UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Always a Pioneer, Always Ahead

MMCT 5223
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

1
 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
Always a Pioneer, Always Ahead

MODULE 3
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM
UNIT 1 BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM
UNIT 2 EFFICIENT ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

2
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UNIT 2 EFFICIENT ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC 1 BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

TOPIC 2 EFFICIENT ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

3
 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
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Energy and the Environment

• Energy production causes particulate emission,

acid rain and global warming
• Energy efficient technologies help the
environment & are cost effective
• Other green initiatives may not be cost effective
but have intangible benefits and improve
corporate image, e.g. renewable energy
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Energy and the Environment

• Energy efficiency of a country should be
considered under 3 issues:
1. Economic efficiency is a measure of the
energy required to support economic activities
(MW/GDP)
2. Societal efficiency is a measure of the amount
of energy used by each citizen (MW/GDP)
3. Environmental efficiency is a measure of the
amount of emission to produce unit energy
(CO2 emission per MW)
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Energy Efficiency in Buildings

• Architectural measures
• Lighting
• Air-conditioning
• Electrical
• Lifts and escalators
• Plumbing & drainage
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Architectural Measures
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Façade Engineering
• Building orientation with reference to sun path diagram, wind rose diagram and
interaction of the space and surrounding
1. to enhance natural ventilation and natural lighting
2. to reduce solar gains
3. To satisfy user expectations
• Sun shading devices
• Improving OTTV (overall thermal transfer value)
• Better glazing: low-E glass vs. reflective glass
• Green roof/wall
• Better insulation of external facade
• Reduce infiltration
Central location of plant rooms to minimize losses
Stacking of plant rooms on different floors
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Lighting
Lamp type Luminous efficiency Lamp life
Incandescent 8 – 21 Lm/W 750 to 2,500 hours

Tungsten-halogen 18 - 24 4,000

Mercury vapour 26 - 50 24,000

Metal halide 61 – 100 7,000 to 20,000

Fluorescent 70 – 100 9,000 to 20,000

High pressure sodium 57 – 125 16,000 to 24,000

Low pressure sodium 150 18,000

Induction lamp 70 - 80 60,000 to 100,000

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Lighting
Having considered energy efficiency, cost & colour
rendering, the lightings that are suitable for commercial
uses are mainly fluorescent lighting.
Energy efficiency in lighting can be achieved by:
• T8 with electronic ballast
• High efficiency T5 (T5 HE)
• High output T5 (T5 HO)
• Self luminous exit sign
• Compact fluorescent lamp
• Dimmable electronic ballast
• Occupancy sensor
• Induction lamp (for external usage)
• Metal halide for display lighting
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T8 & T5 (1200 mm)

• T5 HE 28W -2900 lm, 104/91

(including ballast loss) lm/W
(350C ambient)
• T8 32W (Electronic) -2900 lm,
94/83 lm/W (25 C 0

ambient)
• T8 36 W (Magnetic) -3000 lm,
86/65 lm/W
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T5 HE & T5 HO
• Lumen output: 2900 lm Vs 5000 lm
• Lamp power: 28W Vs 54W
• Efficacy: 104 lm/W Vs 93lm/W
• Maintenance at 10000hr: both 92%
• Rated Life: both 20000 hr
• T5 HE lamps are suitable for replacing T8 lamps
• Plug & enhance adaptor is available for installing
T5 tube directly into a T8 fitting
• T5 HO lamps are suitable for space with high
ceiling
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Advantage of T5

• Energy efficient with pay back within 2 years

• Fits exactly into ceiling grid
• Suitable for viewing computer monitor
• Better lumen maintenance and longer lamp life
• Optimum performance at 350C
• T5 fitting is only 50 mm deep and can suit
congested ceiling space
• More environmental friendly due to less
mercury, material in production and packaging
(1xT8=2.5T5)
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Induction Lamp
(Currently used in Tsing Ma Bridge)
• Florescent lamp without electrode
• Energy transmission by magnetism
• Mercury as secondary coil
• 2.65 MHz (40-100 kHz for T5)
• Rated Life: 60,000 hr (up to 100,000 hr)
• 70 lm/W (80 for external coil)
• Case study in a squash court:
-150W induction Vs 250W metal halide
- 24% energy saving, 5 years payback
- 9% brighter
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Self luminous exit sign

• Beta ray on fluorescent coating
• Rated life: 15 years
• Radioactive tritium gas in glass tube
• Payback less than 2 years if licensing
fee is excluded
• Eliminates power supply & wiring
• Eliminates maintenance on battery
• Approved for use by FSD
• Requires licensing by EPD
(Radioactive)
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Compact Fluorescent Lamp

• The principles of operation of CFL
are similar to fluorescent lamp
• CFL is designed as substitute for
incandescent lamp
• A 20W CFL is as bright as a 100W
incandescent lamp i.e. saves 80%
energy
• Pay back period is less than a year
• It has a longer lamp life than
incandescent lamp
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Dimmable electronic ballasts

• Conventional electro-magnetic
ballasts for fluorescent lamp do not
provide dimming function
• Due to advances in electronic
circuitry, electronic ballasts are now
dimmable
• It provides better lighting effect for
different uses of a space
• It is energy efficient as well
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LED vs FLUORESCENT vs INCANDESCENT

TYPE COST (RM) OPERATING POWER USED LUMEN
LIFE (W)
LED 100.00 30,000 10 1200
FLOURESCENT 5.00 10,000 34 800
INCANDESCEN 2.00 1,000 60 800
T
General Lumens requirement (L/m2) for:
Classroom: 250 – 550
General office: 300 – 750
Stairways & Corridors: 150 – 300
Library: 300 – 500
Workshop: 300 – 750
Toilets: 150 – 300
Auditorium: 100 - 200
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Occupancy sensor
• Occupancy sensors are installed to
switch off lighting when the
occupants have left the room
• It can be a CO2 sensor (detects
occupant) or a infrared sensor
(detects motion)
• It can save more than 20% energy
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Air-conditioning
 Variable speed drive
 High efficiency motor
 Heat pump
 Heat recovery
 Free cooling
 VAV (variable air volume)
 Variable water flow
 VRV (variable refrigerant volume)
 Water-cooled condenser
 Automatic condenser tube cleaning device
 District cooling
 Occupancy sensor
 CCMS (central control & monitoring system)
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Variable Speed Drive (VSD)

 VSD saves energy by changing the speed of the motor to suit
variable loading conditions. The saving is greater than that
might initially be expected. As the speed of the fan/pump is
reduced, the flow will be reduce proportionally, while the
power required will reduce with the cube of the speed. For
example, if the speed reduction is 80%, the power required is
only 51.2%
 Most VSD works on the principle of varying frequency by
electronic circuitry
 The pay back period is around 2 to 4 years
 VSD is suitable for pump, fan motor, chiller motor &
compressor
 VSD can generate excessive harmonic distortion and requires
harmonic filter
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High Efficiency Motor

 The higher the efficiency of the motor, the less is its power
consumption.
 Manufacturer will normally produce a series of similar equipment
that have motors of different efficiency. The more expensive
equipment will have high efficiency motor incorporated.
 It is worthwhile to consider the life-cycle costing of different options.
It is quite normal for a more expensive equipment to achieve lower
life-cycle cost.
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Heat Pump
 Heat pump works as a revered cycle refrigeration unit
 Heating provided by the heat pump is the heat rejection from the
condenser
 The co-efficient of performance of the condenser is higher than
that of the evaporator and can be more than 5
 If cooling is also required, the efficiency of the heat pump will be
even higher
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Heat Recovery Unit

 Heat recovery system recovers the cooling effect of the
exhaust air or the condensate from cooling coils
 Exhaust air are collected and ducted to a heat wheel
where its cooling effect is harvested and transferred to
the incoming fresh air in order to save energy.
 Condensate from cooling coils can also be collected and
passed through heat exchanger where the cooling effect is
transferred to the make-up water.
 The cost effectiveness of heat recovery unit depends on
the ease with which the exhaust air or condensate can be
collected. In many cases it can be pay back within
reasonable time e.g. 4 to 5 years
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Free Cooling
 If provisions are properly allowed, free cooling saves substantial
energy during fall and winter
 Fresh air (FA) that is low in temperature and humidity is used to
provide cooling of the space without the help of the cooling coil
 Areas of the FA intakes, FA ducts and FA dampers should be large
enough for the amount of FA required for free cooling
 For free cooling to be effective, it is necessary to evaluate the
comfort conditions of the space
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VAV
 VAV system is most suitable for space with variable load
conditions, e.g. east or west external zones, conference
room with variable occupancy.
 The motor of the VAV air handling unit is served by a
variable speed drive (VSD)
 VAV system can save up to 30% of the fan power
 The supply air to a room is delivered by a VAV box that
supplies variable volume of air to suit the loading
requirement. If the air required is reduced during part
load, the pressure within the main supply air duct will be
increased and this signal is detected by a pressure sensor
and transmitted to the VSD controller to cause the fan to
reduce its speed.
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Variable Water Flow System

 Variable water flow system is most suitable for supplying
different quantity of chilled water to space with variable
load conditions
 The motor of the chilled water pump is served by a
variable speed drive (VSD)
 VAV system can save up to 30% of the pump power
 The supply water to AHUs and fan coil units is controlled
by regulating valves that supplies variable quantity of
water to suit the loading requirement. If the water
required is reduced during part load, the pressure in the
main water pipe duct will be increased and this signal is
detected by a pressure sensor and transmitted to the VSD
controller to cause the pump to reduce its speed.
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VRV
 Variable refrigerant flow is not possible in the past. Any reduction in
the system resistance to control flow would lead to evaporation of
refrigerant
 Due to the advance in computer technologies, it is now possible to
deliver increased/reduced amount of refrigerant to any load centre
to suit requirement by a central computer without the evaporation
of refrigerant.
 VRV is energy efficient as the refrigerant evaporates at the DX coil of
the AHU producing much larger cooling effect than chilled water
 VRV chiller is normally of modular design. Larger plant is comprised
of more modular units.
 Design of the refrigeration system is normally by the supplier.
 VRV is expensive and not widely used in HK
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Water-cooled Condenser
 Water-cooled condenser is more efficient than air-cooled
condenser due to lower condensing temperature
 If sea water is available, direct sea water cooled condenser is used.
The used sea water is returned back to the sea. It is about 30%
more efficiency than air-cooled system.
 In order to promote energy efficiency, the Government allowed the
use of fresh water for cooling towers in designated pilot areas. The
water cooled condenser is about 20% more efficiency than air-
cooled condenser. Condenser water needs water treatment to
prevent legionnaires disease.
 Water-cooled condensers are installed inside building and have
lower noise and thermal pollution.
 Water cooled condensers have larger unit sizes.
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Automatic Condenser Tube Cleaning Device

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 Scales are formed on the inner surface of the condenser

water tubes due to chemicals used in water treatment
and other impurities in the water.
 Periodical cleaning of the condenser tube can improve
heat transfer efficiency and saves about 10% of energy.
 Cleaning can be done manually in which case sufficient
maintenance space is required at one end of the
condenser.
 Automatic condenser tube cleaning device is more
desirable. It consists of cleaning balls usually of metal that
is stored in vessel in a by-pass pipe-work. It will be used
during the cleaning cycle by reversing the flow direction
through the condenser.
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District Cooling
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 A district cooling scheme (DCS) consists of a central plant room

normally near the sea or a river. The main water-cooled chillers are
very large and can have a total capacity in excess of 100,000 kW.
Chilled water is distributed to premises by underground pipelines.
 If a DCS is available in your area, it is preferable to join the scheme.
 It is very energy efficient due to the improved efficiency of large
plants and the ability to reduce the total plant size as a result of
diversity.
 The other main benefits are saving of plant spaces, less
maintenance requirements, saving of operation costs and less
environmental problems.
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Occupancy Sensor
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Occupancy sensors are installed to

switch off AC when the occupants
have left the room
It can be a CO2 sensor (detects
occupant) or a infrared sensor
(detects motion)
It can save more than 20% energy
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CCMS
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 The CCMS is usually part of a building management system (BMS)

which provides computerized control of the various systems of a
building.
 With good computer hard-wares and soft-wares, the CCMS enables
the AC systems to operate as designed and at the optimum
efficiency level.
 Examples of the functions of a CCMS are:
1. Closer control and monitoring of equipment and systems
2. Optimum starting of chillers and other main plants
3. Scheduling of plant operation
4. Remote operation of systems in various buildings from a central control
room
5. Exceptional reports for preventive maintenance
 The CCMS can provide a potential savings of 10 to 25%.
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Electrical

• Energy efficient office equipment

• High efficiency transformer and motors
• Energy efficient cabling system
• Review of tariff, power factor and quality
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Energy Efficient Office Equipment

• The energy consumption of office equipment (telephone,
fax, photocopier, computer, monitor, etc.) increases every
year and has exceeded that used by lighting.
• Energy efficient office equipment has low standby power
consumption. The poor equipment can have standby
power several times that of an efficient equipment.
• It always pays to use office equipment with highly rated
energy efficiency label.
• Set office equipment to energy saving mode.
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High Efficiency Transformer & Motor

• Distribution transformer should have efficiency

in excess of 98%.
• The full load efficiency for small motors should
be at least 85% and for larger motors it should
be at least 90%.
• Avoid over-sizing of motors. It is preferable to
size motor by not more than 125% of the
anticipated system load.
• Soft starter is recommended to limit starting
current.
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Energy Efficient Cabling System

• The Government promoted the use energy efficient cabling
system that will reduce energy consumption through lower
copper losses and improve safety through better power
quality at the same time.
• The location of the transformer room and main switch room
should be immediately adjacent to, above or below each
other.
• The copper losses should not exceed 0.5% of the total active
power transmitted along the circuit conductors at the rated
circuit current.
• The design of the system can be found in the COP for
Energy Efficiency of Electrical Installations
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Review of Tariff, Power Factor and Quality

• Conduct tariff review and apply to supply company for

a special charge rate other than general tariff
• Power factor should be improved to not less than 0.85
• Power factor correction capacitor bank must be
designed to avoid over current and resonance in the
supply network with high contents of harmonics
• The total harmonic distortion (THD) of current should
not exceed the control figures required by the supply
company (ranging from 5% for current above 2000A to
20% for current below 40A).
• THD filters (passive or active filter) may be required at
appropriate location, preferably near the sources.
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Lifts and Escalators

• High efficiency driving system

• Intelligent lift grouping and control
system
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High Efficiency Driving System

• ACVV or VVVF driving system should be
employed.
• The system should also be designed with more
concern for the possible impact on polluting
the power quality of the building supply
system.
• Dedicated feeders should be provided for the
lifts and escalators circuits to facilitate future
energy management and auditing purposes.
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Intelligent Lift Grouping & Control

• Energy efficiency can be achieved by intelligent
control of lifts and escalators.
• Good lift zoning, grouping and response method
can improve waiting time and provide opportunity
for dispatch of lift with energy efficiency as the
first consideration.
• Energy efficient mode for lifts during no load
condition can be designed to suit the management.
• Escalators can be controlled to provide reduced
speed during no load operation.
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Plumbing & Drainage

Energy efficiency in P&D systems aims at

reducing the consumption or wastage of water.
Examples are:
• Self-closing taps
• Taps with sensor control
• Automatic flushing cisterns with sensor
control
• Low flow WC
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Useful references

• Codes of Practice for Energy Efficiency of

Lighting, Air Conditioning, Electrical and
Lifts & Escalators Installations
• Guidelines on Energy Efficiency of
Lighting, Air Conditioning, Electrical and
Lifts & Escalators Installations
• Performance-based Building Energy Code
• Guidelines on Performance-based Building
Energy Code
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UNIT 1 BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

TOPIC 1 BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

TOPIC 2 EFFICIENT ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

43
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY, A RISING CONCERN

Generation capacities and

grids
Deregulation Huge investment ($16 trillion
worldwide) is needed involving an
Deregulation of both production increase in price of both gas and
and supply of gas and electricity electricity
(while transmission and
distribution remain regulated) Demand is booming
implies to build new business
models significantly different from Because of the lack of
traditional ones electricity generation capacity,
peak prices are becoming very
high and volatile
Energy
Efficiency

Policy and environment

Kyoto protocol implementation

Natural resources (oil & gas)
involves new constraints to be
are declining
integrated in today’s utility
business models In the consumption regions
such as Europe and North
America, energy sourcing is
becoming crucial and focuses
major attention of key energy
players
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY MPLICATIONS

ON THE SUPPLY SIDE è Optimize T&D infrastructure

n Deploy efficient substation automation
n Upgrade to smart metering solutions

è Optimize quality and availability of supplied power

n Measure and improve delivered power quality
n Implement DG in frequently congested areas

è Influence demand consumption

n Introduce new tariff structures and smart revenue
metering
n Implement AMR
n Provide customers with accurate and relevant
consumption data
n Establish DR/DSM programs

è Deploy modern IT infrastructure

n High speed telecoms infrastructure
n Modern Energy Information Systems
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPLICATIONS

ON THE DEMAND SIDE

 Act on Users
– Educate people on efficient use of energy
– Act on business related procedures

 Act on loads
– Replace, renovate aging loads (lighting, motors, HVAC, …)
– Implement intelligent load control (variable speed drives,
regulation systems, lighting control, ...)

 Optimize quality and availability of on site power

– Measure and improve on site power quality
– Implement backup generation
– Exploit co-generation means

 Optimize supply costs

– Use the right tariffs according to specific load profile
– Participate in DR/DSM programs
– Resell excess power
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BUILDINGS ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF DEMAND

SIDE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy Demand in the EU in 2000  Buildings consume over 40% of total energy in the EU
and US
Transport Residential / – Between 12% and 18% by commercial buildings the rest
31% Commercial
41% residential.
– Implementing the EU Building Directive (22% reduction)
could save 40Mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent) by
Industry
28% 2020.

 Consumption profiles may vary but heating, cooling

Retail Buildings Healthcare Buildings and lighting are the major energy users in buildings
37% Lighting 28% Water Heating
30% Space Heating 23% Space Heating – Water heating is a major element for healthcare, lodging,
10% Space Cooling 16% Lighting and schools.
6% Water Heating 6% Office Equipment
17% Other 27% Other – Lighting and Space Heating are the major elements for
commercial and retail buildings.
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LET’S DREAM : TOMORROW’S ENERGY EFFICIENT

BUILDINGS WOULD HAVE …
è A structure and walls of such insulation performance that only
50 kWh/m2/year would suffice to achieve ideal thermal
comfort

è All of its equipment to the optimal energy performance level

(lighting, HVAC, office devices, …)

è Intelligence everywhere that would seamlessly handle energy

usage optimization whilst guaranteeing optimal comfort, a
healthy environment and numerous other services (security,
assistance to elderly people, …)

è Renewable and non polluting energy sources

è The ability to satisfy its own energy needs (thermal and/or

electric) or even contribute excess power to the community
(zero/positive energy buildings)

è Users whose behaviors would have evolved towards a

reasoned usage of energy
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ENVELOPE & STRUCTURE OF BUILDINGS ARE VERY EFFICIENT : LESS

THAN 50 KWH/M2/YEAR ARE NEEDED FOR AN IDEAL THERMAL
COMFORT

Effective treatment of
New insulation materials: thermal bridges (junctions
thinner and able to store between walls, metallic
energy structures, aluminium
• nano porous silica
frames) : this can yield up
• phase change
to 30% reduction of
materials thermal losses
wall
balls of paraffin

support
coating
Highly insulating and
active glazing :
• Vacuum double
glazing :
energy loss = 0,5
W/m2/°C –
wall equivalent
• Thermo chromium :
variable
heat flow between 20
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EQUIPMENT (LIGHTING, HVAC, CONSUMER APPLIANCES) ARE

MORE & MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT

Lighting efficiency with Consumer appliances :

LEDs : from 20 toward 150 Appliances complying with
lumen / W the energy performance
labels are from 10 to 40%
more efficient

Heat pumps : from 20% to

25% of performance
increase with speed driven
compression motor
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INTELLIGENCE IS EVERYWHERE IN BUILDINGS : FOR USAGES

OPTIMIZATION, FOR COMFORT, FOR HEALTH, FOR SERVICES

Shutters, lighting,
HVAC collaborate to
reach global
optimization :
increase of more
than 10 %global
energy efficiency

Sensors provide
information of air
quality (pollution,
microbes, …) and
smart ventilation
insure health

Weather prediction
are integrated in
control
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R&D FIELDS RELATED TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Construction & è Offering solutions to optimize energy use in

Operation Finance
50% 25%
existing buildings and guarantee efficiency over
time
n 75 % of the life cycle costs of a building are in the
operation and alterations of the facility over 25 years.
n Renovations in existing buildings can yield energy
Alterations savings of up to 30%.
25%
n Long term sustainable maintenance offering preventive
maintenance can keep those savings in place

è Innovative solutions delivering energy efficiency

in new constructions
n New concept of integrated power and control building
infrastructure with distributed intelligence
n Innovative lighting solutions based on LED technology
n Advanced autonomous sensors and actuators
n Smart integration of local distributed generation means
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TOMORROW'S ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS WILL REQUIRE ADDITIONAL

PROCESSING POWER AT ALL LEVELS OF ITS INFRASTRUCTURE
Service
Site engineer Energy provider
MV/LV management (ASP)
expert
transformer
station Building
automation Remote
access

Maintenance
engineer

Main LV Main LV
switchboard Switchboard

LV
panel

Ultra terminal devices

 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
Always a Pioneer, Always Ahead

THANK YOU…
MERCI…
BEDANKT…
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