SANKALCHAND PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SUBJECT:- Computer Aided Design

TOPIC:- Geometric Modeling
PREPARED By:
Rakesh H. Patel
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
 Geometric Modeling
• What is Geometric Model?
Models having each components fully defined by the
coordinates stored in the data structure are called
geometric Models.

• Features of Geometric Models:

1. Basic elements of data
Graphics entity- edges, faces etc..
2. Structure
Relation between the basic elements
3. Transformation
Positions and orientation of each part of modeled
object.
 Geometric Modeling
• Types of Geometric Model
1. Wireframe model
2. Surface model
3. Solid model
4. Parametric model
 Wireframe Models
• Wire frame models are classified into three ways.

1. 2D- two dimensional representation is used for a flat

object.
2. 21/2D- This goes further than 2D capability by
permitting a 3D object to be represented as long as
it does not have any side wall details (E.g. cylinder,
cube)
3. 3D- This allows for full 3D modeling of a more
complex geometry.
Wireframe Models
 Wireframe Models

• 3D model created with ordinary lines, circles, arcs,

etc., to represent edges
• Only vertex and edge data is stored
• No shading, hidden line removal
Wireframe Models

Wire Frame Tetrahedron

Wireframe Models

Wire Frame of Cube

Wireframe Models

Wire Frame of Cone

 Wireframe Models
• Four major rules or constraints
1. Each point must be well defined in 3 dimensional
spaces.
2. Each edge must be associated with just two end
points.
3. The edges must form a closed loop.
4. No faces should be self intersecting.
 Wireframe Modeling

Failure of wireframe models due to…

1. Lack of validity and
2. Ambiguity (Uncertainty of Meaning)
 Wireframe Model
1. Lack of validity

Wire Frame Object ?

 Wireframe Model
2. Ambiguity (Uncertainty of Meaning)

Wire Frame Object ?

 Wireframe Model
• The drawback of wireframe models are
1. These models are usually ambiguous representations
of real objects and rely heavily on human
interpretation. Models of complex designs having
many edges become very confusing and perhaps even
impossible to interpret.
2. The lack of visual coherence and information to
determine the object profile. In most systems, the
holes are displayed as two parallel circles separated
by the hole length.
3. Representations of the intersection of plane faces
with cylinders and that of cylinders with cylinders, or
tangent surfaces in general is usually a problem in
wireframe modeling and requires user manipulations.
Wireframe Model
 Wireframe Model
The major advantages of wireframe modeling…
– Simplicity to construct.
• It does not require as much computer time and
memory as does surface or solid modeling.

– Wireframe modeling is considered a natural extension

of traditional methods of drafting.
 Surface Models

• Model with surface objects

• Meshes frequently used to represent surfaces
• Surface, edge, & vertex information stored
• Shading, hidden line removal
• Useful for modelling shapes with complex curvature
(e.g., hull forms, airfoils, automobiles)
 Surface Models
1. Plane surface
2. Ruled surface
3. Surface of revolution
4. Tabulated cylinder
5. B-spline surface
6. Fillet surface
7. Offset surface
 Surface Models
1. Plane surface
 Surface Models
2. Ruled surface
• This is linear surface. It interpolates linearly between
two boundary curves that define the surface
 Surface Models
3. Surface of revolution
It is generated by rotating a planar wireframe entity in
space about the axis of symmetry at a certain angle
 Surface Models
4. Tabulated cylinder
A surface generated by translating a planar curve a
certain distance along a specified direction (axis of the
cylinder)
 Surface Models
5. B-spline surface
• This is a surface that can approximate or interpolate
given input data.
• It is a synthetic surface.
 Surface Models
6. Fillet surface
• This is a B-spline surface that blends two surfaces
together.
 Surface Models
7. Offset surface
• Existing surfaces can be offset to create new ones
identical in shape but may have different dimensions
 Surface Models
Advantages over wireframe models:

1. They are less ambiguous.

2. They provide hidden line and surface algorithms to add
realism to the displayed geometry.
3. Shading algorithms are only available for surface and
solid models.
4. From an application point of view, surface models can be
utilized in volume and mass property calculations, finite
element modeling, NC path generation, cross sectioning,
and interference detections.
 Surface Models
Disadvantages of Surface models...

1. Surface modeling does not lend itself to drafting

background. It therefore requires more training and
mathematical background on the user’s end.
2. Surface models are generally more complex and thus
require more terminal and CPU time and computer
storage to create than wireframe models.
3. They are still ambiguous in some applications, as in the
case when determining which of an object’s surfaces
define its volume.
4. Surface models are sometimes awkward to create and
may require unnecessary manipulations of wireframe
entities.