Lesson No.

15

Week No. 07
Lesson Name Fasteners

FASTENERS
The act of holding together the different parts of a machine is called fastening. Fastening can be of three kinds; 1. Temporary 2. Semi-permanent 3. Permanent.

Temporary Fastening:- When parts of a machine are joined in such a way that these can be dismantled or reassembled again easily, it is called temporary fastening. The device used are;

Head

Shank

Diameter

Bolt:- This is one of the most widely used fasteners. Bolt is made of a thin rod of metal. Different types of Heads are made to fix them. On the remaining part, shank, threads are cut. Diameter of bolt is measured at threads as shown in figure. They are made of Mild Steel. Nuts are used with bolts to fasten any component.

1. Hexagonal head bolt:- This is the most commonly used bolt which is shown in figure above. 2. T Head bolt:- This bolt with T head is used with machine table. Some portion below the T head is kept square. 4. Taper headless bolt:- This bolt does not have head. Whole shank is made taper of 3/8 TPF. This bolt is used for clamping machine shaft.

6. Grooved nut:- This is a hexagonal nut with the lower part made cylindrical on the cylindrical surface. There is a recessed groove in which a set screw is used to lock the nut. 7. Locking plate:- For preventing the nut from loosening locking plates are fixed on the outside of the hexagonal nut.

8. Tab washer:- Tab washers can be used for locking the nuts which are located near an edge or corner.

9. Locking-washer with lug:- In this arrangement of locking a hole is drilled for accommodating the lug. The movement of the nut is prevented by folding the washer against the nut. 10. Spring washer:- Spring washers are available with a single or double coil. These are placed under a nut in the assembly as washers. The stiff resistance offered by the washer against the surface of the nuts serves to prevent loosening.

5. Hook bolt:- Head of this bolt is made hook shaped. Square neck is provided below this head which restrict the bolt to be turned. This bolt is used for lifting machines. 6. Eye bolt:- Head of this bolt is made round shaped by bending the round bar. They are threaded to whole length. A hook or bar is passed through its hole to lift any component. This bolt is also used for lifting machines and components.

7. Cup / Round head bolt:- Head of this bolt is made round. Snug is provided below this head which restrict the bolt to be turned during the fitting. This bolt is used generally for wood working.

8. Cheese head bolt:- Head of this bolt is made cylindrical shaped. A pin is fastened below the head to lock the position of bolt. This bolt is used where a spanner can not be used due to narrow space. Fastening offered by this bolt is comparatively weak.

9. Counter head bolt:- Head of this bolt is made countersunk. This bolt is also used where the head of bolt above the surface is objectionable. Square snug is provided below the head to lock it.

NUT
Nut:- Nuts are used in conjunction with Bolts to clamp the components. Nuts of different types are used depending on the requirement of the assembly.
1.

Hexagonal nut:- This is the most commonly used type of nut in structural and machine tool building. Thin hexagonal nuts are used as lock-nuts. Square nut:- Square bolts are provided with square nuts. In coach building mostly square nuts are used.

2.

3.

3 Stud

4.

T-Nut

5.

Self locking (Simmond lock-nut) nut:This nut has an internal groove cut in which a fiber or nylon ring is inserted. This ring holds the nut tightly on the bolt and serves as a locking device. T-nut:- T-nuts are used along with studs on machine tools for fixing holding devices or work pieces. Slotted and castle nut:- These nuts have special provision in the form of slots for fixing split pins for locking the nuts. Slotted nuts are hexagonal shaped throughout. In the case of castle nuts, the top part of the nut is cylindrical in shape.

6. Wing nut:- These nuts are used in light duty assembly which require frequent removal and fixing. These are available as hot forged / cast and cold forged. Example of this nut is, used in Hacksaw. 7. Knurled nut:- Knurled nuts (thumb nuts) are used in place where frequent adjustment is required. They are suitable in places where finger tightening is enough. They are available as Type-A & Type-B. 8. Cap nut:- Cap-nuts are used to protect the bolt end threads from damages and they also act as protector for safe working. They also provides a decorative appearance.

9. Hexagonal nut with collar:- These nuts have a machined collar on one end. This provides additional bearing surface in assembly. The collar act like a washer and is useful where frequent tightening and loosening is necessary. 10. Hexagonal weld nut:- These nuts are used for welding on plate work. They have projected legs on one side. 11. Round nut:- These nuts are used with special types of wrenches to turn it like hook wrench, pin wrench, face wrench, etc.

10

11

WASHER
Washer:- It is a common practice to provide washer under the nuts in bolted joints. They help to increase the frictional grip, prevent loosening of nuts due to vibrations, prevent damage to the work piece and distributes force over a larger area.
1.

Plain / Flat washer:- These washer are used for bolting assemblies with flat surface. The diameter, thickness and the bore diameter are proportional to the diameter of the bolt. Plain washers are available as Machined or Punched washer.

2.

Taper washer:- These are used in structural assemblies with tapered surface like inside of I-beams, channels, etc. These washer help the bolt head or nut to seat square to the hole. Spring washer:- Spring washers are used under nuts to prevent slackening of the nuts due to vibration. They are made of spring steel and when compressed, they create tension between the bolt and nut.

3.

4.

Tab washer:- These washers are used for locking the nuts which are to be fitted near the corner of components. Long tab is bent along the corner and part of rounded portion is bent against a side of hexagonal nut. Toothed lock washer:- These washers have serrations, cut and twisted. When placed between the nut and the assembly, this washer exerts friction on both the contacting surfaces. This prevents the nuts from slackening.

5.

SCREW
Screw:- Screws are used when a nut can not be used in the assembly and the component in the assembly has a threaded hole to receive the screw. 1. Hexagonal head screw:- These are used when the projection of the screw head will not be an obstruction in the assembly. These screws are made of steel. Screws used in electrical work are made of Brass. 2. Hexagonal socket head cap screw:- These are used when the projection of the screw head above the surface is to be avoided.

3. Countersink head screw:- The projection of screw head above the assembly is avoided. They are capable of aligning the matching component correctly with the threaded hole. 4. Square head screw:- Square head screws are used in place where there is frequent removal and refitting of the assembly. They are tightened to a higher torque using a wrench.

5. Square head screw with collar:- Square head screws are sometimes provided with a collar which acts as washer, which is an integral part of the screw head. The purpose of this collar is to protect the work surface from damages due to constant use of wrenches. 6. Hexagonal socket set screws:- These are headless socket screws and are available with different points for various functional requirements. They are flat, cone, full dog, half dog, and cup points.

7. Grub screws:- They have similar application as hexagon socket screws but are used for light holding. They are also available in different points like flat, conical, cylindrical, tapered dog, cup or oval. 8. Thumb screws:- They are used in places where the fixing and removal of components are frequent. Tightening and loosening of the assembly is finger tight only. Application of these type of screws can be seen in Vernier height gauge, Vernier caliper, etc.

9. Self tapping screws:- They are used in assembly where thin section metal sheets are used. Joints made using these screws are vibration-resistant and can be assembled and dismantled many times. They can be of thread forming, cutting or self-piercing type. 10. Hammer drive screws:- These type of screws are used for fixing thin plates like name plates, etc. on cast iron machine body. These screws have multi-start threads. The screw is driven by a hammer.

LOOKING DEVICES
Locking Devices:- Nuts used along with bolts in assembly may loosen due to vibration. Different types of nut locking devices are used depending on the severity of the condition in which the fastener is used. 1. Lock-nut:- A thin nut with both faces machined is placed below a nut in the assembly. Both nuts are tightened over the bolt one after the other. Then using two spanner pressure is exerted on both nuts by turning in opposite directions. Both nuts are held together by friction.

2. Self locking nut:- This is a special nut with a nylon or fiber ring insert placed in the upper part of the nut. The internal diameter of the ring is smaller than the core diameter of the bolt thread. The nut while tightening cuts its own threads on the nylon insert. This provides a positive grip and prevents the nut from loosening due to vibration. 3. Wire lock:- This is a method of locking a number of screws and bolts. In this method a soft steel wire is inserted and twisted.

4. Sawn nut:- In this type of locking, a slot is cut half way across the nut. A screw is fitted with a clearance hole on the top part and matching threads on the lower part of the nut. 5. Slotted and castle nut:- The position of the nut can be locked using a split pin. Split pins are used for locking slotted nuts, castle nut, hexagonal nut, clevis pins etc. and are used in different ways.
6. Grooved nut:- This is a hexagonal nut with the lower part made cylindrical on the cylindrical surface. There is a recessed groove in which a set screw is used to lock the nut.

7. Locking plate:- For preventing the nut from loosening locking plates are fixed on the outside of the hexagonal nut. 8. Locking-washer with lug:- In this arrangement of locking a hole is drilled for accommodating the lug. The movement of the nut is prevented by folding the washer against the nut. 9. Tab washer:- Tab washers can be used for locking the nuts which are located near an edge or corner.

10. Spring washer:- Spring washers are available with a single or double coil. These are placed under a nut in the assembly as washers. The stiff resistance offered by the washer against the surface of the nuts serves to prevent loosening.

QUESTIONS
What are the types of Screw ? List the types of nut ? What is the use of screw nut ?

CONCLUSION
Thus, we learnt about Screw & Nut