SPM 7 FORM 5 CHAPTER 2
ELECTRICITY
7.2 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Electric Charge
Electric Field
Electric Current
ELECTRICITY
Potential difference
Ammeter & Voltmeter
Ohms Law
Superconductors
Electric Charge
Electric Field
Electric Current
ELECTRICITY
Potential difference
Ammeter & Voltmeter
Ohms Law
Superconductors
Potential Difference
IDEAS OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
higher
P difference
Potential Difference
IDEAS OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
higher
difference
Potential Difference
SIMILIARITY
Electric field region B
Which point has higher potential?
Please define it
Potential Difference
SIMILIARITY
lower potential
+B
500V
(+) work(W)
higher potential 0V
+
1C (-)
Potential Difference
+ -
500V
(+)
work(W)
+
0V
1C (-)
higher potential
V = Potential difference
lower potential
work
move
charge
Potential Difference
FORMULA
W V =Q
charge (C) potential difference / voltage (V) (J C-1)
work done (J)
W V =Q
The OF work done toDIFFERENCE, move one coulomb of charge DEFINITION POTENTIAL V
from one point to another
Potential Difference
240J 6000V
35000J 5 x 108 V
Electric Charge
Electric Field
Electric Current
ELECTRICITY
Potential difference
Ammeter & Voltmeter
Ohms Law
Superconductors
Ammeter & Volmeter
A Measure electric current
Measure potential differential
In parallel
In series A
Ampere (A)
Voltage (V)
Ammeter & Volmeter
Ammeter Y
voltmeter
Ammeter Y has smaller division scale, than ammeter X
To adjust the resistance and control the current passing through it.
Electric Charge
Electric Field
Electric Current
ELECTRICITY
Potential difference
Ammeter & Voltmeter
Ohms Law
Superconductors
Ohms Law
To determine relationship between the potential difference and the electric current flowing through ohmic conductor and non ohmic conductor Hypothesis : When the current that passes through a metal wire increase, the potential difference across the metal wire increase Repeated by adjusting the rheostat to fix the current at I = 0.2A, 0.3A, 0.4A, 0.5A, 0.6A, and 0.7A Replacing the constantan wire (ohmic conductor) with an electric bulb (non ohmic conductor)
R = V/I
R constant ; wire/conductor
R not constant ; light bulb
Ohms Law
Ohms Law
FORMULA
V = IR
potential difference (V)
current (A)
resistance ()
V R= I
Resistance of a conductor = the ratio of potential DEFINITION RESISTANCE, R difference,OF V across the conductors to the current, I flowing through it.
Ohms Law
current
potential difference directly proportional constant
ratio I
Ohms Law
2.5 V
60
(a) 24
(b) 0.625 A
Ohms Law
8.57
(a) 5
(b) 2 A
4A
(c) 1600 V
Ohms Law
Factors Affecting Resistance Type of material of conductor
0.5 A
For a fixed length and thickness of a conducting wire is used, its resistance is affected by the type of material The measure of a materials ability to oppose current flow resistivity,
Ohms Law
Factors Affecting Resistance Length of the conductor
0.5 A
For a same type material and thickness of wire, its resistance increase with its length.
Ohms Law
Factors Affecting Resistance Cross sectional / Area of conductor, A
0.5 A
s.w.g. 34 s.w.g. 30
s.w.g. 24
For a same type material and length of wire, the thicker of the wire, the smaller the resistance.
Ohms Law
Factors Affecting Resistance Temperature of the filament bulb
0.1A,0.2A,0.3A,0.4A,0.6A bulb
0.5V,1.2V,2.0V,3.0V,5.0V
When the temperature of the filament bulb increase, its resistance increase.
Electric Charge
Electric Field
Electric Current
ELECTRICITY
Potential difference
Ammeter & Voltmeter
Ohms Law
Superconductors
Superconductor
magnet
Superconductor conducts electricity without resistance of wire
Certain metals become superconductor when their resistance becomes 0 at very low temperature near absolute zero K (-273oC) Due to the continues flow of induced current.
TAKE A BREAK - VIDEO
R/
R/
The metals super conduct only when below a critical temperature, Tc
T/K
T/K
Tc = critical temperature
Superconductor
zero resistance wire
low temperature
Review
The work done to move one coulomb of charge from one point to another Instruments to measure electric current and potential difference
ELECTRICITY
Potential difference
Ammeter & Voltmeter
Ohms Law
Superconductors
Electric current passing through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to potential difference between its end, when temperature and others physical factors keep constant
Conducts electricity without resistance of wire
SPM 2009 / Paper 2 / Section C / Q12
(a) The potential difference betweenAnswer(a) two points is the word done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to the other. When increase , V increase. Resistance is the gradient of the graph. As the current Answer(b)(i) increase, the gradient increase. This is due to the temperature and resistance increase. When the current decrease, theAnswer(b)(ii) energy dissipated decrease.
(b) (i)
(b) (ii)
(c )
- Filament must me made of from tungsten wire. This is because tungsten wire has higher resistance than copper wire and higher melting point. - A thin tungsten wire is used. A thin wire has greater resistance because it has a small cross-sectional area and can be hot faster. - The tungsten wire is coiled. A coiled wire is longer and can be fitted into the glass bulb to produce a brighter light. Answer(c) - The glass lamp is filled with low pressure nitrogen gas. So that the light bulb will not explode at high temperature and the tungsten filament can be used for a longer period of time. - The lamp that can produce the brightest light is R. This is because R has thin tungsten wire, is coiled and contain low nitrogen pressure.
SPM 2009 / Paper 2 / Section C / Q12
(a) (i) The length of the wire, Answer(a)(i) Answer(a)(ii)
(a) (ii) (a) (iii)
The resistance of the wire, R
The diameter of the wire/the type of the wire/the value of the current, Answer(a)(iii)
(b) (i)(ii)(iii)
Answer(b)(i)(ii)(iii)
SPM 2009 / Paper 2 / Section C / Q12
Answer(c)
(d) R is directly proportional to length ,
Answer(d)