Chapter Sixteen Lending Policies and Procedure
The purpose of this chapter is to learn why sound lending policies are important to banks and other lenders and the public they serve and how to spot and deal with problem loans when they appear in an institutions portfolio.
Types of Loans Made By Banks
Real Estate Loans ( secured by Real property, might be ST
or LT) Financial Institution Loans (credit to banks, insurance, inance companies) Agriculture Loans (farm and ranch op) Commercial and Industrial Loans (inventory purchases, payroll..) Loans to Individuals (personal loans) Miscellaneous Loans (not covered in the above mentioned) Lease Financing Receivables
Factors Determining the Mix of Bank Loans
Characteristics of Market Area (respond to local credit
demands) Bank Size (legal lending limit, wholesale lenders vs. retail credit) Loan Policy, Experience and Expertise of Management Expected Yield of Each Type of Loan, Functional Cost Analysis (FCA) Gross Yield, Net Yield, Customer Size Regulation
CAMELS Rating System
Capital Adequacy
Asset Quality
Management Quality Earnings Record
Liquidity Position
Sensitivity to Market Risk
Asset Quality
Criticized Loans:, do not follow loan policy, no full
documentation Scheduled Loans: Contain significant weakness Adversely Classified Loans Substandard Loans (weakness in collateral 20%) Doubtful Loans (strong probability of a loss 50%) Loss Loans (100%)
Banks Written Loan Policy
Goal Statement for Banks Loan Portfolio
Specification of Lending Authority of Each Loan Officer
and Committee Lines of Responsibility in Making Assignments and Reporting Information Operating Procedures for Reviewing, Evaluating and Making Loan Decisions Required Documentation for All Loans Lines of Authority for Maintaining and Reviewing Credit Files
Banks Written Loan Policy (cont.)
Guidelines for Taking and Perfecting Collateral Policies and Procedures for Setting Loan Interest Rate Statement of Quality Standards for All Loans Statement of Upper Limit for Total Loans Outstanding Description of the Banks Principal Trade Area Discussion of the Preferred Procedures for Detecting,
Analyzing and Working Out Problem Loans
The Six Basic Cs of Lending
Character Specific Purpose of Loan and Serious Intent to
Repay Loan Capacity Legal Authority to Sign Binding Contract Cash Ability to Generate Enough Cash to Repay Loan pp.536 Collateral Adequate Assets to Support the Loan Conditions Economic Conditions Faced By Borrower Control Does Loan Meet Written Loan Policy and How Would Loan Be Affected By Changing Laws and Regulations
Common Types of Loan Collateral
Accounts Receivables (40-90% of face value)
Factoring (% of book value) Inventory (30- 80% of market value) Real Property, insurance Personal Property (jewelry, cars, securities, ..) Personal Guarantees from major stockholders
Parts of a Typical Loan Agreement
The Note, contract signed by borrower, amount, interest
and payment terms Loan Commitment Agreement, the fee, usually .5% Collateral, pledged assets Restrictive Covenants Affirmative Negative Borrower Guaranties and Warranties that information supplied is true Events of Default
Loan Review
Examination of Outstanding Loans to Make Sure Borrowers are Adhering to Their Credit Agreements and the Bank is Following Its Own Loan Policies.
Warning Signs of Problem Loans
Unusual or Unexpected Delays in Receiving Financial
Statements Any Sudden Changes in Accounting Methods Restructuring Debt or Eliminating Dividend Payments or Changes in Credit Rating Adverse Changes in the Price of Stock Net Earnings Losses in One or More Years Adverse Changes in Capital Structure Deviations in Actual Sales from Predictions Unexpected and Unexplained Changes in Deposits
Loan Workouts
The Process of Resolving a Troubled Loan So that Bank Can Recover Its Funds
Loan Workout Process
Goal is to Maximize Full Recovery of Funds
Rapid Detection and Reporting of Problems is Essential Loan Workout Should Be Separate From Lending
Function Should Consult With Customer Quickly on Possible Options Estimate Resources Available to Collect on Loan Conduct Tax and Litigation Search Evaluate Quality and Competence of Management Consider All Reasonable Alternatives