Testing theory
CONSTRUCTION OF THEORY
[Link] Producing Theory [Link] relating Theory [Link] relating Theory [Link] isolating theory
CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES
[Link] range Theories / Grand theories Large segments of human experience- Theories on nursing process [Link] range theories- Narrow range of experience Decision making, Stress, Self care, Health promotion, Infant attachment
RESEARCH FRAME WORK
Theory
Theory Theory
Linked Research
Generating Research Testing Research
SELECTION OF THEORY IN RESEARCH
[Link] of the purpose of the study
[Link] Purpose as a declarative statement [Link] as a question [Link] as a hypothesis
THEORY TESTING
Descriptive
Theories ( Qualitative studies ) ( Describe/ classify specific dimensions, characteristics of individuals, groups, situations or events by summarizing observations )
Explanatory Theories
Theory of planned behavior Peoples intention to perform or not perform a behavior
(Attitude
towards behavior Subjective norms Perceived behavior control)
Hypothesis Generation Compliance with a medical regimen, Health decision making behavior, ( Contraceptive choice, Condom use, Preventive health screening )
CATEGORIES OF THEORIES
[Link] / Problem oriented
Nightingale Abdella
Henderson
Orem Hall Watson
[Link] oriented
Peplau Orlando
Weidenback
King
patterson
Erickson
[Link] oriented
Johnson Roy
Neuman
Levine Leininger
[Link] Field
Rogers
Parse Newman
Nightingale's Environment Model Florence Nightingale(1874)
Ventilation Warmth Light Noise Variety Bed & Bedding Cleanliness of Room and Walls Nutrition
*Environmental function a Nurse could control
Nightingales Model for Nursing Practice:
Orems self care theory
Dorothea Elizabeth Orem (1991)
Theory of self care self care requisition Universal self care requisition Developmental self care can requisition Health deviant self care requisition
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Peplaus interpersonal relation theory
Hidegaurd . E. peplau (1952) Phases of IPR 1. Orientation felt need 2. Identification- Identification of meeting needs 3. Exploitation relationship( Communication ) 4. Resolution Termination of therapeutic relationship
Concept
Direction
for nursing practice, Education and Research Contribution to nursing knowledge base
Orlandos nursing process theory
Ida jean orlando(1959) 1. Professional function - Responsibility 2. Patient behavior 3. Nurses reaction 4. Nurses action Concept Evaluation of training programmes Testing of validity of nursing formulations
Kings Goal attainment theory
Imogene
King(1975)
Social system (Society) Interpersonal system (groups) Personal system (individuals)
Concept
Nurse
patient interaction - goal attainment
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Erickson, Tomlin Theory of modeling and role modeling Boylin and schoenhofar theory of Nursing and caring Johnson behavioral system model Roy adaptation model Neumans System model Levins four conservative principles Levinges cultural care theory Rogers theory of unitary human being Neumans Theory of health Fitzpatricks rhythm model Travelbees Human Human relationship model Benners excellent and power in clinical nursing practice Mercers Theory in maternal role attainment Adams Conceptual model in nursing Parses man living Health theory Jean Rachel's symbolic intervention Bernards patient child intervention model Penders Health promotion model
Other Theories
Theory
of menstrual care Activities of daily living Theory of quality of family care giving Theory of relapse among ex smokers Theory of uncertainty Theory of peri menopausal process Theory of self transcendence Theory of caring in perinatal nursing Theory of personal risk Theory of illness