Unit 2 Blood and Blood Components
Part 1 Terry Kotrla, MS, MT(ASCP)BB
Goals Of Blood Collection
Maintain viability and function Prevent physical changes Minimize bacterial contamination
Anticoagulants Preservative Solutions
Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting Preservatives provide nutrients for cells Heparin
Rarely if ever used anymore Anticoagulant ONLY Transfuse within 48 hours, preferably 8
Anticoagulants
CPD or CP2-D CPD-A1
Storage time Temperature Adenine Volume Dextrose Citrate
21 days 1-6 C None 450 +/- 10%
35 days 1-6 C Substrate for ATP synthesis
Slows glycolytic activity
Supports ATP generation by glycolytic pathway Prevents coagulation by binding calcium
Additive Solution (AS)
Primary bag with satellite bags attached. One bag has additive solution (AS) Unit drawn into CPD anticoagulant
Additive Solution
Remove platelet rich plasma within 72 hours Add additive solution to RBCs, ADSOL, which consists of:
Saline Adenine Glucose Mannitol
Extends storage to 42 days Final hematocrit approximately 66%
Changes Occur During Storage
Shelf life = expiration date
At end of expiration must have 75% recovery At least 75% of transfused cells remain in circulation 24 hours AFTER transfusion
Storage Lesion
Biochemical changes which occur at 1-6C Affects oxygen dissociation curve, increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
Low 2,3-DPG, increased O2 affinity, less O2 released. pH drops causes 2,3-DPG levels to fall Once transfused RBCs regenerate ATP and 2,3-DPG
Few functional platelets present Viable (living) RBCs decrease
Plasma hemoglobin Na+ K+ Plasma K+
Viable cells
pH ATP 2,3-DPG Plasma Na+ Helps release oxygen from hemoglobin (once transfused, ATP & 2,3DPG return to normal)
Storage Lesion
Significant for infants and massive transfusion. Summary of biochemical changes
pH decreases 2,3 DPG decreases ATP decreases Potassium increases Sodium decreases Plasma hemoglobin increases
Preparation of Components
Collect unit within 15 minutes to prevent activation of coagulation system Draw into closed system primary bag with satellite bags with hermetic seal between. If hermetic seal broken transfuse within 24 hours if stored at 1-4C, 4 hours if stored at 20-24C
Preparation of Components
Centrifuge light spin, platelets suspended Remove platelet rich plasma (PRP) Centrifuge PRP heavy spin Remove platelet poor plasma Freeze plasma solid within 8 hours Thaw plasma at 1-4C precipitate forms Centrifuge, express plasma leaving cryoprecipitate. Store both at -18C RBCs CPD 21 days, ADSOL 42 days 1-6C
Preparation of Components
Summary One unit of whole blood can produce:
Packed RBCs Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) Cryoprecipitate (CRYO) Single donor plasma (SDP) cyro removed Platelets
Preparation of Components
Sterile docking device joins tubing
Used to add satellite bags to maintain original expiration of component May be used to pool components
Quality Control
Requires certain number of blood products to be tested at regular intervals. Usually 4 per month. Must ensure product preparation results in a component that meets the regulatory agencies guidelines for number or quantity.
Blood Component General Information
Blood separated into components to specifically treat patients with product needed Advantages of component separation
Allow optimum survival of each component Transfuse only component needed
Blood Component General Information
Transfusion practice
Transfusion requires doctors prescription All components MUST be administered through a filter Infuse quickly, within 4 hours D (Rh) neg require D neg cellular products ABO identical preferred, ABO compatible OK Universal donor RBCs group O, plasma AB
Blood Component General Information
Fresh Whole Blood
Blood not usually available until 12-24 hours Candidates
Newborns needing exchange transfusion Patients requiring leukoreduced products in US products leukoreduced immediately after collection.
Blood Component General Information
Summary of storage temperatures:
Liquid RBCs 1-6C Platelets, Cryo (thawed) and granulocytes 2024C (room temperature) ANY frozen plasma product -18C ANY liquid plasma product EXCEPT Cryo 1-6C
Discussion
Focus on the most commonly used products. Components may be altered in many different ways which changes the name and, in some cases, the expiration.
Blood Components
Cellular
Red blood cell products Platelets Granulocytes
Plasma
FFP Cryoprecipitate
Products With Red Cells
Whole Blood
Clinical indications for use of WB are extremely limited. Used for massive transfusion to correct acute hypovolemia such as in trauma and shock, exchange transfusion. RARELY used today, platelets non-functional, labile coagulation factors gone. Must be ABO identical.
Changes in Stored Blood
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Used to treat symptomatic anemia and routine blood loss during surgery Hematocrit is approximately 80% for nonadditive (CPD), 60% for additive (ADSOL). Allow WB to sediment or centrifuge WB, remove supernatant plasma.
RBCs Leukocyte Reduced
Leukocytes can induce adverse affects during transfusion, primarily febrile, non-hemolytic reactions. Reactions to cytokines produced by leukocytes in transfused units. Other explanations to reactions include: immunization of recipient to transfused HLA or granulocyte antigens, micro aggregates and fragmentation of granulocytes. Historically, indicated only for patients who had 2 or more febrile transfusion reactions, now a commonly ordered, popular component. CMV safe blood, since CMV lives in WBCs. Most blood centers now leukoreduce blood immediately after collection. Bed side filters are available to leukoreduce products during transfusion.
Leukocyte Reduction
Washed Red Blood Cells (W-RBCs)
Washing removes plasma proteins, platelets, WBCs and micro aggregates which may cause febrile or urticarial reactions. Patient requiring this product is the IgA deficient patient with anti-IgA antibodies. Prepared by using a machine which washes the cells 3 times with saline to remove and WBCs. Two types of labels:
Expires 24 hours after unit is entered.
Washed RBCs - do not need to QC for WBCs. Leukocyte Poor WRBCs, QC must be done to guarantee removal of 85% of WBCs. No longer considered effective method for leukoreduction.
Cell Washer Prepares Washed Cells
Frozen Blood
Frozen RBCs; Deglycerolized RBCs
Blood is frozen to preserve: rare types, for autologous transfusion, stock piling blood for military mobilization and/or civilian natural disasters. Blood is drawn into an anticoagulant preservative.
Expiration
Plasma is removed and glycerol is added. After equilibration unit is centrifuged to remove excess glycerol and frozen. If frozen, 10 years. After deglycerolization, 24 hours. high glycerol -65 C. low glycerol -120 C, liquid nitrogen.
Storage temperature
Frozen RBCs; Deglycerolized RBCs
Thaw unit at 37C, thawed RBCs will have high concentration of glycerol. A solution of glycerol of lesser concentration of the original glycerol is added. This causes glycerol to come out of the red blood cells slowly to prevent hemolysis of the RBCs. After a period of equilibration the unit is spun, the solution is removed and a solution with a lower glycerol concentration is added. This procedure is repeated until all glycerol is removed, more steps are required for the high glycerol stored units. The unit is then washed.
Rejuvenated Red Blood Cells
A special solution is added to expired RBCs up to 3 days after expiration to restore 2,3-DPG and ATP levels to prestorage values. Rejuvenated RBCs regain normal characteristics of oxygen transport and delivery and improved post transfusion survival. Expiration is 24 hours or, if frozen, 10 years
End of Part 1