A Study of Thermal Response of an Optical View Port of Re-entry vehicle
Introduction
Manned space missions:
These missions involve in the orbiting and reentry. It is equipped with crew and their facilities including view port to observe outer space.
Atmospheric re-entry:
Change in the kinetic energy of the air particles results in increase in internal energy of the air molecules, which results in the thermal environments on the surface of the module.
Contd...
Re-entry of module
Contd..
To protect the crew and module, the re-entry module is shielded with the thermal insulating material. In this criteria, the view port material should posses the:
Heat insulating properties Optical properties.
Contd..
The evaluation of view port material is done through following tests:
S. No 1 2 Type of test Structural (UTM-universal testing machine) Thermo-structural(strength at different temperature) Thermal Thermo optical (transparent ability at operational temperatures) Optical Purpose Strength to withstand the mechanical loads Strength to the withstand the thermal loads Heat transfer and its rate Optical nature at operational temperature. Transparency and Refractive Index
3 4
Thermal Evaluation
Amount of heat transfer through the thickness is evaluated. Quartz glass is selected for the view port. Quartz glass is studied experimentally under the Infrared Radiation test and convective heating test. A 1-D heat conduction program is written to simulate the heat flow through the material.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
A Peculiar Case with the Quartz Glass Specimen
Quartz glass is optically transparent, it transmits all the radiation through it. The required transient heat flux cant applied on the surface of the quartz glass. In order make sure that the required heat flux is absorbed on the specimen, the specimen is coated with the high emissivity black paint, which can absorb more heat energy.
Specimen Preparation
Cleaning of the specimen:
surface is polished and cleaned with an emery paper.
Preparation of the thermocouple:
K-type thermocouples are used.
Bonding the thermocouples to the specimen surface:
The junction is cemented to the surface with high thermal resistance ceramic paste.
Preparation for the IR radiation test:
the specimen is coated with the black colour high temperature paint It has 99.95% absorbivity.
Preparation for the Convective heat transfer test:
a thermocouple is placed and cemented in front surface of the specimen to get the front surface temperature readings.
INFRARED RADIATION TEST
Experimental studies
Test setup
Test procedure
After positioning the specimen in its place, inspection should be carried out, to make sure of the experimental setup. Inspections like checking the air cooling system to the heater module and water cooling system to the heat flux sensor, Once all the check was okay, the power controller was switched on and the required heat flux profile was simulated. The specimen is exposed to the IR radiation emitted from the IR lamps, Heat flux is applied on the front surface (the surface, which is exposed to the IR radiation) and with the help of the thermo-couple sensor, the back wall temperatures was measured. During radiation test, the specimen was placed at 100mm from the infrared lamps. Prior to the experiment a calibration was done to get the centre to side heat flux ratio. This value was used to correct the heat flux simulated the feedback mode.
Observations
At 145 seconds the high heat paint on the specimen started evaporating with fumes being released. At 150 190 seconds, the heat flux reached to its peak values. 180 195 seconds, the heat paint on the surface has been completely evaporated. And then, the specimen started to transmit all the radiation to other side as a transparent material. Then the experiment was terminated. the temperatures are measured and recorded. Required plots and interpretations were generated from the temperatures recorded in the computer.
Results
500
Temperature at TC 1 Temperature at TC 2 Temperature at TC 3
400
Temperature ( C)
300
200
100
250
500
750
Time (s)
Time vs. Back wall temperatures response of a quartz glass.
Experimental study Convective test
Test setup
LPG cylinders: These are the gas supplies of the convective heating system. These are the cylinders filled with the Liquid Petroleum Gas, which is fuel used in the convective heating system. 3 to 5 LPG cylinders are connected to the pressure manifold, where the control of flow of LPG is done. Burner: It is a part of convective heating system, where the gas and air is mixed together at required pressures and proportions, and get burned through ignition device. Blower: It is one of the parts of CHS, which sucks the atmospheric air and mixes with the fuel at required proportions and, at required pressures then it release the air and LPG out, at required speed through nozzle. Pressure manifold: This is pipe, with the pressure gauges that are connected with the cylinders and stores the LPG for a while, until the required pressures are obtained. The pressure in the pressure manifold is controlled by the valves given at the end of the pressure manifold gauge. Control panel: It is an electronic system, which is installed in the CHS, which controls power to the system.
Simulated Heat Flux
9.5
Simulated Heat flux
8.0
Heat flux (W/cm )
6.5
5.0
3.5
2.0
250
500
750
Time (s)
Simulated convective heat flux history
Test procedure
It is difficult to simulate the thermal response of quartz glass for the typical transient heat flux profile, using convective heat source. Thus, to simulate the required heat load, a calibration procedure was adopted. The surface temperature of the specimen was obtained from temperature measurement during the convective heating test, by thermocouple bonded on to the surface of the specimen.
Results
750
500
Temperature ( C)
250
Surface Temperature Temperature at BW 1 Temperature at BW 2 Temperature at BW 3
250
500
750
Time (s)
Thermal response of quartz glass in convective heating test
Theoritical analysis
Introduction
A one dimensional thermal response of the view port glass carried out, and it is validate with the experimental results, to validate the view port glass in its operational conditions. In solving the energy equation, for the heat conduction through the view port glass window, the one dimensional nodal system is considered with differential and conserved form of energy equation from the physical laws of heat transfer. For of solving the discretized mathematical equations the explicit method of solving is adopted. the C-language is adopted as a platform to program the energy equation for one-dimensional heat conduction through a body.
Algorithm
Step 1: Start Step 2: initialization of parameters Step 3: initialization of initial temperature conditions Step 4: read the heat flux data Step 5: time steps increment Step 6: heat flux computation for every time step Step7: nodal increment Step 8:calculation K, Cp, Q for corresponding temperatures Step 9: front wall boundary temperature calculation Step 10: calculating the corresponding nodal temperature Step 11: updating the temperature obtained to next time step Step 12: output. Step 13: Return Step 14: End
Boundary Conditions
First node boundary conditions
Pictorial representation of the implementation of frontal node energy flow
The energy balance equation written for the frontal node is:
qincident k - h(T-T) - (T4-T4) = mCp
Contd..
Back wall:
The energy flow for the last node
The energy balance equation for the last node is:
k - h(T-T) - (T4-T4) = mCp
Theoritical analysis (Infrared Radiation) Results
The thermal history at the different nodes considering constant Cp and K.
1300
Constant material properties Cp and K
1100
Nodal temperatures
900
700
500
BACK WALL Middle node FRONT WALL
0 250 500 750
300
Time(s)
Thermal history at the different nodes considering variable Cp and K.
1300
Variable material properites Cp and K
1100
Noda temperatures (K)
900
700
500
BACK WALL middle node FRONT WALL
300
250
500
750
Variation of back wall temperature between experimental results and theoretical results
700
Back wall temperture (K)
600
500 Theoretical simulated Experimental simulated
400
300 0 250 Time (s) 500 750
Variation of back wall temperatures, between constant and varying material properties
800
Back wall tempertures(K)
700
600
500 constant material properties varying material properties experimental results 0 250 Time (s) 500 750
400
300
Theoretical study (Convective test) Results
Thermal profiles of convective test at different nodes with constant material properties
1300
1100
TEMPERTURES (K)
900
700
500
EXPERIMENTAL BACK WALL EXPERIMENTAL FRONT WALL COMPUTED BACK WALL COMUPUTED MIDDLE NODE COMPUTED FRONT WALL
0 250 500 750
300
TIME (S)
Thermal profiles of convective test at different nodes with varying material properties
1100
TEMPERTURES (K)
900
700
500
EXPERIMENTAL BACK WALL EXPERIMENTAL FRONT WALL COMPUTED BACK WALL MIDDLE NODE COMPUTED FRONT WALL
0 250 500 750
300
TIME (s)
Comparison of experimental and simulated thermal profiles of convective test with constant and varying material properties
1300
1100
TEMPERTURE (K)
900
700
500
BACK WALL - EXPERIMENTAL FRONT WALL - EXPERIMENTAL BACK WALL WITH VARYING Cp &K FRONT WALL WITH VARYING Cp & K BACK WALL WITH CONSTANT Cp & K FRONT WALL WITH CONSTANT Cp & K
0 250 500 750
300
TIME (s)
Project conclusion
Through Radiation test, the transient heat flux history is applied on the test specimen, which prior to the test was coated with a thin layer of high temperature paint to enhance absorbivity. During the course of test the high temperature paint evaporated, hence the expected thermal response was not obtained. To overcome this difficulty, the test specimen was subjected to convective heating using a convective heat source, where the required thermal load is simulated. A one dimensional heat conduction program was written, with the appropriate transient boundary conditions. The material properties of quartz as a function of temperature, was incorporated in the program. The results predicted were comparable to the experimental results.
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