Chapter 4
Gates and Circuits
Integrated Circuits aka CHIPS
Whats in this thing????
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Chapter Goals
How to make a gate from transistors How to make integrated circuits using gates
The basic gates and their behavior
How gates are combined into (useful) circuits
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Chapter Goals
Describe gates and circuits using:
Boolean expressions Truth Tables Logic Diagrams
Understand half adders, full adders, and binary addition circuits
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Computers and Electricity
Transistor A device that can be used to make gates Gate A device that performs a basic operation on bit(s) Circuits Gates combined to perform more complicated tasks
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Computers and Electricity
3 ways to describe the same thing
Boolean expressions logic diagrams truth tables
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Computers and Electricity
Boolean expressions A mathematical notation for expressing TRUE/FALSE logic
Example:
F = AB + C
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Computers and Electricity
Logic diagram A graphical representation of a circuit
Each type of gate is represented by a specific graphical symbol
Truth table A table showing all possible input value and the associated output values
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Gates
Lets examine the processing of the following six types of gates
NOT AND OR XOR NAND NOR
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NOT Gate
A NOT gate accepts one input value and produces one output value Aka an inverter
Figure 4.1 Various representations of a NOT gate
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AND Gate
An AND gate accepts two input signals If the two input values for an AND gate are both 1, the output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0
Figure 4.2 Various representations of an AND gate
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OR Gate
If the two input values are both 0, the output value is 0; otherwise, the output is 1
Figure 4.3 Various representations of a OR gate
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NAND and NOR Gates
The NAND and NOR gates are essentially the opposite of the AND and OR gates, respectively
Figure 4.5 Various representations of a NAND gate
Figure 4.6 Various representations of a NOR gate
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Constructing Gates
Transistor A device that acts as a switch, either open or closed (on or off)
A transistor has no moving parts, yet acts like a switch
It is made of a semiconductor material, which is neither a particularly good conductor of electricity, such as copper, nor a particularly good insulator, such as rubber
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Constructing Gates
Transistor terminals
Source Base Emitter
If the electrical signal is grounded, it is allowed to flow through an alternative route to the ground (literally) where it can do no harm
Figure 4.8 The connections of a transistor
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Constructing Gates
It turns out that, because the way a transistor works, the easiest gates to create are the NOT, NAND, and NOR gates
Figure 4.9 Constructing gates using transistors
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Combinational Circuits
Consider the following Boolean expression A(B + C)
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Adders
At the digital logic level, addition is performed in binary Addition operations are carried out by special circuits called, appropriately, adders
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A Half Adder
Recall that 1 PLUS 1 = 10 in base two
In other words:
0 with a carry of 1
Inputs
A 0 B 0 Carry 0
Outputs
Sum 0
0
1 1
1
0 1
0
0 1
1
1 0
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Half Adder Circuit
Two Boolean expressions:
sum = A B carry = AB
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A Full Adder
A circuit called a full adder takes the carry-in value into account
Inputs
A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Outputs CarryCarry In Out Sum 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
Integrated Circuits
We can combine 4 full adders to make a Four-bit Adder Circuit (about 60 transistors)
Integrated Circuits aka CHIPS
Whats in this thing????
Chip Fabrication Technology
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Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuit (also called a chip) A piece of silicon on which many gates have been embedded
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Silicon Valley
Sand is mostly Silicon Dioxide
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Silicon Valley
Silicon Dioxide ingots and wafers
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Silicon Valley
Photolithography Printed with lots of copies of some circuit
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Integrated Circuits aka CHIPS
Whats in this thing????
Computer Architecture: Combining Abstractions into larger Abstractions
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Transistors and Gates
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Integrated Circuits
An simple chip containing 4 independent NAND gates (about 8 transistors)
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Integrated Circuits
A four-bit Full Adder Circuit
Integrated Circuits
An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) has adders and other things in it
Integrated Circuits
A simple Central Processing Unit, or CPU has an ALU and other things Take Engineering 303 Digital Logic Design!!
CPU Chips
A recent CPU chip (Intel Nehelem) 731 Million transistors
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The Future of the IC
Global Competition Further Integration (ARM)
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