BIOGAS: A FIT OPTION FOR

RURAL ENERGY

* Energy requirement in rural area. * Biogas potential in India. * Biogas: properties and applications. * Biogas plant designs. * Contribution to rural areas. * Conclusion.

INTRODUCTION
Biogas is clean environment friendly fuel that can be obtained by anaerobic digestion of animal residues and domestic and farm wastes, abundantly available in the countryside. Biogas is an important renewable energy resource for rural areas in India Biogas generally comprise of 55-65 % methane, 35-45 % carbon dioxide, 0.5-1.0 % hydrogen sulfide and traces of water vapor. Average calorific value of biogas is 20 MJ/m3 (4713 kcal/m3).

INTRODUCTION
Biogas like Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cannot be liquefied under normal temperature and pressure. Critical temperature required for liquefaction of methane is -82.1oC at 4.71MPa pressure, therefore use of biogas is limited nearby the biogas plant. An estimate indicates that India has a potential of generating 6.38 X 1010 m3 of biogas from 980 million tones of cattle dung produced annually. The heat value of this gas amounts to 1.3 X 1012 MJ. In addition, 350 million tones of manure would also produce along with biogas.

POTENTIAL OF BIOGAS IN INDIA

* Cattle population
: 340 million * Farm families : 75 million * Own 4 or more cattle : 43 million * Potential of setting up family size BGP : 12 million * Established till march : 4.1 million * Dung collection (55% efficiency) : 1575 million kg/day *Gas production : 39.85million [Link]/day *Assuming 60% [Link] to = 112695 million [Link]/day = 12.37 million [Link] kerosene = 14.54 million lit. of crude oil = 16.26 million [Link] coal = 23.94 million lit. of fire wood = 131.04 million [Link] electricity

ORGANIC WASTES & THEIR ESTIMATED AVAILABILITY IN INDIA

Sr. No. 1. Organic Wastes Municipal Solid waste Estimated Quantity 30 million tons/year

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Municipal liquid waste

Distillery (243 units) Press mud Food & fruit processing wastes Willow dust Dairy industry waste Paper & pulp industry waste (300 mills) Tannery (2000 units)

12000 million litres/day

8057 kilolitres/day 9 million tons/year 4.5 million tons/year 30000 tons/year 50-60 million litres/day 1600 m3/day 52500 m3 waste water/day

Source: MNES Report, Renewable Energy in India and business opportunities, MNES. Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2001

BIOGAS PRODUCTION PROCESS

Biogas production process (Anaerobic digestion) is a multiple-stage process in which some main stages are:

Chemical reactions involved in biogas production:

C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH4 CO2 + 4H2 > CH4 + 2H2O CH3COOH > CH4 + CO2

THE QUANTITY, RATE AND COMPOSITION OF BIOGAS GENERATED DEPENDS ON

The nature and concentration of the substrate, Feed rate, pH value, Bacterial population, Temperature, and Chemical inducers.

BIOGAS PRODUCTION POTENTIAL FROM DIFFERENT WASTES

UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS
Cooking: Biogas can be used in a specially designed burner for cooking purpose. A biogas plant of 2 cubic metres capacity is sufficient for providing cooking fuel needs of a family of about five persons. Lighting: Biogas is used in silk mantle lamps for lighting purpose. The requirement of gas for powering a 100 candle lamp (60 W) is 0.13 cubic metre per hour. Power Generation: Biogas can be used to operate a dual fuel engine to replace up to 80 % of diesel-oil. Diesel engines have been modified to run 100 per cent on biogas. Petrol and CNG engines can also be modified easily to use biogas. Transport Fuel: After removal of CO2, H2S and water vapor, biogas can be converted to natural gas quality for use in vehicles.

ENERGYCONSUMPTION PATTERN IN RURAL AREAS

Cooking

Domestic

wood dung, Biogas [Link] kerose Lighting

Kerosene Electricity Biogas

Lighting

Water Pumping

Diesel Electricity

Agriculture
[Link]
Diesel electricity Animal Human

Vehicle

Diesel/ petrol

Transportation
Cart Animal

Electricity

Industries

Cottage Ind.

Coal

Diesel /Petrol
Bio mass / Biogas

Factors Affecting Optimum Biogas Production

Temperature ( 35-37 C Mesophilic condition )

C/N ratio ( optimum between 25:1 to 30:1)

pH ( optimally pH between 6.8-7.2) Solid content ( feed material should have approx. 10:1 )

Should not have toxic material/ harmful material to bacteria in digester

HRT ( Hydraulic Retention Time 30, 40, 55 days) Loading rate

Overview of commercially viable technologies Family size biogas plants (1 to 10 m3 ) KVIC, Deenbandhu, Janta, Pragati, Flexi etc. Large scale biogas plants (10 to 140 m3) KVIC Large scale plants above 1000 m3 UASB, Modified UASB, BIMA Digester (suitable for industrial effluents, MSW, fruit and vegetable waste etc.)

Drum Inlet

Gas outlet
Outlet

In let Pipe

Out let Pipe

Digester

FLOATING DRUM TYPE BIOGAS PLANT

Biogas Plant

20 m3/day Capacity Biogas Plant installed at IIT Delhi

Biogas Plant Designs

Floating Drum

Fixed Dome

Fixed Dome type family size Biogas plant

1

[1] Deenbandhu
[2] Modified for solid state * Water : (-) 3/4th * Space : (-) 3/4th * Gas : (+) 30% * Operation easier * Cost almost same

An outline of fixed dome biogas plant

Detailed structural design of fixed dome biogas plant

Gas Out let In let

Dome

Out let Digester

FIXED DOME TYPE BIOGAS PLANT

CONTRIBUTION OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY TO RURAL AREAS * Better and cheaper fuel for cooking, lighting and power
generation. * Produces good quality enriched manure to improve spoil fertility. * Effective and convenient way for sanitary disposal of human excreata, improving the hygienic conditions. * generate social benefits - reducing burden on forest, reduction in drudgery of women and children. * As a smokeless domestic fuel it reduces the incidence of eye and lung diseases.

Possible Application of Biogas - Cooking. Lighting Motive power Generation

Table: Quantities of Biogas consumed for different applications.

Use Specification Quantities of Biogas consumed (M

Cooking

2 Burner 4 Burner
6 Burner

0.33 0.47
0.62

Per person Per day for cooking Gas Lighting mantle lamp of Dual fuel Engine 100 Candle Power 75-80% Replacement

0.24 m3/day 0.13 cum/hr 0.50 m3/ bhp /hour.

Electricity

1kwh

0.75

Cooking for 16 Person

Mantle lamp (100 C.P.) 25-28 Hrs. 5 hp Engine for 1.5 Hrs. 10 Cattle or 6 buffaloes or 8 bullocks 4 cum gas/ day

100 kg. Dung + water equal

70-80 [Link] Digested slurry Enriched manure

Electricity (5 Unit)

FIG : POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF BIOGAS

Cooking: Typical0.45m3 (16cubic feet) per hour stove,

popular dimension are: jet size 2.25mm dia,area of jet 3.98mm2 Flame past size:6.0mm dia,No. of pasts :20, total area of posts =565mm2 ratio of jet area to flame post area = 1:142 Length & Dia of gas mixing pipe = 20mm
Flame parts Gas mixing pipe

ON- OFF Valve

Air Adjuster

Gas jet

Biogas flame

ON - OFF Gas Lock

Gas Regulator Opening screw

Venture Tube

Mantle

Clay Nozzle Glass Globe

INSIDE TYPE Lamp

Biogas Lamp for Lighting

Generation of power : Diesel / petrol saving

How ever, the power obtained is less as composed to liquid fuel alone, engine become hotter hence cooling has to be kept in good condition. Diesel fuel
Injector Exhaust pipe

Biogas

Piston - Linear set up

Air Filter

Table - Quantity of Diesel oil saved by running a 5 hp

dual fuel engine on biogas.

Size of biogas
8 15 25

5 hp engine is run twice a day

4 hour 6.5 hou 12 hour

Quantity of dies Diesel oil (lit./day)

3.6 5.8 10.8

UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS FOR FUEL, LIGHT, MANURE AND MOTIVE POWER GENERATION BIOGAS :- Main constituent Methane (CH4) = 55-70 %, Carbon dioxide
( Co2) =30-45%, other gases like Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Co, Oxygen, and H2S in small quantities.

ALMOST :- 20% lighter than air and has an gumption temperature of 650750oC. Its calorific value 4700 kcal/cum.

Table :- Potential gas production From different feed stocks.

Type of feed stock Gas yield (m3/kg) Normal manure availability per animal per day (kg) 10 15 2.25 0. 18 0.4 Gas yield per day (m2)

Dung :

cattle Buffalo Pig Chicken Human excreta

0. 036 0. 036 0. 078 0. 062 0. 070

0. 36 0. 54 0. 18 0. 011 0. 028

TABLE :- Comparison of various Fuels.

Name of Fuel
Gobar gas (m3) Kerosene (lit.) Fire wood (kg) Cow dung cake (kg) Char coal (kg) Soft cake( kg) Indane (kg) Furnace oil (lit) Coal gas (m3) Electricity

Calorific value Thermal To replace (k cal/kg) Efficiency (%) (1m3) Biogas

4713 9600 4700 2090 6930 6292 10882 9041 4004 860 60 50 10 10 28 28 60 75 60 70 1 0. 62 lit. 3. 474 kg 12. 29 kg 1. 458 kg 1. 605 kg 0. 433 kg 0. 417 1.177 4. 698

Useful heat (k cal/kg)

2770 4800 470 209 2079 1887 6529 6780 2400 602

Special features of Biogas engine.

(1) Saving in diesel :- can replace 80% diesel. Example: 5 hp engine running daily 8 hour on biogas & normal specific fuel consumption 175 gms/bhp- our for 25 days pr month operation. Then omly42 lit. diesel will be required and about 168 [Link] diesel per month will be saved. (2) The engine cost can be recovered in one year. Monthly saving - 168 lit. @ 5.00 Rs/lit. = Rs. 840.00 or Rs 10080.00 per year. Hence cost recovered. (3) Exhaust smoke density - is less when run on biogas . (4) Exhaust gas temperature- remains almost the same. (5) Engine deposits - general cleanliness of engine with biogas is better then the diesel operation.

Compression of gas :- It liquefies

at a pressure of about

47.4kg/cm2 at a critical temp of - 82.10C. Not economics on account of cost of cleaning the gas, compressing it, purchasing a special high pressure storage bottle and transporting these heavy bottles. 3.5 Balloon are available 3.5cum size.

Manure for agriculture and aquacultureTable :- comparison of NPK contents Plant Nutrient
NITOGEN (N) PHOSPHOROUS POTASH

DS (%)
1.5-2.0 1.0 1.0

FYM (%)
0.5-1.0 0.5-0.8 0.5-0.8

About 70-75% of original wt. Of dung is conserved on BG plant while in compost 50% is lost . Slurry as manus improves sail fertility & increases crop yield by 10-20%

Recommended dosage - 10tonnes /ha in irrigated & 5tonnes / ha in unirrigated use full for raising fish common crop fry & fingerlings fed on a mixture of 1:3 (rice bran & slurry) on equal nitrogen basis showed faster growth in farmer. Recommended feed for SINGI fish is equal quality of mustered oil cake bran & digested slurry.

Integrated energy system Defined as a concept that encompasses -.All the facets on the rural energy problem - an integrated approach which is expected to result in optimum matching of the needs with energy availability the emphasis is on renewable sources which can result in local, decentralized option which are ecologically sound.

Schematic Diagram for Biogas Fertilizer Plant (For Rural Entrepreneurs/ Women Self Help Groups)
Increase d income for rural women Better health of women & children. Women empower ment Low cost productio n Increased income of farmer.

E x t r a s o u r c e O f i n c o m e f o r R u r a l w o m e n

Cow dung collection from rural women of villages Biogas/compressed Bio gas production

Bio gas

CNG/ LPG
Domestic cooking Irrigation purpose Rural transportation

Biogas/ scrubbing/ cleaning unit

Vermicompost/ Vermiwash

Vermi pack

Land quality improvement Seed quality improvement

Vermi wash

Carbon credit Cow dung/bio gas collection from Existing dairies

Clean air Development Curbing GHGs