Data Rate and Bandwidth
Data Rate and Bandwidth
Effective bandwidth is the band within which most of the signal energy is confined The term "most" in this context is somewhat arbitrary. The important issue here is that, although a given waveform may contain frequencies over a very broad range, as a practical matter any transmission medium that is used will be able to accommodate only a limited band of frequencies. This, in turn, limits the data rate that can be carried on the transmission medium. To try to explain these relationships, consider the square wave
Data Rate and Bandwidth
Data Rate and Bandwidth
Suppose that we let a positive pulse represent binary 0 and a negative pulse represent binary 1. Then, the waveform represents the binary stream 1010. . . . The duration of each pulse is 1/2f1; thus, the data rate is 2f1 bits per second (bps). What are the frequency components of this signal? To answer this question, consider again Figure
Data Rate and Bandwidth
By adding together sine waves at frequencies f1 and 3f1, we get a waveform that resembles the square wave.
Data Rate and Bandwidth
Let us continue this process by adding a sine wave of frequency 5f1
Data Rate and Bandwidth
then adding a sine wave of frequency 7f1
Data Rate and Bandwidth
As we add additional odd multiples of f, suitably scaled, the resulting waveform approaches that of a square wave more and more closely. it can be shown that the frequency components of the square wave can be expressed as follows:
this waveform has an infinite number of frequency components and, hence, an infinite bandwidth. However, the amplitude of the kth frequency component,kf1, is only 1/k, so most of the energy in this waveform is in the first few frequency components.
Data Rate and Bandwidth
Suppose that we are using a digital transmission system that is capable of transmitting signals with a bandwidth of 4 MHz. Let us attempt to transmit a sequence of alternating 1s and 0s as the square wave
Data Rate and Bandwidth
What data rate can be achieved? We look at the three cases: Case 1:Let us approximate our square wave with the waveform Although this waveform is a "distorted" square wave, it is sufficiently close to the square wave that a receiver should be able to discriminate between a binary 0and a binary 1. Now, if we let fl = l06 cycles/second = 1 MHz, then the bandwidth of the signal
Data Rate and Bandwidth
is (5 X l06) - l06 = 4 MHz. Note that for fl = 1 MHz, period of the fundamental frequency is T = 1/ l06 = l0-6 = 1 s. Thus, if we treat this waveform as a bit string of 1s and Os, one bit occurs every 0.5 s, for a data rate of 2 X l06 = 2 Mbps. Thus, for a bandwidth of 4 MHz, a data rate of 2 Mbps is achieved.
Data Rate and Bandwidth
CASE 2: Now suppose that we have a bandwidth of 8 MHz
Data Rate and Bandwidth
fl = 2 MHz Using the same line of reasoning as before, the bandwidth of the signal is (5 x 2 x l06 ) - (2 x l06 ) = 8 MHz. But in this case T =1/ fl = 0.5 . As a result, one bit occurs every 0.25 sec for a data rate of 4 Mbps. Thus, other things being equal, by doubling the bandwidth, we double the potential data rate.
Data Rate and Bandwidth
Case3--
Data Rate and Bandwidth
Now, let fl = 2 MHz. Using the same line of reasoning as before, the bandwidth of the signal in Figure. (3 X 2 X l06 ) -(2 X l06 ) = 4 MHz. But, in this case, T = 1/ fl = 0.5 s. As a result, one bit occurs every 0.25 s, for a data rate of 4 Mbps. Thus, a given bandwidth can support various data rates depending on the requirements of the receiver.
SUMMARIZE
CASE1 Bandwidth=4MHz; data rate= 2Mbps CASE2 Bandwidth=8MHz; data rate= 4Mbps CASE3 Bandwidth=4MHz; data rate= 4Mbps
Effect of Bandwidth on a digital signal
Observation
Effect of bandwidth on digital signal
a digital bit stream with a data rate of 2000 bits per second. With a bandwidth of 1700 to 2500 Hz, the representation is quite good. Furthermore, we can generalize these results. If the data rate of the digital signal is W bps, then a very good representation can be achieved with a bandwidth of 2W Hz; however, unless noise is very severe, the bit pattern can be recovered with less bandwidth than this.
Effect of bandwidth on digital signal
there is a direct relationship between data rate and bandwidth: the higher the data rate of a signal, the greater is its effective bandwidth. Looked at the other way, the greater the bandwidth of a transmission system, the higher is the data rate that can be transmitted over that system.
Effect of bandwidth on digital signal
Another observation worth making is this: If we think of the bandwidth of a signal as being centered about some frequency, referred to as the center frequency, then the higher the center frequency, the higher the potential bandwidth Therefore the higher the potential data rate. Consider that if a signal is centered at 2 MHz, its maximum bandwidth is 4 MHz.