Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Networks: ATM 1
Issues Driving LAN Changes
Traffic Integration
Voice, video and data traffic Multimedia became the buzz word
One-way batch Two-way batch One-way interactive Two-way interactive Web traffic voice messages Mbone broadcasts video conferencing
Quality of Service guarantees (e.g. limited jitter, non-blocking streams) LAN Interoperability Mobile and Wireless nodes
Networks: ATM 2
Stallings High-Speed Networks
Networks: ATM
Stallings High-Speed Networks
Networks: ATM
Voice
ATM Adaptation Layers
A/D AAL
s1 , s2
Digital voice samples
cells
Video
A/D
picture frames
Compression compressed frames
AAL cells
Data
Bursty variable-length packets
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AAL cells
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Figure 9.3
Networks: ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Voice Data packets Images MUX
Wasted bandwidth
TDM 4 ATM 4 3 1 3 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
`
2 2 1
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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Figure 7.37
Networks: ATM
ATM
ATM standard (defined by CCITT) is widely accepted by common carriers as mode of operation for communication particularly BISDN. ATM is a form of cell switching using small fixedsized packets.
Basic ATM Cell Format
5 Bytes
Header
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48 Bytes Payload
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.1
Networks: ATM
ATM Conceptual Model Four Assumptions
1. ATM network will be organized as a hierarchy.
Users equipment connects to networks via a UNI (UserNetwork Interface). Connections between provided networks are made through NNI (Network-Network Interface).
2. ATM will be connection-oriented.
A connection (an ATM channel) must be established before any cells are sent.
Networks: ATM 8
Private UNI
Private ATM network
X
Private NNI
Public ATM network A
X
NNI
Public UNI
X
B-ICI Public ATM network B
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Networks: ATM
X
Public UNI
Figure 9.5
ATM Connections
two levels of ATM connections: virtual path connections virtual channel connections indicated by two fields in the cell header: virtual path identifier VPI virtual channel identifier VCI
Networks: ATM
10
ATM Virtual Connections
Virtual Paths Physical Link
Virtual Channels
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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Figure 7.40
Networks: ATM
11
ATM Conceptual Model Assumptions (cont.)
3. Vast majority of ATM networks will run on optical fiber networks with extremely low error rates. 4. ATM must support low cost attachments.
This decision lead to a significant decision to prohibit cell reordering in ATM networks. ATM switch design is more difficult.
Networks: ATM 12
UNI Cell Format
GFC (4 bits) VPI (4 bits) ATM cell header VCI (4 bits)
VPI (4 bits)
VCI (4 bits) VCI (8 bits) PT (3 bits) HEC (8 bits)
CLP (1 bit)
Payload (48 bytes)
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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Figure 9.7
Networks: ATM
13
ATM Cell Switching
1
Switch
voice 67 video 67 data 39
1 2 3
video 25
voice 32
25 32 32 61
N 1
3 2
75
67 39 67
6 data 32
video 61
video 75
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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Figure 7.38
Networks: ATM
14
VP3 a b c d e
ATM Sw 1 ATM DCC
VP5
ATM Sw 2
a
ATM Sw 3
b c
VP2 VP1
Sw = switch
ATM Sw 4
d e
Digital Cross Connect Only switches virtual paths
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 7.39
Networks: ATM
15
ATM Protocol Architecture
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) the protocol for packaging data into cells is collectively referred to as AAL. Must efficiently package higher level data such as voice samples, video frames and datagram packets into a series of cells. Design Issue: How many adaptation layers should there be?
Networks: ATM 16
Management plane Plane management Control plane User plane Layer management
Higher layers
Higher layers
ATM adaptation layer
ATM layer
Physical layer
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.2
Networks: ATM
17
User information
User information
AAL
ATM PHY ATM PHY
AAL ATM PHY ATM PHY
End system Network End system
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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Figure 9.4
Networks: ATM
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Original ATM Architecture
CCITT envisioned four classes of applications (A-D) requiring four distinct adaptation layers (1-4) which would be optimized for an application class:
A. B. C. D. Constant bit-rate applications CBR Variable bit-rate applications VBR Connection-oriented data applications Connectionless data application
Networks: ATM 19
ATM Architecture
An AAL is further divided into:
The Convergence Sublayer (CS) manages the flow of data to and from SAR sublayer.
The Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR) breaks data into cells at the sender and reassembles cells into larger data units at the receiver.
Networks: ATM 20
Original ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM
21
ATM layer
Transmission convergence sublayer
Physical layer
Physical medium dependent sublayer
Physical medium
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.6
Networks: ATM
22
Original ATM Architecture
The AAL interface was initially defined as classes A-D with SAP (service access points) for AAL1-4. AAL3 and AAL4 were so similar that they were merged into AAL3/4. The data communications community concluded that AAL3/4 was not suitable for data communications applications. They pushed for standardization of AAL5 (also referred to as SEAL the Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer). AAL2 was not initially deployed.
Networks: ATM 23
Revised ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM
24
Revised ATM Service Categories
Class Description Example
CBR
RT-VBR NRT-VBR ABR UBR
Constant Bit Rate
Real Time Variable Bit Rate Non-real-time Variable Bit Rate Available Bit Rate Unspecified Bit Rate
Networks: ATM
T1 circuit
Real-time videoconferencing Multimedia email Browsing the Web Background file transfer
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QoS, PVC, and SVC
Quality of Service (QoS) requirements are handled at connection time and viewed as part of signaling. ATM provides permanent virtual connections and switched virtual connections.
Permanent Virtual Connections (PVC)
Switched Virtual Connections (SVC) set up and released on demand by the end user via signaling procedures.
Networks: ATM
permanent connections set up manually by network manager.
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AAL 1 Payload
(b) CS PDU with pointer in structured data transfer
47 Bytes AAL 1 Pointer 1 Byte
46 Bytes
optional
(a) SAR PDU header
CSI 1 bit
Seq. Count 3 bits
SNP 4 bits
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 9.11
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM
27
AAL 1
Higher layer User data stream
b1
b2
b3
Convergence sublayer
CS PDUs
47
47 47
SAR PDUs SAR sublayer
H H H
1 47
1 47
1 47
ATM layer
ATM Cells
48
48
48
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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Figure 9.10
Networks: ATM
28
AAL 3/4 CS and SAR PDUs
(a) CPCS-PDU format Header
CPI Btag BASize CPCS - PDU Payload
Trailer
Pad AL Etag Length
2 (bytes)
1 - 65,535 (bytes)
0-3 1 1 2 (bytes)
(b) SAR PDU format Header (2 bytes)
ST SN MID
Trailer (2 bytes)
SAR - PDU Payload
LI CRC
2 4 10 (bits)
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44 (bytes)
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6 10 (bits)
Figure 9.16
Networks: ATM
29
AAL 3/4
Higher layer Service specific convergence sublayer Common part convergence sublayer
H
4
Information
User message
Assume null
Information
PAD
T
4
Pad message to multiple of 4 bytes. Add header and trailer.
SAR sublayer
2 44
2 44 2
2 44 2
Each SAR-PDU consists of 2-byte header, 2-byte trailer, and 44-byte payload.
ATM layer
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Figure 9.15 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Networks: ATM
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AAL 5
Convergent Sublayer Format
Information 0 - 65,535 (bytes)
Pad
UU CPI 1 1 (bytes)
Length CRC 2 4
0-47
SAR Format
ATM Header
48 bytes of Data
1-bit end-of-datagram field (PTI)
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Figure 9.19
Networks: ATM
31
AAL 5
Higher layer Service specific convergence sublayer Common part convergence sublayer
Information
PAD
Information
Assume null
SAR sublayer
48 (0) 48 (0) 48 (1)
Figure 9.18
ATM layer
PTI = 0
PTI = 1 PTI = 0 Networks: ATM
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32
Networks: ATM
33
Procedure of RNC Commissioning Verifying interfaces (Iub, Iu-CS, Iu-PS, Iur)
The protocol structure of terrestrial interfaces
Radio Network Layer Control Plane Application Protocol
User Plane
User Data
Transport Network User Plane
Transport Network Control Plane ALCAP
Transport Network User Plane
Transport Network Layer
Signaling Bearer
Signaling Bearer
Data Bearer
Physical Layer
Networks: ATM
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