Dept.
of CSE, KUET
Control Logic Design
Introduction Possible configurations for a control unit Control logic design with specific examples
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Introduction
Control over a system is mandatory
Control is require for any vehicle, from bicycles to aircrafts Control signals are essential in any digital system (DS)
Binary information of a DS can be either data or control information Data-> Discrete elements of information that are manipulated by microoperations Control information-> The signals for specifying the sequence of microoperations.
The logic design of a DS =
Derive digital circuits that performs data processing + Derive digital circuits that provide control signals
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Introduction
Data processor
A general-purpose processing unit Consists of individual registers and associated digital functions
Control Logic
Generates the signals for sequencing the microoperations Sequential circuit whose internal states dictate the control functions At any given time the state of the sequential control initiates a prescribed set of microoperations.
Control logic provides a time sequence of signals for initiating the microoperations in the data-processor.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Control Organization
Control is a sequential circuit can be designed by a sequential logic procedure but impractical because of large number of states.
The goal of control logic design is the development of a circuit that implements the desired control sequence in a logical and straight forward manner. Control logic design is the extension of sequential logic method combined with the register-transfer method.
Four methods of control organization
1. One flip-flop per state method
2. Sequence register and decoder method 3. PLA control 4. Microprogram control
Use SSI and MSI and called hard-wired control
Use LSI device such as PLA or ROM
Dept. of CSE, KUET
One Flip-Flop per State Method
Only one flip-flop is set at any particular time
Uses maximum number of flip-flops.
Advantage is the simplicity. Savings in design effort It converts to a shift register when does not need external inputs for sequencing. It reduces to ring counter when control sequence repeats over time. It sometimes called ring-counter controller.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Sequence Register and Decoder Method
Uses a register to sequence the control states and the register is decodes to provide one output for each state
For n flip-flops in the sequence register, it will give 2n using n x 2n decoder. It sometimes called counter-decoder because it continuously sequences when does not need external inputs.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
PLA Control
PLA contains all combinational circuits including the decoder and the decision logic
Sequence register is external to the PLA when it has only combinational circuits.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Microprogram Control
Control unit initiates a series of sequential steps of microoperations.
The control variables at any given time can be represented by a strings of 1s and 0s called a control word.
A control unit whose control variables are stored in a memory is called a microprogrammed control unit. Each word of memory is called a microinstruction.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
Five consecutive steps of the design:
1. Statement of the problem 2. Equipment configuration 3. Derivation of the algorithm 4. Specify data processor
5. Design control logic
Dept. of CSE, KUET
10
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
1. Statement of the problem
Addition and subtraction of two binary numbers represented in signmagnitude form.
2. Equipment configuration
n-1 bit
Dept. of CSE, KUET
11
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control) 3. Derivation of the algorithm
For signed A and B eight different conditions: ( A ) ( B )
Subtraction is signed changed addition Need to implement four conditions : ( A ) + ( B )
Having same sign
(+ A) + (+ B) = + (A + B) (- A) + (- B) = - (A + B) Add the magnitude and sign is same.
Having different sign
if A=>B (+ A) + (- B) (- A) + (+ B) = + (A - B) = - (A - B) if A<B = - (B - A) = + (B - A)
Subtract smaller one from the larger one and resulting sign is the sign of the larger one.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
12
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
Having same sign
(+ A) + (+ B) = + (A + B) (- A) + (- B) = - (A + B) Add the magnitude and sign is same.
Having different sign
if A=>B if A<B (+ A) + (- B) = + (A - B) = - (B - A) (- A) + (+ B) = - (A - B) = + (B - A) Subtract smaller one from the larger one and resulting sign is the sign of the larger one.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
13
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control) System block diagram
Dept. of CSE, KUET
14
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control) Control State Diagram
Dept. of CSE, KUET
15
Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)
Design of Hard-wired Control
Dept. of CSE, KUET
16
Design of a Microprogram Controller
for Sing-Magnitude Addition and Subtraction
Dept. of CSE, KUET
17
Contents
Problem Statement Flowchart , State Diagram & Sequence of Microoperations Microprogram Controller Design Conclusions
Dept. of CSE, KUET
18
Sign-Magnitude Addition and Subtraction
For signed A and B eight different conditions: ( A ) ( B )
Subtraction is signed changed addition Need to implement four conditions : ( A ) + ( B )
Having same sign
(+ A) + (+ B) = + (A + B) (- A) + (- B) = - (A + B) Add the magnitude and sign is same.
Having different sign
if A=>B (+ A) + (- B) (- A) + (+ B) = + (A - B) = - (A - B) if A<B = - (B - A) = + (B - A)
Subtract smaller one from the larger one and resulting sign is the sign of the larger one.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
19
Flowchart , State Diagram & Sequence of Microoperations
Need to Design a Microprogram Controller
Dept. of CSE, KUET
20
Microprogram Control
In a Microprogram Controller Control variables are stored in memory, usually ROM. After each operation control unit must determine its next address. Contain additional bits with bits for microoperations and a special circuit.
A microinstruction =
bits for initiating microoperations +
bits to determine next address.
Microprogram controller is efficient for large and/or complicated system
Dept. of CSE, KUET
21
Require Capabilities
1. Provision to recognize signals (qa or qs).
2. Provision for consecutive addresses.
external
sequencing
3. Provision for choosing addresses based on status variables S and E.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
22
Block Diagram
Recognize qa or qs.
Sequencing consecutive addresses
Dept. of CSE, KUET
23
The Microprogram
Load External Address
S=1
E=1
Dept. of CSE, KUET
24
Conclusions
Sign-magnitude addition & subtraction is explained with four operations. A microprogram controller is designed for the operations. In the controller, a control instruction is a part of a microinstruction and the microinstructions are stored in a ROM.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
25
Design of Microprogram Controller
26
The Microprogram Controller for Addition and Subtraction
Dept. of CSE, KUET
A general-purpose configuration is require for a wide variety of situations.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
27
A General-Purpose Microprogram Control Unit
Requirements:
Have a large control memory
Include all possible control variables Initiate many operations
Why 26 bits word?
16 bits for microinstruction 6 bits for 64 words
C -> Carry Z -> Zero S -> Sign V -> Overflow
1 bit for external address
3 bits for 8 status bits
Dept. of CSE, KUET
28
Counting the Number of 1s in a register
Set processor register R2 with number of 1s in register R1
If R1=00110101 then R2 will be 100 (4 in binary )
Dept. of CSE, KUET
29
Microprogram
The microprogram method sometimes referred as firmware
Dept. of CSE, KUET
30
Multiplication of two fixed-point binary numbers
Dept. of CSE, KUET
31
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Statement of the problem
Dept. of CSE, KUET
32
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Statement of the problem
Dept. of CSE, KUET
33
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Equipment Configuration
Dept. of CSE, KUET
34
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Derivation of Algorithm
AQ <- shr EAQ, E <- 0 means
A <- shr A, Q <- shr Q, Ak <- E, Qk <- A1 , E <- 0
Dept. of CSE, KUET
35
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Control Specifications
Derivation of Algorithm
Dept. of CSE, KUET
36
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Data-Processor Specification
Derivation of Algorithm
Dept. of CSE, KUET Data-Processor Specification
37
Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Control Specifications
JK Flip-flop excitation table
Q(t)
0 0 1
Q(t+1)
0 1 0
J
0 1 X
K
X X 1
Dept. of CSE, KUET
38
Control Circuit for Multiplication with PLA
Any combinational circuit can be replaced by programmable logic array (PLA) Possible to design of a control circuit with a register connected to a PLA.
Control Circuit with PLA
The register operates as a sequence register that determines the state of the control. PLA is programmed to provide the control outputs and the next state for
the sequence register.
PLA method should be used if the state table contains many dont care entries; otherwise, it may be advantageous to use a ROM instead of a PLA.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
39
Control Circuit for Multiplication with PLA
State Table for PLA
If an input does not influence the next state, it marked it with dont care X.
Dept. of CSE, KUET
40
Control Circuit for Multiplication with PLA
State Table for PLA
PLA control may be classified as a microprogram control unit with the PLA replacing the ROM for the control memory.
State Table to Program Table Xs in the input columns and 0s in the output columns of state table are changed to dashes in program table. PLA Five inputs and Seven outputs. Seven product terms, one for each row in the state table.
