Other Peripheral Devices

Input and Output

Input
Data or instructions that you enter into the memory of the computer

Users submit input data

Output
Gives processed information to a user. Output can either be softcopy or hardcopy.

Input
Data from the user to the computer

Converts raw data into electronic form

Keyboard
Traditional
Looks like typewriter with extra keys

Non-traditional
Fast food restaurants Each key represents a food item rather than a character

Keyboard

Function Keys

Main Keyboard

Give commands
Software specific

Typewriter keys
Special command keys

Keyboard

Numeric Keys
Num Lock toggle On numeric data & math symbols Off cursor movement

Cursor Movement Keys

Keyboard Special Keys

Shift Caps Lock Ctrl Alt Esc Enter Windows shortcut

Types of Keyboards
Alphanumeric

- common in computer lab

- contain letters, numbers, special

keys (function keys, ctrl keys, alt

keys, etc.)

 QWERTY
due to the layout of the letter keys

 DVORAK
has an alternative layout designed to improve typing speed - the most frequently used keys are placed in the middle - not very widely used keyboard

DVORAK KEYBOARD

 Enhanced have 12 function keys along the top, 2 CTRL keys, 2 ALT keys and a set of arrow and additional keys.

 Special function keyboard

- e.g. in a fast food restaurant

 Wireless keyboard
transmit data via infrared light waves or radio waves (bluetooth)

 Ergonomic keyboard designed to reduce repetitive strain injuries

Pointing Devices
Position a pointer / cursor on the screen
Controls drawing instruments in graphics applications

Communicate commands to a program

Pointing Devices Mouse

Types
Mechanical Optical Wireless

Features
Palm-sized 1 or 2 buttons Wheel / LED

Mouse

it fits under palm of hand

mouse buttons

wheel button

Mechanical mouse has rubber or metal ball on underside

ball

mouse pad

Mouse
Optical mouse has no moving parts inside, it emits and senses light to detect movement. - No need for a mouse pad

Inside of Optical Mouse

Other Pointing Devices

Trackball / Trackerball
Upside-down mouse Ball on top Roll ball with hand Used in Laptop computers

Other Pointing Devices

Touchpad/track pad
Pressure-sensitive pad Cursor moves as you slide your finger Used in Laptop computers

Other Pointing Devices

Joystick Vertical short lever Handgrip Distance and speed of movement control pointer position

Other Pointing Devices

Pointing stick Pressure-sensitive post Looks like a miniature joystick Mounted between G and H keys on keyboard Apply pressure in a direction to move cursor

Other Pointing Devices

What is a touch screen?

Touch areas of screen with finger Often used in ATMs, kiosks, hotels, stores, airports

Digitizer Tablet and Pen

Digitizing tablet Rectangular board Invisible grid of electronic dots Write with stylus (electronic pen) or puck (looks like a mouse) Sends locations of electronic dots as stylus moves over them

Creates precise drawings

Architects and engineers

Scanners and Reading Devices

Flatbed

What is a scanner?

Light-sensing device that reads printed text and graphics

Used for image processing, converting paper documents into electronic images

Pen or Handheld

Sheet-fed

Drum

Optical Scanners
Optical recognition
Light beam scans input data Most common type of source input

Document imaging converts paper documents to electronic form

Converts snapshots into images

Converts scanned picture into characters OCR

Exact computer-produced replica of original

Types of Scanners
Flatbed
One sheet at a time Scans bound documents Motorized rollers Sheet moves across scanning head Small, convenient size Less versatile than flatbed Prone to errors

Sheetfeed

Types of Scanners
Handheld
Pen or Handheld

Least expensive Least accurate Portable User must move the scanner in a straight line at a fixed rate Wide document causes problems

Optical Recognition
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
Mark sensing Exams Recognizes the location of the marks Direct thin light beams onto paper w/c reflect or absorb depending on pencil mark

Optical character recognition (OCR)

Light source reads special characters Used in connection w/ billing

MICR
Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition
Read characters made of magnetic particles Numbers on the bottom of checks MICR inscriber adds characters to check that show amount cashed

 What is a bar code reader?

Scanners and Reading Devices

Uses laser beams to read bar codes

Optical Recognition Bar Code Reader

Photoelectric device Reads bar codes

Inexpensive
Reliable Where Used?
Supermarket Federal Express

Digital Cameras
Photos stored in electronic form No film

Point and shoot

Edit

Voice Input
Speech Recognition Speech recognition devices
Input via a microphone Voice converted to binary code

Problems
Speaker-dependent Voice training

Biometric Input
What is biometrics?

Authenticates persons identity by verifying personal characteristic

Fingerprint scanner captures curves and indentations of fingerprint Hand geometry system measures shape and size of persons hand

Biometric Input
What are examples of biometric technology?

Voice verification system compares live speech with stored voice pattern Signature verification system recognizes shape of signature
Iris recognition system reads patterns in blood vessels in back of eye (retinal scanner)
Biometric data is sometimes stored on smart card, which stores personal data on microprocessor embedded in card

Output
Information for the user

Types
Screen soft copy Printer hard copy Voice Sound Graphics

Monitor
Data that is entered appears on the screen Screen is part of the monitor Produces the soft copy

Monitor
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Flat panel display Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Light Emitting Diode (LED)

CRT
Raster scanning
Sweeping electron beams across the back of the screen

Phosphorous coating on back

Glows when hit by a beam of electrons Phosphorous loses glow and image fades and flickers Image must be continually refreshed

CRT
Resolution
Clarity of image Pixel (Picture element)
Dot on screen Is addressable Can be illuminated More pixels means higher resolution

Dot pitch

Vertical distance between each pixel Smaller distance means better quality image

CRT
Refresh rate / scan rate
Speed at which image is redrawn on the screen

if the refresh rate is low, then the image will flicker w/c can cause headaches
80-100 times per second adequate for clear screen image

CRT
Interlaced vs. Non-interlaced
Interlaced
Refresh every other line on each pass Lower refresh rate without flicker Good for fixed graphics Causes flutter with animated graphics Inexpensive

Non-interlaced
Refresh every line on each pass Typical screen sold today Less flicker

CRT
Color vs. Monochrome
Color
Typical monitor sold today (RGB)

Monochrome
Green or amber on a contrasting background Less expensive than color

CRT
Graphics Card/Graphics Adapter Board
Plugs into expansion slot on motherboard

Graphics card and monitor must be compatible for high quality image

CRT
Size
Measured diagonally Typical sizes
Office user: 15-17 inch High-powered graphics user: 19 inch High-end monitors: 21 inches and up More expensive More space on desktop Reduces eye strain

Larger size

Graphics Standards
Help insure that the products work together PCs Monitor Graphics boards Software

Graphics Standards
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
Resolution 320 x 200 pixels in 256 colors or 640 x 480 pixels in 16 colors

EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adaptor)

Low grade adaptor Resolution 640 x 350 pixels in 16 colors

Graphics Standards
XGA (Extended Graphics Array)
High Resolution 1024 x 768 pixels with 256 colors or 640 x 480 with 65,536 colors Supports more simultaneous colors Allows non-interlaced monitors

CGA (Color Graphics Adaptor)

obsolete Resolution 640 x 480 pixels

Graphics Standards
MDA (Monochrome Graphics Adapter)
Resolution 720 x 350 pixels in 1 color

SVGA (Super VGA)

Resolution 800 x 600, 1024 x 768, 1280 x 1024, 1600 x 1200 pixels 16 million colors Number of colors displayed simultaneously limited by amount of video memory

Flat-panel Screens
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Primarily on laptops Moving to desktop Skinny (depth) regardless of size

Flat-panel Screens
Crisp, brilliant images Easy on eyes No flicker Full dimension is useable More expensive that CRT monitors

Flat-panel Screens
Active Matrix Thin-film transistor technology (TFT) Transistors for each pixel Brighter image Viewable from an angle
Passive Matrix Fewer transistors Cheaper Less power

Advantages of Monitors Faster than a printer Less noisy than printer Paper not wasted Allow you to correct/edit data before it is saved on computer. Disadvantages of Monitors Eye strain No permanent hardcopy (gives temporary/soft copy)

Printer
Produces information on paper Orientation
Portrait Landscape

Methods of printing
Impact Nonimpact

Impact Printers
Most widely used
The print mechanism strikes the paper thru an ink ribbon which marks a character on the paper

Impact Printers
Line printer
One line at a time High volume Low quality

Dot-matrix printer
One character at a time

Non-Impact Printer
Uses thermal heat, photographic (xerographic), electrostatic, or light to print Does not require physical contact w/ the paper
Very fast More expensive

Nonimpact Printer Laser Printer

Nonimpact Printer Laser Printer

Transfers images to paper using a light beam Prints one page at a time 600-1200 dpi High quality Speed
Personal laser printers: 8-10 ppm Network laser printers: 35-50 ppm High-volume laser printers: up to 1000 ppm

Black and white / color

Nonimpact Printer Ink-jet Printer

Spray ink at paper Black and white / color Excellent graphics Good quality

Slower than laser

Nonimpact Printer
Choose based upon: Speed

Quality
Black and white vs. color

Price

Sound
Creates multimedia output Multiple sight and sound effects Speakers Sound card

Voice Output Speech Synthesis

Enables machines to talk to people Types
Voice synthesizers Voice output devices Audio-response units

Convert data in storage to vocalized sounds Synthesis by analysis human sounds are stored and reproduced as needed Synthesis by rule creates artificial speech

Voice Output Speech synthesis

Uses
Automobiles Telephone surveys Catalog order is ready

Your payment is late reminder

Music and Other Sounds

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
Communicates between MIDI devices and computer Rules that produce and process digital music signals MIDI information tells synthesizer
When to start and stop playing a note Volume Modulation

Software is available for composing and editing per MIDI standard