Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
Biology I Mrs. Armstrong
Chapter 4
Cell Structure and Function
Table of Contents
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Section 2 Introduction to Cells Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Objectives
Name the scientists who first observed living and nonliving cells. Summarize the research that led to the development of the cell theory. State the three principles of the cell theory.
Explain why the cell is considered to be the basic unit of life.
Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
The Discovery of Cells
All living things are made up of one or more cells. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life.
Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Hooke
The Discovery of Cells, continued
Robert Hooke discovered cells in slices of cork.
Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells in microorganisms.
Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
The cell theory states that all living organisms are made of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and cells come only from pre-existing cells.
The Cell Theory
Chapter 4 Cell Theory
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Chapter 4
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
Cellular Basis of Life
The Cell Theory, continued
All living things are made of organized parts, obtain energy from their surroundings, perform chemical reactions, change with time, respond to their environment, and reproduce.
Chapter 4 Objectives
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Explain the relationship between cell shape and cell function.
Identify the factor that limits cell size. Describe the three basic parts of a cell. Compare prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Analyze the relationship among cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
Chapter 4 Cell Diversity
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Cell Shape A cells shape reflects its function.
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Cell Diversity, Continued
Cell Size Cell size is limited by a cells surface areato-volume ratio.
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Basic Parts of a Cell
The three basic parts of a cell are the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus.
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Basic Parts of a Cell, continued
Plasma Membrane The cells outer boundary, called the plasma membrane (or the cell membrane), covers a cells surface and acts as a barrier between the inside and the outside of a cell.
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Basic Parts of a Cell, continued
Cytoplasm The region of the cell that is within the plasma membrane and that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus is called the cytoplasm.
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Basic Parts of a Cell, continued
Nucleus The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains a cells DNA.
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Two Basic Types of Cells
Prokaryotes Prokaryote cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Two Basic Types of Cells, continued
Eukaryotes Eukaryote cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Cellular Organization
In multicellular eukaryotes, cells organize into tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally organisms.
Chapter 4 Objectives
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Describe the structure and function of a cells plasma membrane. Summarize the role of the nucleus. List the major organelles found in the cytosol, and describe their roles. Identify the characteristics of mitochondria.
Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
Chapter 4 Plasma Membrane
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Membrane Lipids Cell membranes consist of a phospholipid bilayer.
Chapter 3
Structure of Lipid Bilayer
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4 Cell Membrane
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Plasma Membrane, continued
Membrane Proteins Cell membranes often contain proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer.
Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Plasma Membrane, continued
Fluid Mosaic Model The fluid mosaic model states that the phospholipid bilayer behaves like a fluid more than it behaves like a solid.
Chapter 4 Nucleus
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
The nucleus directs the cells activities and stores DNA.
Chapter 4 Nucleus of a Cell
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4 Nucleus, continued
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Nuclear Envelope The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
Chapter 4 Nucleus, continued
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Nucleolus The nucleolus is the place where DNA is concentrated when it is in the process of making ribosomal RNA.
Chapter 4 Mitochondria
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Mitochondria harvest energy from organic compounds and transfer it to ATP.
Chapter 4 Mitochondrion
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4 Ribosomes
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Ribosomes are either free or attached to the rough ER and play a role in protein synthesis.
Chapter 4 Ribosomes
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The rough ER prepares proteins for export or insertion into the cell membrane.
Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
The smooth ER builds lipids and participates in detoxification of toxins.
Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes
Chapter 4 Golgi Apparatus
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins.
Chapter 4 Vesicles
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Vesicles, including lysosomes (digestive enzymes) and peroxisomes (detoxification enzymes), are classified by their contents.
Chapter 4 Vesicles, continued
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Protein Synthesis The rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles work together to transport proteins to their destinations inside and outside the cell.
Chapter 4
Processing of Proteins
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4 Cytoskeleton
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers that help cells move and maintain their shape.
The cytoskeleton includes microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Chapter 4 Cytoskeleton
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Cytoskeleton, continued
Cilia and Flagella Cilia and flagella are hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement.
Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Structure of Cilia and Flagella
Chapter 4
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Cytoskeleton, continued
Centrioles Centrioles consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are involved in cell division.
Chapter 4 Objectives
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
List three structures that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells. Compare the plasma membrane,the primary cell wall, and the secondary cell wall. Explain the role of the central vacuole. Describe the roles of plastids in the life of a plant. Identify features that distinguish prokaryotes, eukaryotes, cells, and animal cells. plant
Chapter 4 Plant Cells
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Plant cells have cell walls, central vacuoles, and plastids.
Chapter 4 Cell Wall
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
In plant cells, a rigid cell wall covers the cell membrane and provides support and protection.
Chapter 4 Parts of a Cell Wall
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4 Central Vacuole
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Large central vacuoles store water, enzymes, and waste products and provide support for plant tissue.
Chapter 4 Plastids
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Plastids store starch and pigments.
The chloroplast converts light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis.
Chapter 4 Chloroplasts
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Chapter 4 Comparing Cells
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Prokaryotes, animal cells, and plant cells can be distinguished from each other by their unique features.
Chapter 4
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. The eukaryotic nucleus houses all of the following except the A. RNA B. DNA C. nucleolus D. endoplasmic reticulum
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. The eukaryotic nucleus houses all of the following except the A. RNA B. DNA C. nucleolus D. endoplasmic reticulum
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which structure contributes to support and movement within a cell? F. crista G. cell wall H. ribosome J. microfilament
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which structure contributes to support and movement within a cell? F. crista G. cell wall H. ribosome J. microfilament
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following statements about RNA is true? A. RNA is found only in proteins. B. RNA is found only in the nucleus. C. RNA is found only in the cytoplasm. D. RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following statements about RNA is true? A. RNA is found only in proteins. B. RNA is found only in the nucleus. C. RNA is found only in the cytoplasm. D. RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows the relationship between cell size and surface areatovolume ratio. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.
4. By what percentage does the surface areato volume ratio change when a cell grows from 1 to 2 m in diameter? F. 10 percent G. 20 percent H. 50 percent J. 90 percent
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows the relationship between cell size and surface areatovolume ratio. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.
4. By what percentage does the surface areato volume ratio change when a cell grows from 1 to 2 m in diameter? F. 10 percent G. 20 percent H. 50 percent J. 90 percent
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows the relationship between cell size and surface areatovolume ratio. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.
5. What is the maximum diameter that this cell could attain before the surface areato-volume ratio would fall below 1? A. 2 m B. 5 m C. 10 m D. 15 m
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows the relationship between cell size and surface areatovolume ratio. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.
5. What is the maximum diameter that this cell could attain before the surface areato-volume ratio would fall below 1? A. 2 m B. 5 m C. 10 m D. 15 m
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. mitochondria : energy release :: ribosome : F. cell support G. protein synthesis H. cellular digestion J. cellular transport
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. mitochondria : energy release :: ribosome : F. cell support G. protein synthesis H. cellular digestion J. cellular transport
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below shows a diagram of a cell. Use the figure to answer the question that follows.
7. What is the function of the structure labeled 1? A. to make ATP B. to make proteins C. to make carbohydrates D. to move proteins through the cell
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below shows a diagram of a cell. Use the figure to answer the question that follows.
7. What is the function of the structure labeled 1? A. to make ATP B. to make proteins C. to make carbohydrates D. to move proteins through the cell
Chapter 4 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
A cells shape is generally related to its function. Skin cells are flat and platelike. Nerve cells have long extensions. Explain the relationship between the shape of skin and nerve cells and their function in the body.
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Answer: Cell shape reflects the different functions of cells. For example, the long extensions of nerve cells allow these cells to receive and transmit nerve impulses in many directions. Also, the flat shape of skin cells suits their function of covering and protecting the surface of the body.
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Despite the diversity among cells, eukaryotic cells share many common features. Part A Describe the structure and function of the organelles found in an animal cell. Part B Summarize the differences that distinguish animal cells from bacteria and plant cells.
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer: Part A Answers may include the following: The nucleus holds and protects DNA; Mitochondria transfer energy to ATP; Ribosomes manufacture proteins; The ER functions as an intracellular highway; The Golgi apparatus directs proteins to other parts of the cell; Vesicles digest materials, break down old cells, and play a role in protein synthesis. Part B Plant and bacterial cells, unlike animal cells, have a cell
wall. Bacterial cells, unlike plant and animal cells, lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Some bacterial cells and all plant cells have plastids.
Chapter 4 Cell Diversity
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4 Cell Diversity
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a Cell
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Two Basic Types of Cells
Chapter 4
Section 2 Introduction to Cells
Cellular Organization
Chapter 4 Plasma Membrane
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4 Mitochondria
Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Chapter 4 Plant Cells
Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
