Definitions

Investment Proposal: a single undertaking or project being considered as an investment possibility.

Independent Proposal: the acceptance from a set of alternatives has no effect on the acceptance of any other proposals in the set. Dependent Proposals
Mutually exclusive proposal : the acceptance of one proposal precludes the acceptance of any of the others. Contingent proposal: the acceptance of the proposal is dependent on the acceptance of some prerequisite proposal.
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Examples
Independent Proposals - the purchase of a CNC milling machine, a security system, office furniture, and fork lift trucks. Dependent Proposals
Mutually exclusive proposal : Select a course from a set of courses that have the same time slot. Select different brand of equipment that perform the same functions. Contingent proposal: the purchase of software is contingent on the purchase of hardware. The construction of the 3rd floor is contingent on the construction of 1st & 2nd floors.
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Comparing Alternatives with Equal Planning Horizon

A & B Are Mutually Exclusive At i%= MARR If PW(A) > PW(B) => Accept A Else Accept B If FW(A) > FW(B) => Accept A Else Accept B If AW(A) > AW(B) => Accept A Else Accept B
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Example
Three mutually exclusive investment alternatives for implementing an office automation plan in a firm are being considered. The study period is 10 years, and the useful lives of all three alternatives are also 10 years. Market values of all alternatives are zero at the end of their useful lives. If the firm's MARR is 10% /year, which alternative should be selected ?
A
Investment Net Revenue

Alternative C B

-390,000 -920,000 -660,000 69,000 167,000 133,500

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Solution
PW(10%)A = -$390,000 + $69,000(P/A, 10%, 10) = $33,977 PW(10%)B = -$920,000 + $167,000(P/A, 10%, 10) = $106,148 PW(10%)C = -$660,000 + $133,500(P/A, 10%,10) = $160,304 C > B > A, means C is preferred to B and B is preferred to A.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

IRR Method
If IRR of (A - B) > MARR => the incremental investment is justified; therefore proposal A should be selected If A & B are mutually exclusive alternatives If IRR(A - B) > MARR => Accept A, Reject B Else Accept B and Reject A

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Example
Alternative A Capital investment - 60,000 Net Annual revenues 22,000 B - 73,000 26,225 (B -A) -13,000 4,225

N = 4 years, MARR = 10%

Alternative A B IRR 17.3% 16.3% PW (10%) 9,738 10,131
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Incremental Analysis Procedure

Arrange the alternatives on the order of increasing capital investment Case 1: For Investment Alternatives: Compute the IRR for each alternatives
If all IRR < MARR => Do nothing If exactly one alternatives IRR > MARR => Select this alternative If more than one alternatives IRR > MARR, use incremental criterion to select the best alternative.

Case 2: For Cost Alternatives:

Use incremental criterion to select the best alternative
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Investment Proposal Example

Suppose that we are analyzing the following six mutually exclusive alternatives for a project (arranged in ascending order of initial investment) using the IRR method. The useful life of each alternative is 10 years, and the MARR is 10% per year. Also, net annual revenues less expenses vary among all alternatives. If the study period is 10 years, and the salvage (market) values are 0, which alternative should be chosen?
A B C D E F Capital investment - 900 - 1,500 - 2,500 - 4,000 - 5,000 -7,000 Annual revenues less expenses 150 276 400 925 1,125 1,425
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Solution
A B C IRR 10.6% 13.0% 9.6% D E F 19.1% 18.3% 15.6%

Alternative C is unacceptable IRR(C) < MARR

Select A as the base for comparison

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Cost Proposal Example

D1 Capital investment -100,000 Annual expenses - 29,000 Useful life (years) 5 Market value 10,000 Design Alternative D2 D3 D4 -140,600 -148,200 -122,000 - 16,900 - 14,800 - 22,100 5 5 5 14,000 25,600 14,000

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

ERR Example
The analysis period is six years, and the MARR for capital investments at the plant is 20% per year before taxes. Using the ERR method, which alternative should be selected? ( = MARR.)
| - 640,000|(F/P, i '%,6)= 262,000(F/P,20%,5) +... + 260,000 = 2,853,535

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Parking Lot Construction Example

Capital Net Annual Investment Income

P. Keep existing parking lot, but improve B1. Construct one-story building B2. Construct two-story building B3. Construct three-story building

- 200,000
- 4,000,000 - 5,550,000 - 7,500,000

22,000
600,000 720,000 960,000

MARR = 10%, N= 15 years, Salvage = Initial Investment

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Selection based on PW Method

PW(10%)p = -$200,000 + $22,000(P/A,10%,15) + $200,000(P/F,10%,15) = $15,214

PW(10%)B1 = - 4,000,000 + $600,000(P/A,10%.15) + $4,000,000(P/F,10%,15) = $1,521,260

PW(10%)B2 = - $5,550,000 + $720,000(P/A,10%,15) + $5,550,000(P/F,10%,15) = $1,255,062 PW(10%)B3 = - $7,500,000 + $960,000(P/A,10%,15) + $7,500,000(P/F,10%,15) = $1,597,356 From PW => Select B3
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Selection based on IRR

Mutually Exclusive Alternatives P B1 - P B2 - B1 B3 - B1 Capital - 200,000 - 4,000,000 - 5,550,000 - 7,500,000 investment Net annual 22,000 600,000 720,000 960,000 income Residual 200,000 4,000,000 5,550,000 7,500,000 value IRR

11%

15%

13%

12.8%

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Conclusion
PW and IRR Incremental Analysis methods reach consistent selection for mutually exclusive alternatives. Whenever possible try Not to use IRR to compare alternatives. Use PW, FW, or AW.
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Comparing Alternatives with Unequal Lives

When comparing alternatives with unequal lives, the principle that all alternatives under consideration must be compared over the same time span is basic to sound decision making.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Method 1 Estimation of Required Cash Flow

When the required cash flow (salvage value) can be estimated, this method can be applied.
Case 1: Alternatives Useful life > study period
the salvage value for the alternative extending beyond the study period must be directly estimated.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Example
EOY 0 1 2 3 4 5 Alternatives A -15,000 - 6,000 - 6,000 - 6,000 - 6,000 - 6,000 + 3,000 B - 20,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 - 2,000 ____ ____

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Suppose study period (planning horizon) = 3

4,000 0 1 2 3

Estimated 3,000 4 5

A
- 15,000 0 1 - 6,000 /year

B
- 20,000
- 2,000 /year
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

If MARR = 20%, Alternatives A & B coterminated at year 3

AW (A) = -15,000 (A/P, 20%, 3) - 6,000 + 4,000(A/F, 20%, 3) = -12,021 AW(B) = -20,000(A/P, 20%, 3) - 2,000 = -11,494 => B > A Using PW or FW will yield the same result.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Case 2: Alternatives Useful life < study period

the operational cost and/or revenue value for the alternative extending beyond the study period must be directly estimated.

Assuming that the study period = 5 and at year 4 & 5 will require costs $3,000 per year for the last two years of alternative Bs life.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

3,000 5

A
- 15,000
- 6,000 /year

PW (A) = -15,000 (A/P, 20%,5) - 6,000 + 3,000(A/F, 20%, 5) = -10,613 0 1 2 3

B
- 3,000 - 3,000 - 20,000 Estimated PW (B) = - 20,000(A/P, 20%, 5) - 2,000 1,000(F/A, 20%, 2) (A/F, 20%, 5) = -8,984 => B > A Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST
- 2,000 /year

Method 2
For alternatives that are repeatable (long term planning horizon). For example, public service facility. The repeatability assumption assuming that the alternative will repeat identical cash flow pattern until the common study period is reached.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Example
Two mutually exclusive investment alternatives, A and B, associated with a small engineering project for which revenues as well as expenses are involved. They have useful lives of 4 and 6 years, respectively. If the MARR = 10% per year, show which feasible alternative is more desirable by using equivalent worth methods. Use the repeatability assumption.

A
Capital investment - $3,500 Annual revenue 1,900 Annual expenses - 645 Useful life (years) 4 Market value at end of useful life 0

B
- $5,000 2,500 -1,020 6 0

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

AW(10%)A = -3,500(A/P,10%,4) + (1,900 - 645) = 151 AW(10%)B = -5,000(A/P,10%,6) + (2,500 - 1,020) = 332

B>A

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Consistency in AW, PW, and FW

PW(10%)A = - 3,500 - 3,500[(P/F,10%,4) + (P/F,10%,8)] + (1,900 - 645)(P/A,10%,12) = 1,028

PW(10%)B = - 5,000 - 5,000(P/F,10%,6) + (2,500 1,020)(P/A,10%,12) = 2,262

B>A

FW(10%)A = [- 3,500(F/P,10%,4) +
(1,900 - 645)(F/A,10%,4)](F/P,10%,2) = 847 FW(10%)B = - 5,000(F/P,10%,6) +

(2,500 - 1,020) (F/A,10%,6) = 2,561

B>A
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Pump Model SP240 HEPS9

Capital investment - 33,200 Annual expenses: Electrical energy - 2,165 Maintenance - 1,100 in year 1, and increasing -500/yr thereafter Useful life (years) 5 Salvage value 0 - 47,600 - 1,720 - 500 in year 4, and increasing - 100/yr thereafter

9 5,000

The new processing facility is needed by your firm at least as far into the future as the strategic plan forecasts operating requirements. The MARR, before taxes, is 20% per year. Based on this information, which model slurry pump should you select?

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

With the repeatability assumption

AW(20%)Sp240 = - 33,200(A/P,20%,5) - 2,165

- [1,100 + 500(A/G,20%,5)] = -15,187

AW(20%)HEPS9 = - 47,600(A/P,20%,9) + 5,000(A/F,20%,9) - 1,720 - [500(P/A,20%,6) + 100(P/G,20%,6)] x (P/F,20%,3) x (A/P,20%,9) = - 13,622 HEPS9 > SP240

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Suppose that the estimated market value of pump model HEPS9 in five years is $15,000, and the firm's MARR remains 20% per year. Which pump model should be selected for this replacement action?

AW(20%)HEPS9 = - 47,600(A/P,20%,5) + 15,000(A/F,20%,5) - 1,720

- [$500(P/F,20%,4) + $600(P/F,20%,5)] x
(A/P,20%,5) = - 15,783 AW(20%)SP240 = - 15,187 (from previous example)

SP240 > HEPS9

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Imputed (Implied) Market Value Technique

When study period T < Useful Life This technique estimates the value of the remaining life for an asset The market value of an asset at time T, MVT
MVT = [EW at end of year T of remaining capital
recovery amounts] + [EW at end of year T of original market value at end of useful life] where EW means equivalent worth at i = MARR.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Example
Suppose that the pump example is modified such that another market value for pump model HEPS9, at the end of year five, is developed using the imputed market value technique. The same question is again asked, which pump model (SP240 or HEPS9) should be selected for replacement of the current pump in the catalytic system? The MARR remains 20% per year and the study period remains five years.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

EWCR = [47,600(A/P,20%,9) - 5,000(A/F,20%,9)] x (P/A,20%,4) = 29,949 Compute the EW at end of year five, based on the original MV at end of useful life: EWMV = 5,000(P/F,20%,4) = 2,412 Then, the new market value estimate at the end of year five is as follows:
MVs = EWCR + EWMV = 29,949 + 2,412 = 32,361 AW(20%)HEPS9 = - 47,600(A/P,20%,5) + 32,361 (A/F,20%,5) - 1,720 - [$500(P/F,20%,4) + 600(P/F,20%,5)]x (A/P,20%,5) = -13,449 AW(20%)SP240 = -15,187, => pump model HEPS9 > SP240
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Capitalized Worth (CW) Method

CW method involves in determining the present worth of all revenues and/or expenses over an infinite length of time (e.g., charity fund, scholarship, scientific foundation, etc.). Suppose the end of period uniform payment = A CW = PWN-> = A(A/P, i%, N) = A {limN-> [(1+ i)N - 1]/[i [(1+ i)N]} = A/i => P * i = A = P(A/P, i, N) => i = (A/P, i, N)

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Example
A firm wishes to endow an advanced manufacturing processes laboratory at a university. The endowment principal will earn interest that averages 8% per year, which will be sufficient to cover all expenditures incurred in the establishment and maintenance of the laboratory for an indefinitely long period of time (forever). Cash requirements of the laboratory are estimated to be $100,000 now (to establish it), $30,000 per year indefinitely, and $20,000 at the end of every fourth year (forever) for equipment replacement. (a) For this type of problem, what study period (N) is, practically speaking, defined to be "forever"? (b) What amount of endowment principal is required to establish the laboratory and then earn enough interest to support the remaining cash requirements of this laboratory forever?
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

(a) As N-> , i = (A/P, i, N) For i = 8% , (A/P,8%,N) = 0.08 = i when N = 100. => N = 100 is essentially forever (b) CW = - 100,000 - [30,000 + $20,000(A/F,8%,4)] / 0.08 = -$530,475

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

A scholarship offers a student $15,000 a month. Whats the deposit required if the banks annual interest rate is 12% nominal. i= 12% / 12 = 1% CW = A / i = 15,000 / 0.01 = 1,500,000

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Example
A selection is to be made between two structural designs. Because revenues do not exist (or can be assumed to be equal), only negative cash flow amounts (costs) and the market value at the end of useful life are estimated, as follows: Structure M Structure N Capital investment - $12,000 - $40,000 Market value 0 10,000 Annual expenses - 2,200 - 1,000 Useful life (years) 10 25 Using the repeatability assumption and the CW method of analysis, determine which structure is better if the MARR is 15% per year.
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

AW(15%)M = -12,000(A/P,15%,10) - 2,200 = - 4,592 AW(15%)N = - 40,000(A/P,15%,25) + 10,000(A/F,15%,25) - 1,000 = - 7,141 CW(15%)M = AWM / i = - 4,592 / 0.15 = - 30,613 CW(15%)N = AWN / i = -7,141 / 0.15 = - 47,607 M>N

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Forming mutually exclusive Alternatives

Independent Proposal: the acceptance from a set of alternatives has no effect on the acceptance of any other proposals in the set. Dependent Proposals
Mutually exclusive proposal : the acceptance of one proposal precludes the acceptance of any of the others. Contingent proposal: the acceptance of the proposal is dependent on the acceptance of some prerequisite proposal.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

If Xj = 1 => Accept Xj Xj = 0 => Reject Xj For three mutually exclusive projects, the alternatives are:

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

 If there are k independent proposals, then there are 2k possible selections of alternatives.

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

 A company is considering two independent sets of mutually exclusive projects. That is, projects A1 and A2 are mutually exclusive, as are B1 and B2. However, the selection of any project from the set of projects A1 and A2 is independent of the selection of any project from the set of projects B1 and B2

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Five proposed projects are being considered. B1 and B2 are independent of C1 and C2. Also, certain projects are dependent on others that may be included in the final portfolio. Using the PW method and MARR = 10% per year, determine what combination of projects is best if the capital to be invested is (a) unlimited, and (b) limited to $48,000. Project B1 & B2 mutually exclusive and independent of C set Project C1 & C2 mutually exclusive and dependent (contingent) on the acceptance of B2 Project D contingent on the acceptance of C1
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST

(a) Alternative 6 is the best (b) Alternatives 2 & 6 are excluded due to the budget limit $48,000 => alternative 5 is the best
Dr. C.J. Su IEEM Dept. HKUST