ECU302 Digital
Communication
Introduction
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Text Books for Reference
Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 3rd
edn., John Wiley & Sons.
B. Sklar, Digital Communication Fundamental
and Applications,2nd Ed, Pearson Education.
R.E. Ziemer and W.H. Tranter, Principles of
Communications, JAICO Publishing House.
John [Link], Digital Communications, 4th edn.,
McGraw Hill.
B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication, 3rd Ed., Oxford University
Press.
John Proakis and M. Salehi, Communication
System Engineering, Pearson
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Course Information
Background required:
Probability Theory and Signal Theory
Instructor: -Office: EC209
Office Phone :0495-228-6706
Mobile: 91-9446930650
E-mail: babu@[Link]
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Course Information
Understand basic components of
digital communication systems.
– Design optimum receivers for digital
modulation techniques.
– Analyze the error performance of
digital modulation techniques.
– Design digital communication
systems under given power, spectral,
and error performance constrains.
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Course Outline
Analog-to-digital conversion: Sampling theorem,
PCM, other pulse modulation schemes.
Review of theory of random variables and
stochastic processes.
Introduction to Signal Space concepts.
Detection theory: Vector channels, detection of
signals in noise, decision rules such as MAP and
maximum likelihood rules, waveform channels, error
probability of base band signals.
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Course Outline (contd.)
Modulation Techniques: Band-pass signal
representation, noise characterization in
band-pass systems, orthogonal expansion of
signals, phase and frequency shift keying,
quadrature modulation, differential and M-
ary modulation schemes, coherent and non-
coherent receivers, correlator, matched
filter and envelop detector.
Performance of Modulation Techniques:
Computation of the error probability for
different modulation techniques.
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Course Outline (contd.)
Spectral Characterization: Spectral
characterization of modulation techniques,
bandwidth definitions, pulse shaping,
spectrally-efficient modulation schemes.
Comparison of Modulation techniques:
Channel capacity theorem, maximum
information rate in a communication system,
power and spectral efficiency of modulation
techniques.
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Home
works/Assignments/Exam
s
Mid term exam 1: 15 points
Mid term exam 2: 15 points
Class room tutorials and Lab
assignments: 20 points
End Semester Exam: 50 points
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Overview of Digital
Communications
What is digital communications?
–Short History of Digital Communications
–Why digital vs analog
–Impact of technology trend
–Components of a communication system
–Common channel types
–General theme of digital communication
engineering
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What is Communications?
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Communications channel
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What is Analog
Communications then?
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What is Digital
Communications?
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Digital came first
In antiquity, capacity of communication channels
were very small (capacity = how much information
the channel can propagate per unit time)
Not sufficient for analog signals i.e., voice
Used a simple discrete alphabet to encode signals
Hence digital communications preceded analog
communications
Various forms, drum beats, smoke signals,
Marconi’s spark generator, etc.
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Digital communication
system
Important features of a DCS:
Transmitter sends a waveform from a finite set
of possible waveforms during a limited time
Channel distorts, attenuates the transmitted
signal and adds noise to it.
Receiver decides which waveform was
transmitted from the noisy received signal
Probability of erroneous decision is an important
measure for the system performance
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Digital versus analog
Advantages of digital communications:
Regenerator receiver
Original Regenerated
pulse pulse
Propagation distance
Different kinds of digital signal are
treated identically.
Voice
Data A bit is a bit!
Media
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Why digital vs Analog
Presently moving away from analog towards all digital end
to end networks and links
•Reasons
–More digital sources of information than analog.
Computer networking, internet, voice communication at
saturated level
–Potentially less bandwidth per unit of information
(example voice encoding)
–Effective error correction coding, message control
etc.
–Regenerate signal along path between tx and rx
–Analog circuitry is finicky and therefore expensive
–Advancement in DSP-cheaper to integrate,
sophisticated algorithms.
Multiplexing
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Bandwidth of signal
Baseband versus bandpass:
Baseband Bandpass
signal signal
Local oscillator
Bandwidth dilemma:
Bandlimited signals are not realizable!
Realizable signals have infinite bandwidth!
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Bandwidth of signal …
Different definition of bandwidth:
a) Half-power bandwidth a) Fractional power containment bandwid
b) Noise equivalent bandwidth b) Bounded power spectral density
c) Null-to-null bandwidth c) Absolute bandwidth
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Impact of DSP on receiver
architectures
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Components of a digital
communication link
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Components of a digital
communication link
Signal source –source of the signal to be communicated. It may be a
data file,voice video picture etc. If the source is analog then it is
converted to digital by direct sampling of the signal. Hence the
output is a stream of digital bytes.
Source encoder–converts the raw digital bytes into something more
palatable for transmission. Usually involves compression and
encryption.
Channel encoder–adds coding for error detection/correction and
translates the coded signal into the specific format required for the
modulator. Also adds any framing and synchronization bits and
associated physical layer messages at this stage.
Digital Modulator–Takes the completed encoded signal and
modulates the signal appropriate for transmission. This may involve
analog up conversion to an RF carrier etc.
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Components of a digital
communication link
Channel –The channel is the physical link between the transmitter
and the receiver. It is typically non-ideal in that the signal becomes
distorted and noisy before it appears at the receiver end.
Digital Demodulator –this block undoes the processing applied to the
signal in the digital modulator. It may for example include an analog
down converter from an RF carrier to baseband.
Channel decoder–this block unpacks the received frames and
extracts the coded payload content. It checks/corrects any errors
that may have occurred in the digital demodulator due to the signal
noise and distortion
Source decoder -converts the stream of received and corrected
bytes and generates the appropriate output. This could be an analog
voice or video signal or a data file. In this course we will deal
primarily with the digital modulation and demodulator blocks as well
as how the channel affects the signal
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Noise and interference
Wide bandwidth independent additive noise (eg.
thermal)
“Lower frequency” interference from lightning,
electrical machines etc
Other user interference from adjacent bands
•Hostile jamming.
Controlled interference from multiple users on the
same channel eg. CDMA.
Receiver self jamming –malfunction, out of tune,
not properly synchronizing etc.
Variable channel conditions, fading shadowing etc.
(mobile radio communications)
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Types of communication
channels
Guided
–Twisted pair telephone cable, PC cables
–Coaxial cable, optical fiber, waveguide
•Radiated
–Acoustic
–Point to point wireless
–Mobile wireless
–Satellite wireless
–Wireless modem (eg. 802.11 wireless LAN)
•Somewhere in between
–free space optical
–house electrical wiring
–leaky coax etc)
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Brief history of digital
communications
Early Days
Commercial telegraph services
1839, W. Cooke and C. Wheatstone in England
1844, S. Morse in US
1951, Atlantic cable between England and France
By 1861, 18,000km cable had laid and 5,000 km
actually worked.
By mid-1870’s, J. Stearns and T. Edison made it
possible to transmit 2-4 telegraph signals over a
single wire
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Brief history of digital
communications
1876, A. G. Bell, had a fortune to file his patent for
telephone.
Major challenges were switching and long distance
transmission
A.B. Strowger patented an automatic dialing system
to be used from 1892 to mid-1970s.
1900, G. Campbell and M. Pupin filed a patent of
inductive leading to make long-distance call possible
Due to A. Fleming (England) and Lee de Forest (US),
AT&T built phone line between New York and San
Franscisco.
Earlang developed queuing theory
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Brief history of digital
communications: Radio
1860’s, J.C. Maxwell (England) for Maxwell equation
1884, MIT started world first Department of
Electrical Engineering
1888, H. Hertz (Germany) EM radiation in lab.
1896, G. Marconi (Italy) invented wireless signaling
apparatus
1901, received signal from England in Newfoundland
Early 20th century, 3 marine time disasters
showed radio communication useful
1909, White Star liner Republic
1912, Titanic
1913, Volturno
1920s, for broadcasting
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Making the Airwaves Sing
John Fleming (1849-1945)
1904: invents the diode;
used as a radio detector
Lee DeForest (1873-1961)
1906: invents the audion, a
vacuum tube that both
amplifies and detects
1910: First music broadcast
from Metropolitan Opera
House; first demonstration
of radio telephone
1916: Operates radio station
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Scientific Genius of Radio
Edwin Howard Armstrong
1912: Regeneration
Exploits feedback to improve reception
sensitivity -- DeForest sues over who
invented amplification, and wins in 1928
1918: Superheterodyne Reception
Special mixing circuit enables higher
frequencies for radio transmission
1921: Superregeneration
New circuit that achieves extremely high
levels of amplification
1933: Frequency Modulation (FM)
Crystal clear reception possible by
encoding sound in waveform frequency
rather than amplitude
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Modern Communications
1948, in Bell Labs.
Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain, invented transistor
C. Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of
Communication
1950s
Trans-Atlantic telephone cable
Probability theory and stochastic processes,
after modern analysis in early 20th century
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Satellite Communications
1957, Sputnik (Russia) into earth orbit
1950s, J. Pierce wrote “how satellite
communication system might work”
1960, world 1st communication satellite
Echo I
1962, launching Telstar I, first active
communication satellite
Communication Satellite Act in US
Communication Satellite Corp. (COMSAT)
established
1964, Intelsat
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Optical Fiber Communications
1959-1960, laser was developed
Can operate at high speed to transmit large
volume of data
1966, K. Charles Kao and G.A. Kockham
proposed a clad glass fiber as waveguide
1970, fiber loss reached 20dB/km and I.
Hayashi etc. demonstrated successful
transmission using a semiconductor laser
Actual installation in mid-1970
10G bps is commercially possible through
DWDM
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Data Networks: Internet
evolution
L. Kleinrock
1961, proposal for Ph.D dissertation “Information Flow in
Large Communication Nets” at MIT
1964, a book “Communication Nets”
1964,
P. Baran “On Distributed Communications”
D.W. Watts, similar to Baran, using packet and packet
switching
ARPANet: The First Internet!
1967: Connect computers at key research sites across the US
using pt-to-pt telephone lines
Interface Message Processors (IMPS)
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ARPANet Becomes Internet
Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf
1973-5: ARPANet + Packet Radio Net + Satellite
Net leads to a “network of networks”: TCP/IP
protocols
1981: Berkeley UNIX first open implementation
of the TCP/IP protocols
1983: Extended to CSNet and then NSFNet
1990s: NSF privatizes the Network; ISPs take
off
1993-4: The World Wide Web takes off
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General Theme of Digital
Communications Engineering
Communicate information from a transmitter to a
receiver at a rate which is commensurate with
the information type and user requirements.
Minimize channel resources required to do this
(eg. bandwidth)
Minimize interference to other users (eg. Tx.
power, filtering)
Maximize robustness to sources of interference
Robustness also with respect to varied operating
conditions (eg. fading mobile wireless)
Minimize cost/complexity of components
Comply with standards for universal adaptation
of communications equipment
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