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Operations Scheduling
WORK CENTER
A work center is an area in a business in which productive resources are organized and work is completed Can be a single machine, a group of machines, or an area where a particular type of work is done
CAPACITY AND SCHEDULING
Infinite loading Finite loading Forward scheduling Backward scheduling
TYPICAL SCHEDULING AND CONTROL FUNCTIONS
Allocating orders, equipment, and personnel Determining the sequence of order performance Initiating performance of the scheduled work Shop-floor control
WORK-CENTER SCHEDULING OBJECTIVES
Meet due dates Minimize lead time Minimize setup time or cost Minimize work-in-process inventory Maximize machine utilization
SCHEDULING: N JOBS ON N MACHINES
Rules of scheduling Assignment problem
PRIORITY RULES FOR JOB SEQUENCING
1. First-come, first-served (FCFS) 2. Shortest operating time (SOT) 3. Earliest due date first (EDD) 4. Slack time remaining (STR) first 5. Slack time remaining per operation (STR/OP)
PRIORITY RULES FOR JOB SEQUENCING (CONTINUED)
6. Critical ratio (CR)
(Due date - Current date) CR = Number of days remaining
7. Last come, first served (LCFS) 8. Random order or whim
EXAMPLE OF JOB SEQUENCING: FIRST-COME FIRST-SERVED
Suppose Supposeyou youhave havethe thefour four jobs jobsto tothe theright rightarrive arrivefor for processing processingon onone onemachine machine
What Whatis isthe theFCFS FCFSschedule? schedule?
Jobs (in order of arrival) A B C D Processing Due Date Time (days) (days hence) 4 5 7 10 3 6 1 4
Do Doall allthe thejobs jobsget getdone doneon ontime? time? No, No,Jobs JobsB, B,C, C, and andD Dare are going goingto tobe belate late
Answer: FCFS Schedule
Jobs (in order of arrival) A B C D Processing Time (days) 4 7 3 1 Due Date Flow Time (days hence) (days) 5 4 10 11 6 14 4 15
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EXAMPLE OF JOB SEQUENCING: SHORTEST OPERATING TIME
Suppose Supposeyou youhave havethe thefour four jobs jobsto tothe theright rightarrive arrivefor for processing processingon onone onemachine machine
Jobs (in order of arrival) A B C D Processing Time (days) 4 7 3 1 Due Date (days hence) 5 10 6 4
What Whatis isthe theSOT SOTschedule? schedule?
Do Doall allthe thejobs jobsget getdone doneon ontime? time?
Answer: Shortest Operating Time Schedule
Jobs (in order of arrival) D C A B Processing Time (days) 1 3 4 7 Due Date Flow Time (days hence) (days) 4 1 6 4 5 8 10 15 No, No,Jobs JobsA A and andB Bare are going goingto tobe be late late
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EXAMPLE OF JOB SEQUENCING: EARLIEST DUE DATE FIRST
Suppose Supposeyou youhave havethe thefour four jobs jobsto tothe theright rightarrive arrivefor for processing processingon onone onemachine machine
What Whatis isthe theearliest earliestdue duedate date first firstschedule? schedule?
Jobs (in order of arrival) A B C D Processing Time (days) 4 7 3 1 Due Date (days hence) 5 10 6 4
Do Doall allthe thejobs jobsget getdone doneon ontime? time?
Answer: Earliest Due Date First
Jobs (in order of arrival) D A C B Processing Time (days) 1 4 3 7 Due Date Flow Time (days hence) (days) 4 1 5 5 6 8 10 15
No, No,Jobs JobsC C and andB Bare are going goingto tobe be late late
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EXAMPLE OF JOB SEQUENCING: CRITICAL RATIO METHOD
Suppose Supposeyou youhave havethe thefour four jobs jobsto tothe theright rightarrive arrivefor for processing processingon onone onemachine machine
What Whatis isthe theCR CRschedule? schedule?
Jobs (in order of arrival) A B C D Processing Time (days) 4 7 3 1 Due Date (days hence) 5 10 6 4
Do Doall allthe thejobs jobsget getdone doneon ontime? time?
In order to do this schedule the CRs have be calculated for each job. If we let today be Day 1 and allow a total of 15 days to do the work. The resulting CRs and order schedule are: CR(A)=(5-4)/15=0.06 (Do this job last) CR(B)=(10-7)/15=0.20 (Do this job first, tied with C and D) CR(C)=(6-3)/15=0.20 (Do this job first, tied with B and D) CR(D)=(4-1)/15=0.20 (Do this job first, tied with B and C)
No, No,but butsince since there thereis isthreethreeway waytie, tie,only only the thefirst firstjob jobor or two twowill willbe beon on time time
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EXAMPLE OF JOB SEQUENCING: LAST-COME FIRST-SERVED
Suppose Supposeyou youhave havethe thefour four jobs jobsto tothe theright rightarrive arrivefor for processing processingon onone onemachine machine
Jobs (in order of arrival) A B C D Processing Time (days) 4 7 3 1 Due Date (days hence) 5 10 6 4
What Whatis isthe theLCFS LCFSschedule? schedule?
Do Doall allthe thejobs jobsget getdone doneon ontime? time?
Answer: Last-Come First-Served Schedule
Jobs (in order of arrival) D C B A Processing Time (days) 1 3 7 4 Due Date Flow Time (days hence) (days) 4 1 6 4 10 11 5 15
No, No,Jobs JobsB B and andA Aare are going goingto tobe be late late
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EXAMPLE OF JOB SEQUENCING: JOHNSONS RULE (PART 1)
Suppose Suppose you youhave havethe thefollowing followingfive fivejobs jobswith with time time requirements requirementsin intwo two stages stagesof ofproduction. production. What What is isthe the job jobsequence sequenceusing usingJohnsons JohnsonsRule? Rule?
Jobs A B C D Time in Hours Stage 1 Stage 2 1.50 1.25 2.00 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.00 2.00
EXAMPLE OF JOB SEQUENCING: JOHNSONS RULE
(PART 2) First, select the job with the smallest time in either stage. That is Job D with the smallest time in the first stage. Place that job as early as possible in the unfilled job sequence below. Jobs A B C D Time in Hours Stage 1 Stage 2 1.50 1.25 2.00 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.00 2.00
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Drop D out, select the next smallest time (Job A), and place it 4th in the job sequence.
Drop A out, select the next smallest time. There is a tie in two stages for two different jobs. In this case, place the job with the smallest time in the first stage as early as possible in the unfilled job sequence. Then place the job with the smallest time in the second stage as late as possible in the unfilled sequence. Job Sequence 1 Job Assigned D 2 B 3 C 4 A
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SHOP-FLOOR CONTROL: MAJOR FUNCTIONS
1. Assigning priority of each shop order 2. Maintaining work-in-process quantity information 3. Conveying shop-order status information to the office
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SHOP-FLOOR CONTROL: MAJOR FUNCTIONS (CONTINUED)
4. Providing actual output data for capacity control purposes 5. Providing quantity by location by shop order for WIP inventory and accounting purposes 6. Providing measurement of efficiency, utilization, and productivity of manpower and machines
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INPUT/OUTPUT CONTROL
Input Work Center Output
Planned input should never exceed planned output
Focuses attention on bottleneck work centers
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PRINCIPLES OF WORK CENTER SCHEDULING
1. There is a direct equivalence between work flow and cash flow 2. The effectiveness of any job shop should be measured by speed of flow through the shop 3. Schedule jobs as a string, with process steps back-to-back 4. A job once started should not be interrupted
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PRINCIPLES OF JOB SHOP SCHEDULING (CONTINUED)
5. Speed of flow is most efficiently achieved by focusing on bottleneck work centers and jobs 6. Reschedule every day 7. Obtain feedback each day on jobs that are not completed at each work center 8. Match work center input information to what the worker can actually do
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PRINCIPLES OF JOB SHOP SCHEDULING (CONTINUED)
9. When seeking improvement in output, look for incompatibility between engineering design and process execution 10. Certainty of standards, routings, and so forth is not possible in a job shop, but always work towards achieving it
PERSONNEL SCHEDULING IN SERVICES
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Scheduling consecutive days off Scheduling daily work times Scheduling hourly work times
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QUESTION BOWL
A Work Center may be which of the following? A single machine A group of machines An area where a particular type of work is performed All of the above None of the above
a. b. c.
d. e.
Answer: d. All of the above
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QUESTION BOWL
When work is assigned to a work center simply based on what is needed over time, we would refer to this as which of the following scheduling systems?
a. b. c. d. e.
A finite loading of work An infinite loading of work Forward scheduling All of the above None of the above
Answer: b. An infinite loading of work
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QUESTION BOWL
Typical scheduling and controlling of operations include which of the following functions?
a. b. c. d. e.
Allocating orders at work centers Allocating equipment at work centers Allocating personnel at work centers All of the above
None of Answer: [Link] Allabove of the above
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QUESTION BOWL
Typical scheduling and controlling of operations include which of the following functions? Determining the job sequences Dispatching Expediting late and critical orders All of the above None of the above
a. b. c. d. e.
Answer: d. All of the above
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QUESTION BOWL
Which of the following are standard measures of schedule performance used to evaluate priority rules? Meeting due dates Maximizing job flow time Maximizing work-in-process inventory All of the above None of the above
a. b. c. d. e.
Answer: a. Meeting due dates (Correct answer can also include minimizing WIP inventory, idle time, and job flow time.)
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QUESTION BOWL
Which priority rule uses the calculation of the difference between the due date and the current date divided by the number of work days remaining?
a. b. c. d. e.
STR SOT DDate FCFS None of the above
Answer: e. None of the above (Correct answer can is CR or critical ratio.)
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QUESTION BOWL
The major functions of a shop-floor control are which of the following?
a. b. c. d. e.
Conveying shop-order status Measuring efficiency Assigning priorities Maintaining WIP quantity information All of the above
Answer: e. All of the above (Correct answer can also include providing quantity by location and actual output data.)
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QUESTION BOWL
Which of the following are Tools of Shop-Floor Control? Daily dispatch lists Scrap reports Rework reports All of the above None of the above
a. b. c. d. e.
Answer: d. All of the above (Correct answer can also include all status and exception reports and input/output control reports.)
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QUESTION BOWL
Which of the following is a Principle of Work-Center Scheduling?
a.
There is a direct equivalence between work flow and cash flow Certainty of routings are very possible in a shop Reschedule only once a week All of the above equivalence between work flow and cash flow (There are nine other principles.)
b.
c. d.
e. None of the Answer: a. There isabove a direct
END OF CHAPTER 17