Miss French

Unit Essential Question

How do Scientists identify and sort materials?

Explain that matter has observable physical properties.

Concept

Describe that matter can undergo physical and chemical changes.

Concept

Lesson Essential Questions

How are the physical characteristics of matter used to distinguish one substance from another? How are materials characterized by mass and density? How does water change from one state to another?

Vocab: Boiling point Freezing point Melting point

What are the differences between chemical and physical changes of matter?

KWL Chart
What I KNOW What I want to Know What I have Learned

Background knowledge!
What is energy?
What is volume? How do we measure volume? We measure volume using milliliters. Where do we take the measurement from? The meniscus, draw it.

What is Matter?
Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space. What are some examples of what is matter?

What is not matter?

Why are these things not matter?

What is Mass?
Mass is a measurement of the amount of space an item

takes up. An item with a large mass does not necessarily mean it has a large weight.
Example: A water balloon, and a balloon filled with air

might have the same mass, but they weigh very different amounts.

What is Density?
Density is how tight the particles are packed together

in matter.
Think about a steak, the fat on the steak is less dense

than the meat.

What are these particles?

A particle is a tiny piece of matter too small to be seen

by the naked eye. These pieces make up all matter. All matter has many of them.

What are the States of Matter?

There are three states of matter.
These are: Solid Liquid Gas

There is another classification of matter called plasma, right now it is not considered to be its own state, but in the future it may be.

Solids
A solid retains one shape.
A solid retains the same shape.

An example of a solid is ice.

Solids
Particles are packed tightly together. These particles usually form some sort of pattern because it allows them to get closer. The particles in a solid move back and forth just a little bit. Solids have a low amount of energy. They have the lowest amount of energy, and the highest density.

Liquids
Liquids have no definite shape, they take on the shape

of the container. Liquids do keep the same volume even when the shape changes.
Law of conservation

An example of a liquid is soda.

Liquids

Particles in a liquid are not as tight together as they are in a solid. Particles in a liquid are able to move past one another. Liquids have more energy than solids and less than liquids. Liquids are less dense than solids, but more than gases.

Gases
Gases have no shape. They take on the shape of the container. Gases have no volume. They take on the volume of the container.
An example of a gas is helium.

Gases

Particles in gas are very far apart. They are less dense than the other states of matter. The particles are able to bounce around freely. Gas particles have lots of energy, more-so than solids or liquids.

Plasma
Plasma is a fourth state of matter.
Plasma is made from super-charged particles.
Lightning is an example of plasma.

States of Matter

cold

less energy particles are really close

particles are close but can still move

hot

most energy particles have spread out

Homework
Does air have mass? How do we know?
You can't usually see gases in the air. How can you

observe gases without seeing them?

Since you can pour sand in a cup, and it doesnt hold

its shape, why isnt it a liquid?

TOTD: What is one new thing you learned?

Experiment- The Three States

What state did the baking soda start out as?
What state did the vinegar start out as? What did the balloon fill up with?

The Three States of Matter

The three states of matter occur naturally in one pure substance: water.

What do you already know?

How do you make ice?
How do you make ice melt? How does water vapor form?

Temperatures
What temperature does it need to be for water (a

liquid) to change to ice (a solid)?

What is this called?

What temperature does ice (a solid) need to meet to

turn back into a liquid?

What is this called?

Temperature
What temperature does water (a liquid) need to

become a gas?
What is this process called?

What needs to happen for a gas to turn into a liquid

again?
What is this called?

States of Matter

cold

less energy particles are really close

particles are close but can still move

hot

most energy particles have spread out

Melts to form Freezing

Evaporates to form Condensation

Video: 10 min.

Experiment
Today we will try to discover how to change matter

from one state to another. For this experiment, the goal is to change liquid into another state. What state will the liquid turn into? Why do you think so?

Predict: Is it possible to go from a gas to a solid

or from a solid to a gas?

How do we change from one state to another?

In order to change from one state of matter to another

requires the addition or subtraction of energy (heat).

Review
How does heat transfer?
Why does ice stick to your wet finger?

Is it possible to skip a state of matter?

Solid Gas Liquid Gas

Label the processes

Liquid Solid

Why?

Temperature Review
Melting point- allows a solid to turn into a liquid.
Boiling point- allows a liquid to turn into a gas. Evaporation- the actual process of turning a liquid into

a gas. Condensation - allows a gas to turn into a liquid. Freezing point- allows a liquid to turn into a solid.

States of Matter

cold

less energy particles are really close

particles are close but can still move

hot

most energy particles have spread out

Melts to form Freezing

Evaporates to form Condensation

The Water Cycle

more

Experiment- Are these temperatures the same for everything?

water? (Will it freeze in the freezer?)
My Prediction:

Does salt water freeze at the same temperature as fresh

Will sugar water? Will Jello in water?

Will water with baking soda? Will water with vinegar?

Homework
Explain why you believe each of the things listed will

or will not freeze in the freezer.

TOTD: Why are these processes necessary?

Conclusions
Which ones actually froze?

Why do you think each of them froze?

Conclusions
Which didnt freeze in the freezer?

Why do you think they didnt?

Describe the items

Characteristics
There are two types of characteristics; physical

characteristics and chemical characteristics. A physical characteristic is observable.

How can you describe what they look like?

A chemical characteristic is something that is testable,

but not visible without trying it.

The magnet may have poles but you cant see the forces,

only the labels. It could be that the magnet no longer works. (Cheap magnets tend to lose their magnetic-ism after being dropped.)

Physical and Chemical Changes

A physical change is when the material changes state

but it is still the same type of substance after the change has occurred.
Examples:

A chemical change occurs when the material turns

into a different substance after the change has occurred.

Examples:

Mixture
A mixture is a result of a physical

change. When you create a mixture the final result may be different, but you can separate the materials. They are not permanently mixed. An example of a mixture is a chex mix. Draw what happened when we combined water and oil with food coloring.

Solution
A solution is when two

substances are mixed together and they cannot be separated from one another. The new outcome is permanent in a sense. An example of a solution is koolaid.
Draw what happens when you

add food coloring to water.

What allows them to mix or not mix?

If you notice some things mixed and dissolved in the

water such as the salt in the water.

When the substances dissolve completely the substance

is called a solvent.

Other things did not mix with the water. Sugar for

example we added in the water when we were testing to see if it would freeze. Sugar does not dissolve in the water until the water is almost boiling.

Assignment
Compare and contrast a mixture and a solution.
Come up with some examples of mixtures and

solutions and fill them in on the chart on the following slide.

...

Pure substances
There are two types of pure substances: Elements and Compounds An Element is one type of atom.
A compound is two or more different elements that are

combined.
The video talked about water and salt water being

compounds.

Chemical Reactions
A reactant is a substance that takes part in and

undergoes a change during a chemical reaction. A product is what is produced after a reaction has taken place.

Chemical Reactions can produce

What else can chemical reactions produce? What happens when you combine yeast and peroxide?

This is called ________________. Why?

What happens when you combine baking soda and

vinegar?

This is called ________________. Why?

Chemical Reactions
Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen.
A chemical equation is a representation of a chemical

reaction. It tells how many parts of each element is required.

The chemical equation for water is H2O.

The H, is the symbol for hydrogen. The O, is the

symbol for oxygen.

Chemical formulas
Chemical formulas

explain how the elements combine.

Water contains: 2H x O = H2O When more than one atom of a specific element is found in a molecule, a subscript (the small 2)is used to indicate this in the chemical formula.

Bread and Butter Lab

Assignment
You will be creating a model or drawing showing the

states of matter. Show both what you can see with your naked eye, and the microscopic view of the examples. You will need to label the states of matter. You will need to label the particles in at least one place. It should be visually appealing and demonstrate your knowledge. Think back to the movies and what we talked about in class.
Do not use water.