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Basic Principle: electrons occupy lowest energy levels available
Aufbau Principle -- Bottom Up Rule
Electron spin
How could an orbital hold two electrons without electrostatic repulsion?
Stern-Gerlach Experiment
2 ways to write electron configurations
spdf Notation
spdf NOTATION for H, atomic number = 1 no. of 1 electrons
1s
sublevel
value of energy level
ORBITAL BOX NOTATION for He, atomic number = 2
Orbital Box Notation
1s
1s
Arrows show electron spin (+ or -)
Pauli exclusion principle
An orbital can contain a maximum of 2 electrons, and they must have the opposite spin.
Example: Determine the electron configuration and orbital notation for the ground state neon atom.
Write the ground state configuration and the orbital diagram for oxygen in its ground state
Hunds Rule -
Outer electron configuration for the elements
Using the periodic table to know configurations
Period 1 2 3 Ne
Ar
Kr Xe
4
5 6 7
Valence es for main group elements
Basic Principle: electrons occupy lowest energy levels available
Rules for Filling Orbitals Bottom-up (Aufbaus principle) Fill orbitals singly before doubling up (Hunds Rule) Paired electrons have opposite spin (Pauli exclusion principle)
Identify examples of the following principles: 1) Aufbau 2) Hunds rule 3) Pauli exclusion
Shorthand notation practice
[Noble Gas Core] + higher energy electrons
Examples Aluminum: 1s22s22p63s23p1 [Ne]3s23p1 Calcium: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 [Ar]4s2 Nickel: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8 [Ar]4s23d8 {or [Ar]3d84s2}
Iodine: [Kr]5s24d105p5 {or [Kr]4d105s25p5}
Astatine (At): [Xe]6s24f145d106p5 {or [Xe]4f145d106s26p5}
Electron configuration for As
Note: Not written according to Aufbau, but grouping according to n
Orbital energy ladder
d
p d s
n=4
Energy
p s s
p s
n=3
n=2
n=1
Phosphorus Symbol: P Atomic Number: 15 Full Configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p3 Valence Configuration: 3s23p3 Shorthand Configuration: [Ne]3s23p3
Box Notation
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
Quantum numbers and orbital energies
Each electron in an atom has a unique set of quantum numbers to define it
{ n, l, ml, ms }
n = principal quantum number
electrons energy depends principally on this
l = azimuthal quantum number
for orbitals of same n, l distinguishes different shapes (angular momentum)
ml = magnetic quantum number
for orbitals of same n & l, ml distinguishes different orientations in space
ms = spin quantum number
for orbitals of same n, l & ml, ms identifies the two possible spin orientations
Quantum numbers and orbital energies
Each atoms electron has a unique set of quantum numbers to define it { n, l, ml, ms }
Energy level n=1 n=2 Sublevel 1s (l = 0) 2s (l = 0) 2p (l = 1) # of orbitals/sublevel 1 (ml has one value) 1 (ml has one value) 3 (ml has three values)
n=3
3s (l = 0) 1 (ml has one value) 3p (l = 1) 3 (ml has three values) 3d (l = 2) 5 (ml has five values)
n = principal quantum number (energy)
l = azimuthal quantum number (shape)
ml = magnetic quantum number (orientation)
Concept: Each electron in an atom has a unique set of quantum numbers to define it
{ n, l, ml, ms }
21
Quantum numbers: unique set for each es orbitals
l=0
p orbitals
l=1
d orbitals
l=2
f orbitals
l=3
ml = 0
ml = -1, 0, 1
ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
ml=-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3
An s subshell One s orbital
A p subshell Three p orbitals
A d subshell Five d orbitals
An f subshell Seven f orbitals
For n=1 For n=2 For n=3 For n=4
l=0 l=0,1 l=0,1,2 l=0,1,2,3
an s subshell (with 1 orbital) an s subshell and a p subshell (with 3 orbitals) an s subshell, a p subshell, a d subshell (with 5 orbitals) an s subshell, a p subshell, a d subshell, an f subshell (with 7 orbitals)
Electronic configuration of Br 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p63d10 4s24p5
[Ar] 3d104s24p5
[Ar] = noble gas core [Ar]3d10 = pseudo noble gas core (electrons that tend not to react)
Atoms reactivity is determined by valence electrons valence es in Br: 4s24p5
highest n electrons
Valence e- shells for transition metals v. main group elements
d orbitals sometimes included in valence shell
d orbitals not included in valence shell (pseudo noble gas cores)
Rule-of-thumb for valence electrons
Identify all electrons at the highest principal quantum number (n) Examples
Sulfur: 1s22s22p63s23p4 or [Ne]3s23p4 valence electrons: 3s23p4 Strontium: [Kr]5s2 Use on exams, 2 Use 8.9 valence electrons: 5s butTable recognize for limitations online HW Gallium: [Ar]4s23d104p1 valence electrons: 4s24p1 Vanadium: [Ar]4s23d3 valence electrons: 4s2 or 3d34s2
Seleniums valence electrons
Written for increasing energy:
Pseudo noble gas core includes: noble gas electron core d electrons (not very reactive)
Core and valence electrons in Germanium
Written for increasing energy:
Pseudo noble gas core includes: noble gas core d electrons
d-block: some exceptions to the Aufbau principle Fig. 8.9: Use this table for online homework
Electron spin & magnetism
For the ground state oxygen atom:
spdf configuration:
orbital box notation:
Paramagnetic: atoms with unpaired electrons
that are weakly attracted to a magnet.
Diamagnetic: atoms with paired electrons
that are not attracted to a magnet.
Apparatus for measuring magnetic properties