Introduction power sector scenario in INDIA

Electricity fuel mix

Coal 52% RES 34%
23% 10,897 MW

29% 10% 1,141 MW 2,944 MW

78%
39,222 MW

71% 90%
7,231 MW 9,755

Diesel Nuclear 1% 3%
RES Gas

Gas 10%
Nuclear Diesel Coal

Total installed capacity as on Hydro 29 July 2009 ASSOCHAM South Asia Renewable Energy Conference, New Delhi 31.3.2009 is 148265.4
th

Other RE Wind

Energy supply
Coal
Major energy source.

Biomass
Primary source of cooking energy in > 80% rural households.

Electricity
All India average shortage ~ 11.6 % Peak Load supply shortage ~ 15 % Base Load supply shortage ~ 9 %

Energy security concern

Around 75 % of the petroleum supply is imported Even coal is being imported

Energy supply
Poor electrification status
78 million households (44%) in the country do not have access to electricity 1,25,000 villages are un-electrified Electricity supply situation is generally poor in even electrified villages

10th Plan (2002-2007) performance

SECTOR THERMAL (MW) Target Central State Private Total 12790.00 6676.00 5951.00 25417.00 Achieved 6590.00 3553.64 1970.60 12114.24 HYDRO (MW) Target 8742.00 4481.00 1170.00 14393.00 Achieved 4495.00 2691.00 700.00 7886.00 NUCLEAR (MW) Target 1300 0.00 0.00 TOTAL (MW) Achieved Achieved Target 1180.00 0.00 0.00

22832.00 12265.00 11157.00 6244.64 7121.00 2670.60

1300.00 1180.00

41110.00 21180.24

Achievement 51.5% of the target

Estimated growth in electricity generation capacity (2006-2031)

1200000 1000000

Installed Capacity (MW)

7% GDP growth

800000

8% GDP growth

600000

400000

200000

0 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

Source: Planning Commission, 2005

National Solar Mission

Proposed targets
20 GW by 2020 100 GW by 2030 or 10-12% of total power generation capacity estimated for that year 4-5GW of installed solar manufacturing capability by 2017

Global investments in renewable energy

Billion Dollars

Source: REN21, 2009

Investments in solar PV 32% (US$38.4 billion)

Global scenario in RE development

All countries taking bold action in promoting and installing RE systems
EU: target of 20% energy from renewables by 2020 Australia: target of 20% energy (GWh of electricity) from renewables by 2020 China: 15% RE in energy mix by 2020, 30% or more by 2050 USA: in the process of finalising a 20% target to be achieved by 2020 - RE (15%) & EE (5%) India needs to be ambitious in setting a target (in terms of GWh, not GW)

Solar Resource in India

5 trillion kWh/year theoretical potential Sunny areas
Most of the country receives more than 4kWh/m2 /day More than 300 sunny days in the most part of the country

Potential being mapped by IMD, and few other institutes. IMD, MNRE has published solar energy resource handbook

Solar radiation map of India

If one percent of the land is used to harness solar energy for electricity generation at an overall efficiency of 10%; 492 x 106 MU/year electricity can be generated

Government initiatives
GBI (Generation Based incentives) for Solar power projects (2008) Solar Mission under National Action Plan for Climate Change GBIs and incentive schemes from state governments

Role India can play

Global hub for manufacturing CSP Global test facilities
Different climatic conditions Abundant sunlight Technical man power

Large scale Power plants

4-5 GW by 2020 is easily possible Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, MP, Haryana , Tamilnadu, AP potential states

What India should do

Government
Back up the plans with realistic and strong policy push
Solar plants and manufacturing base development Low cost financing and fiscal incentives

Industry
Move fast to develop manufacturing capability Develop R & D base Appropriate technology adaptation

Financing and insurance institutions

Low cost financing Risk mitigation instruments for solar plants

Suggestions to move forward

Strong long term policy initiative Support to various promising technologies
Cost should not be barrier in initial projects

National Plan for large scale solr power development

Solar Park concept Solar CSP test facilities in atleast two locations Incentives for industries to develop sub-components ([Link], Coatings, Structures) Indigenous technology development Long term low cost finance for capital investments RE targets for Distribution agencies can be enhanced RE targets for industries, Gencos?

Growth of Indias Power Sector

Installed Generation Capacity (GW)

140
Per Capita Consumption (kWh)

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year
Number of Villages Electrified
700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 1940

Serious Growth after 60s Generation 6th largest in world Per capita consumption low Close to 95% villages electrified

(Projected)

Ministry of Power, Government of India

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Indias Future Growth

India needs sustained economic growth > 8% to radically improve its HDI Growth in last few years ~ 5%7% Growth hampered by infrastructure: electric power
Peak shortfall Average shortfall High T&D Losses: Unscheduled black-outs, especially in rural areas Supply to agriculture sector not metered and almost free

Source: Groningen Growth and Development Center Total Economy Database, [Link]

Growth Areas
Present growth is skills or resource driven (exports: software, gems and jewels, garment manufacture) Future Growth will have to be on value addition & engineering Rural sector to play a major role (agricultural and dairy produce; minimizing wastage and improving efficiency) Infrastructure building (roads, buildings, railroads etc.,) Manufacturing

The elasticity has to be greater than 1 for powering future growth

Elasticity and Electric Power Needs

Target economic growth ~ 8%
6

Elasticity of electricity with GDP stabilizing at ~ 1.2

Implications for future electric power requirements by 2015: Capacity addition Investments Fuel mix Pricing and Policies T&D reforms

Elasticity of Generation vs GDP

5 4 3 2 1 0 195156 195661 196166 196974 197478 198085 198590 199297

Review of State Electricity Boards

The Task Ahead

Need to add 135 GW in ten years 13,500 MW required per annum ~ One power plant per month China adds one per week !! Maximum added till now is 4,600 MW (One in four months)
25000 20000 Total Capacity addition required 15000

Annual Capacity Addition (MW)

10000

5000

Annual added capacity

0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Fuel Supply: Options for Future

Coal
Conventional Gasification

Fuel

Present

In 2015

Coal
Gas Hydro Nuclear

67,166 MW
11,840 MW 30,135 MW 2,720 MW

?
? ? ?

Natural Gas Hydro Nuclear

PHWR + FB + AHWR PLWR

Wind
On-shore Off-shore

Wind
Biomass Solar TOTAL

2,488 MW
1,000 MW 115,035 MW

?
? ? 250,000 MW

Biomass Solar
Photo voltaic Concentrating Solar Power

King Coal !
Reserves Proven 91 billion Tons Indicated 116 billion Tons Inferred 37 billion Tons TOTAL 245 billion Tons Coal reserves: > 250 years at present levels of consumption Concentrated in Eastern India
Others 13%

Madhya Pradesh 7%

Jharkhand 29%

Chattisgarh 16% Orissa 24% West Bengal 11%

Indian Coal Quality

High ash: Low sulfur 25%-45% < 0.5%
Illinois # 6 Heating Value (BTU/lb) 10,900 Ash Content (%) 11.00 Sulfur

(%)
3.25

Low energy content CO2 emissions > 1 kg per kWh Issues with coal:
Ash disposal: annual ash generation > 90 million tons CO2 emissions

Wyodak

11,960

5.97

0.40

WPC Utah

11,240

5.32

0.61

Indian Coal

6,500

25-45

<0.5

Coal: Future Scenarios

700

Coal Requirement in Power Sector (Million Tons)

Projections of coal demand (2015):

High growth : 580 MT BAU scenario : 380 MT Domestic production will not be enough. Imports needed

600

Accelerated growth scenario

500

400 Business as Usual 300

200

Coal Transport by Railways

Issues:
Ash generation > 200 million Tons CO2 emissions > 850 Million Tons Particulate and NOx emissions (presently not regulated) Coal transportation bottleneck: Rail transportation stagnation

100

0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Indias CO2 Emissions

Indias fossil based CO2 emissions in 2003: Coal 666 MMT Petroleum 305 MMT Natural Gas 53 MMT Indias CO2 emissions rapidly growing Trebled during 1981-2001
Share of global emissions
India 1980 2003 1.64% 5.60% China 7.83% 19.34% Total 9.47% 24.93%
35% US
Share of Global CO2 Emissions (%)

30% 25% Western Europe 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1980 India

China

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

India and China presently not subject to mandatory cuts in CO2 However future may not be so

EIA, US Department of Energy

Options with Coal

Coals dominance will undoubtedly continue.
Availability Cheap

The question is: How much do we want to add with coal given the constraints of quality, transportation, carbon emissions and environmental issues.

Coal scenarios for high economic growth ~ 8%

Installed Capacity of Coal (GW) Upper Case Coal still contributes 60% of capacity Aggressive deployment of nuclear and natural gas technologies ~ 150 GW Coal Required (Million MT) 580 MMT CO2 Emissions (Million MT) 850 MMT

Lower Case

~ 120 GW

470 MMT

690 MMT

Hydro-Electricity
Inferred potential > 120 GW Installed capacity 30 GW Most big projects are in NorthEastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttaranchal and J&K Problems of rehabilitation and resettlement with large projects Environmental issues Water sharing agreements with neighbors
National Hydro Power Corporation, Government of India

Hydro-Electric Potential
Details of projects under construction Ongoing and Planned Projects
Projects awaiting clearance and government approval Projects at DPR and infrastructure development stage Projects under survey and investigation 2,570 MW
Dulhasti Dhauliganga Stage - I * J&K Uttaranchal Sikkim Manipur Himachal Pradesh J&K Arunachal Pradesh West Bengal Madhya Pradesh State Capacity (MW) 390 140 510 90 800 120 2000 132 520 4702

11,620 MW

Teesta Stage V Loktak Downstream Parbati-II

11,000 MW
Sewa-II Subansiri Lower Teesta Lower Dam-III

Possible to add 10,000 MW by 2015

Omkareshwar TOTAL

Natural Gas
Fastest growing primary fuel, worldwide Indian statistics (2004-05):
Consumption: > 31 BCM/year Primary uses: Power 41% Fertilizer 32% Sponge Iron 4% Other 23% Growing needs for transportation (and some cooking) Latent demand estimated as high as 80 BCM (depends on price, of course)

Turkmenistan
1 1

CENTGAS - to Pakistan - onwards to India TAPS TAPS (across water) Gas supply
3 3 Oman Oman 4 4 Qatar Qatar

Afghanistan
Consumption center
1 1 Turkmenistan Turkmenistan 2 2 Iran Iran

Iran
Multan

Indias Gas Pipelines

New Delhi

Pakistan
2 2 4 4

Qatar

Gw adar

Karachi

India
Indore Indore

3 3

Baroda

Oman

Possible Gas Imports (Tongia & Arunachalam, 1999)

Natural Gas Pipelines

Gas Authority of India Limited

Imports of Gas
LNG growing (5+ million tons/annum), but prices remain high
1 ton LNG can power ~ 1 GW of power 1 BCM gas ~ .8 GW of power thus, 20 BCM ~ 16,000 MW of gas power

Initial imports wont necessarily add to elec. capacity

Will substitute naphtha in power plants and find other uses as well
More than half the fertilizer feedstock is gas Industry has already claimed the bulk of current LNG supplies

Biomass
India predominantly agricultural country. Annual production of agro-forest and processing residues: 350 million tons Power generation potential > 22,000 MW Advantages:
Decentralized generation: close to rural load centers. Technology reasonably well developed Environmentally friendly: No net CO2 emissions
Feedstock Agro-forest residues Examples Wood chips, mulberry, coconut shells Rice husk, sugarcane bagasse Potential 17,000 MW Installed 50 MW

Processing residues

5,000 MW

1000 MW

Biomass Conversion Technologies

Gasifier-reciprocating engine Power plants of 5 kW 100 kW possible Diesel engine needs ~ 15%-20% for ignition Cost of electricity is high Gas engine can operate on 100% syngas Overall efficiency ~ 20% Largest gasifier 100 kW Fluidized bed combustion boilers
Rice husk and bagasse 25%-30% Power plants of 5 MW 35 MW operating in various sugar mills Producing electricity is sweeter than sugar !!

50 kW biomass gasifier power plant in Karnataka

Biomass for Decentralized Rural Power

Electric power requirement of typical Indian village < 100 kW ~ 75% is irrigation pumps Presently these get virtually free, un-metered grid supply of poor quality, few hours a day Locally available biomass can sustain a plant of 25 kW-100 kW Gasifier-reciprocating engine technology is fairly robust Cost of generation reasonable $ 0.06-0.07 per kWh BUT, still widespread dissemination not visible: Economics unviable due to low PLF People not willing to pay when state gives free ! Loss of organic fertilizer on land Good potential from bagasse and husk: Can expect to add 3000 MW by 2015.

Wind Energy
World Wind Installed Capacity (2005)
18,000

Gross potential

: 45,000 MW
Installed Capacity (MW)

16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000

(assuming 1% land availability in potential areas)

Technical potential : 13,000 MW

(assuming 20% grid penetration in potential areas)

Rapid growth in installed capacity from 1990s India ranks 5th in the world
Present installed capacity ~ 3000 MW

Germany

Denmark

Netherlands

Global Wind Energy Council

Site selection issues:

More from fiscal benefits than from power Many plants not operating Low average load factor~13%

China

India

Italy

Spain

UK

US

Japan

Wind Speed Maps of Selected Countries

Denmark

In general, wind speeds lower (~200W/m2) in India as compared to Europe (350 W/m2) and US

US

Off-shore Wind in Europe

Country Capacity Depth (m) Distance from Shore (km) 14 20 km Remarks Denmark 160 MW 6 12 m Completed

UK
Denmark Denmark Sweden Germany Netherlands Germany Ireland

60 MW
23 MW 5 MW 10 MW 1040 MW 120 MW 240 MW 520 MW

48m
20 m 35m 6 10 m 30 m 20 24 m 20 m 25m

2.3 km
3.5 km 6 km 5 km 43 50 km 23 km 34 km 10 km

Completed
Completed Completed Completed Planned Planned Planned Partly complete

Europe and US have taken up several off-shore projects. Wind speeds higher Distance from shore in some cases ~ 30 40 km !

India: Off Shore Wind Scenario

Bathymetry of Indian Seas
Distance (Km)
0 2400 2200 2000 1800 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2400

Depth (metres)

2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Distance (Km)

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Distance (Km)

Distance (Km)

Nuclear Power: The Present Status

14000 12000 Planned

Installed Capacity (MW)

10000

8000

6000

4000

Presently installed

2000

0
1969 1973 1981 1984 1986 1991 1992 1993 1995 2000 2005 2006 2015

Indian Nuclear Program: The Present Status

12 PHWR & 2 BWR now under operation 4 PHWR and 2 LWR under commission 2950 MW generation & 3000 MW under commission Successful experiments with Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) for 500MWe under construction Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) using (PuTh) O2 MOX for 300MWe: advanced stage of design approval; construction soon to begin.

Indian Nuclear Program: The Constraints

Uranium ore reserves for only 10,000MWe for 40 years Non-signatory to NPT: no access to global technologies, materials or services Slow growth of nuclear electric power: ~1000 MWe annually Major dependence on Pu and U233 MOX for fuel Complex fuel technologies. Total capacity limited

Why Cooperate?
India needs electric power now, more than ever, for human development and growth It must generate power from all energy sources Excessive and continued dependence on coal contributes to environmental degradation & global warming Limitations of renewable energy sources

Why Cooperate?
Politics of Non-Proliferation: Power & Responsibility R&D: cooperation and Collaboration Bilateral trade & economic issues Sharing global energy resources Environmental concerns Shared vision: secular, democratic & caring society

Why Cooperate?

Climate change is a greater threat to humanity than terrorism, and no less urgent. ---David King, Science Advisor to Prime
Minister of UK

An Action Plan
Until Nuclear Fusion and Hydrogen technologies mature Minimizing wastage; energy conservation; Development of Energy Plan Installation of nuclear power ( 34GW in 10 years) Investments in R&D to make renewable technologies efficient, sustainable &affordable

An Action Plan
Strict enforcement of export controls of technologies, equipment and services Nuclear power reactors under international safeguards Collaboration in developing technologies for utilizing MOX fuels for electric power generation Participation in Gen. 4 R&D initiatives

Indian Energy Scenarios: 2015

Same Fuel Mix as now
Wind 1.99% Biomass 1.19% Solar thermal 0.40%

Aggressive Nuclear Capacity Addition

Hydro 15.96% Wind 1.99% Biomass Solar thermal 1.19% 0.40%

Hydro 15.96%

Nuclear 5.06% Diesel 0.48% Gas 14.49%

Nuclear 14.60%
Coal 60.44%

Coal 50.90%

Diesel 0.48% Gas 14.49%

Reduction in annual coal consumption ~ 100 Million Tons Reduction in annual CO2 Emissions > 170 Million Tons
~ Total present CO2 emissions of Netherlands !

Primary energy consumption per capita

What If.
India & China Were Developedby 2013?
Present Electricity Per Capita (kWh) Global Carbon Emissions (Million Tons per Year)
5000

US India China

> 14,000 600 1300

2002 2013

4000

Target: 14,000 kWh by 2013 Expected Carbon Emission: 14,400 Million Tons (2.5 times present global emissions !!) CO2 concentration > 400 ppm Temperature rise > 0.5 C
(Calculations Based on Data in Climate Change 2001, IPCC)

3000

2000

1000

0 OECD India China Others

What If India & China Guzzle Oil?

Present Number of Cars per 1000 Global Oil Consumption (Million Barrels per Day)

US India China

> 750 4 8
Million Barrels per Day

160

2003 2013

120

Target: 250 Cars per 1000

World Oil Consumption: 387 Million Barrels a Day
At Present 77 Million Barrels a Day

80

40

Oil reserves deplete in 8 years !!

At Present 42 years

0 India China US Other OECD Others

Can India be energy surplus in two years remember the green revolution?

Yes
Our strategies and focus can help India to: 1. Become an energy surplus state within two years with zero additional generation. 2. Earn a very large number of Carbon Points

India 2006 The Power scenario

Power Shortage is a major problem for India - leads to compounded problems with Low frequency, tripping of generators and Load shedding in nearly all parts of the country. Poor power factor, a feature of poor quality equipment, leads to low voltage. Use of equipments to correct voltage further compounds the problem. Power shortage/quality thus leads to large scale use of Voltage Stabilisers, Inverters, Generators, UPS Systems, etc. Such Electrical Equipments, which require unwanted investments, in turn not only lead to enhanced shortage in the overall situation but also cause air and soil pollution by burning of coal, diesel, etc. Widespread use of lead-acid batteries in these equipments further causes pollution of soil and water.

What is the effect of Stabilizers?

Voltage Stabilizers dont have efficiencies better than 80%. While a 1.5 Ton AC consumes 2 units; its stabilizer consumes 0.4 units; it even consumes power if left ON when AC is OFF.

Assuming we have 10 Million ACs in India; on account of stabilizers for ACs alone we lose around 4 million units, even during peak hours, which is double the power generated by many large generating stations.
Assuming an AC runs for 5 hours in a day, this means a loss of 20 million units per day.

What is the effect of Inverters?

The average efficiency of the domestic inverters is 50% and unlike fuel-based generators, inverters dont generate power. There is an estimated 50 million inverters being used for domestic purposes each consuming say 250W/day or 0.25 units. The power drain by inverters is thus to the tune of 12.5 million units.

Further, inverters use lead-acid batteries which severely pollute the environment.

Other equipments-how they affect

UPS systems being like inverters cause power wastage and pollution by use of lead-acid batteries. Diesel/Kerosene generator sets not only cause pollution but also deplete scarce natural resources.

Power Generation in India

The total installed capacity in the country is 1,26,000 MW. Assuming a plant load factor of 0.7, the generation is 2,116.8 million units/day.

Power loss Pumps & Motors

Pumps/Motors consume roughly 20% of total electricity in India. An estimated 75% of this is consumed by the pumps for agricultural sector mainly for water/irrigation. The balance is for other motor applications. Most Indian pumps operate at 33% efficiency while motors have an average efficiency of 40%. These cause heavy loss of electrical energy. Taking usage of 4 units at 4 hours/day, the consumption in this category is over 250 million units/day and the estimated loss is 160 million units/day.

Power Generated How does it flow? Where does it go?

Generating Station
100 units Transmission System 4% losses 96 units Unavoidable Distribution Losses - 15%

Billed to consumer 53 units

82 units Pilferage -35% losses 29 units

20% loss Energy usefully consumed 42 units (max.)

Pilferage
Pilferage (Power theft) in India is responsible for the disappearance of 29% of electricity generated. In energy terms this amounts to 613.87 million units/day.

Simple Mathematics
Power Generation capacity: 1,26,000 MW Power available/day: 2116.80 MU Power consumed/day Transmission line: 84.67 MU Unavoidable distribution losses: 296.35 MU Pilferage: 613.87 MU Used by consumer (max.): 889.06 MU Wasted by consumer (min.): 232.85 MU
MU Million units/day

Power Loss Summary Table

Equipment Power Loss Inst. Base Loss Million Units/day Loss (Cr. Rs./year)

Stabilizer
Inverter/UPS Pumps Motors Others Pilferage

20%
50% 66% 60% 29%

10 Million
50 Million 11 Million 5 Million Total=>

20.00
12.50 116.16 48.00 36.19 613.87 846.72

2,190.00
1,368.75 12,719.52 5,256.00 3,962.81 67,218.77 92,715.85

Investment at consumer and national level

Each element of this loss means additional equipment leading to mind-boggling capital expenses by the Nation & the Consumer
PLUS

Higher energy costs and use of scarce fuel resources.

Impact of wastage
At the national level all this wastage adds up to 850 Million units/day against a capacity of 2,116.8 Million Units/day.

The cost of setting up a 1000 MW power plant entails a capital cost of approx 5000 Cr. Considering a plant load factor of 0.7, it generates about 16.8 Million Units/day . Transmission cost is another about 3000 Cr.
Wastage of 16.8 Million Units/day, requires a capital outlay to the tune of Rs. 8,000 Cr. Wastage of 850 Million Units/day implies a wasteful capital blockage of over Rs. 4,00,000 Crores with a recurring daily loss of over Rs. 250 Cr. and an annual loss of over Rs. 90,000 Cr !

Delhis Power shortage woes

Delhis peak power requirement is 3268 MW. A mere shortage of 160 MW has created havoc during July first week with heavy load shedding in the city. Further requirement stated is an additional 2000 MW to be added by 2010. Hindustan Times in its article on 11.7.06 declares that Delhis problem cant be solved before 2010 in any case. Not true! Delhis power requirements look small in comparison to what we waste by mismanagement of power. Adding generation is slow and long term as compared to power saving which can be done fast.

National Level Statistics-T&D

India has the reputation of having the highest distribution losses in the world with a figure of nearly 47%, ranking above Burma with 36 % losses and Bangladesh at 33 %. How do we bring these losses down and become an energy surplus Nation?

National Level Statistics-Generation

All India Peak Load requirement for 2006~07 is 1,30,944 MW. Installed capacity is 1,26,000 MW.

For the 10th Five year plan the capacity is to be enhanced by 34,000 MW.
Powerful energy management ideas can thus yield saving of over 40,000 MW (1MU/day translates to around 60MW) placing us years ahead in our march to energy availability, sufficiency and increased efficiency of natural resource management plus lower pollutions.

We can thus very comfortably realize the governments declared goal of total self sufficiency of power by year 2012, much earlier.

Detrimental Environmental/ Financial effects

Unwanted increase in emissions of smoke and gas from burning of coal. Increased lead pollution from use of lead-acid batteries in Inverters and UPS systems. Increased emission of smoke and gas from generator sets on account of burning of diesel/ kerosene to take care of power shortages. Rapid depletion of resources like petroleum and coal. Besides the higher tariffs which the consumer pays, the country also loses valuable foreign exchange.

Our Commitment
Whereas we are capable of achieving savings of over 20,000 MW, we can help save 5,000 MW in the first instance, provided a commitment is made to: 1. Implement the solutions nation-wide 2. Take care of our interests, commensurate with the gains.