CLASSIFICATION

OF
COMPUTERS
Super computer
• The super computer is the biggest in size and the most
expensive in price for it can process trillions of instructions in
seconds. For this reason, this computer is not used as a PC in
a home or in a university.
• Government agencies use this type of computer for their
different calculations and heavy jobs. On the other hand,
different industries also use this huge computer for designing
their products.
• Meanwhile, in most of the Hollywood’s movies, computers like
these used for animation purposes. This kind of computer is
also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide.
Mainframes
• Another giant computer after the super computer is the
Mainframe which can also process millions of
instruction per second and capable of accessing
billions of data. This computer is commonly used in big
hospitals, air line reservation companies, and other
huge companies because of its capability of retrieving
data on a huge basis.
• This is too expensive for a person who wants a
computer for his home. This kind of computer can cost
up to thousands of dollars.
Minicomputer
This computer offers less than mainframe in work
and performance. Examples are the computers
which are mostly preferred by the small type of
business, personals, and colleges.
Personal computers
• Almost all computer users are familiar with the personal
computers. They normally know what the personal
computer is and its functions. This is the computer mostly
preferred by the home users. These computers are lesser
in cost and smaller in size compared to aforementioned
computers, small in size. They are also called PCs in short
for Personal computers.
• This computer is small in size and can easily be arranged
to fit in your single bedroom with its all accommodation.
Today this is thought to be the most popular computer.
5. Notebook/Handheld computers
• Having a small size and low weight the
notebook is easy to carry anywhere. This is
easy to carry around and preferred by
students and business people to meet their
assignments and other necessary tasks
since they can easily be carried inside
one’s bag.
• This computer can store the same amount
of data having a memory of the same size
as that of a personal computer. One can
say that it is the replacement of personal
desktop computer.
 LESSON 4:

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

OF COMPUTER
• A computer is a system of information processing
components that perform input, processing, output,
storage, and control functions. Thus, a computer
system consists of input and output devices, a
central processing unit (CPU), primary and
secondary storage devices, and other
peripheral devices.
A computer is a system of hardware devices organized according to
the following system functions:

Input. The input devices of a computer system include:

1. Keyboards
2. Mouse
3. Touch screens
4. Light Pens
5. Scanners
6. Computer Microphone
KEYBOARD
MOUSE
TOUCH SCREEN
LIGHT PENS
SCANNERS
COMPUTER MICROPHONE
 INPUT DEVICES
A piece of equipment/hardware which helps
us enter data into a computer.
Input devices are controlled by the users.
Processing. The central processing unit (CPU) is the main
processing component of a computer system (in
microcomputers, the CPU is the main microprocessor). One
of the CPU's major components is the arithmetic-logic unit
(ALU) that performs the arithmetic and logic functions
required in computer processing.
Components of the CPU include:
1. Control Unit
2. Arithmetic-Logic Unit
3. Primary Storage Unit
Output. Convert electronic information produced by the
computer system into human-intelligible form for
presentation to end users.

Output devices include:

1. Video Display Units
2. Audio Response Units
3. Printers
Storage. The storage function of a computer system is
used to store data and program instructions needed for
processing.

Storage devices include:

[Link] Storage Unit (main memory/Hard Disk)
[Link] Storage Devices (magnetic disk and tape
units, optical disks)
 Tower or Desktop (System Unit)

 Is the "box" or case that

holds the parts that make
up a computer: CPU, hard
disk drive, floppy drive,
memory chips, power
supply, interface cards,
etc.
 CPU

 Central Processing Unit,

or "brains" of the computer
 Monitor

 Is an output display
device (looks similar to a
TV) in a computer system.
You see information on the
monitor's screen.
 Disk Drive
• A device that reads data from (input) or records data onto
a disk for storage (output).
 Hard Drive
• Is the main device that a
computer uses to store
information. Most
computers come with a
hard drive, called drive C,
located inside the
computer case.
 CD-ROM

ROM means Read-Only-Memory - you can only "read"

information, not save. A CD can store a large amount of
data including documents, photographs, software, and
music (about 20 songs)
 TYPES OF CD-ROM

CD-R CD-RW
A CD-Recordable drive can A CD-ReWritable drive can
put data onto a disk in just be written onto more than
one session, and then is once - similar to a floppy or
"closed" - one "burn" only - hard disk.
you can't add to it after you
create it.
 DVD-ROM
• Means Digital Video Disk - Read-Only Memory
• Used to store full-length movies, large programs, etc.
 CD's, CD-R's, CD-RW's, and DVD's all look the same.
You must read the label to determine what type of media it
is.
Both CD's and DVD's are optical storage media. Optical
technology uses a laser or light beam to process
information.
 USB Flash Drive

• These can hold documents,

pictures, and music. Some
flash drives are also MP3
players.
 Mouse
• Is a hand-held input device you roll on your desk to point
to and select items on your screen. When you move the
mouse, the mouse pointer on the screen moves in the
same direction.
 Mouse pointer
• Is the little symbol on your screen that you move with your
mouse. You use the mouse pointer to point to and select
items on your screen. The mouse pointer changes shape,
depending on its location on your screen and the action
you are performing.
Left Mouse Button - usually use this button
Right Mouse Button - occasionally use this button
for "special" actions
Scroll Wheel - the mouse wheel may work
differently from program to program. and it may not
work in some programs. In most word processing
programs, you can rotate the wheel to move up or
down the page, equivalent to using the PAGE UP or
PAGE DOWN keys on your keyboard or to clicking
the scroll bar.
 Speakers
• Is an output device that
produces sound and music
when connected to the
computer. Speakers come
in different shapes and may
even be in the monitor's
case.
 Headphones
• Is an output device for
listening that is held over the
ears by a band worn on the
head
 Microphone
• Is an input device in which
sound energy is changed
into electrical energy for
the sending or recording
sound (your voice).
 Scanner
• Is an input device that reads
copy as an image and
digitally records the image
 Projector
• Is an output device for
displaying onto a large
surface (projection screen)
what appears on the
computer monitor.
 Printer
• Is a device that produces a
paper copy of the information
on your screen. The printer on
the left is an INK JET
PRINTER, and the other is a
LASER PRINTER.
 Keyboard
• Input device - choose letters, symbols, and actions by
pressing keys
QUIZ NO. 1
1. The largest and most
expensive type of computer.
2. An input device that reads
copy as an image and digitally
records the image.
3. CPU means
_____________.
4. The most popular
computer.
5. ___________________ are
controlled by the users.
6. ROM stands for
_______________________.
7. An output device that produces
sound and music when connected
to the computer.
8. This computer offers less than
mainframe in work and
performance.
9. Having a small size and low weight,
this type of computer is easy to carry
anywhere.
10. These can hold documents, pictures,
and music. Some flash drives are also
MP3 players.
11-16.) Enumerate 6 input devices.
17-20.) Name the 4 major function
of computer.
21-25.) List the 5 classification of
computer.
Different Keys of a
Keyboard
 Keyboard
• Input device - choose letters, symbols, and actions by
pressing keys
KEYS of a KEYBOARD
13 19

18 25 24 14

17 11 23

21

22 16

15 12 20
 KEY

• Is any of the buttons on a keyboard that the

user presses to input data (information) or to
type commands.
 ESCAPE
• Is usually pressed while you are working in a software
application to stop the current activity, back out of a menu
(or screen), or return to a previous screen.
 ENTER
• Is used to move the cursor to the beginning of a new line.
It may also be called the return key. In some
applications, pressing Enter tells the computer to stop
waiting for more input and begin processing. Notice the
arrow symbol on the Enter key; it is sometimes used in
instructions and means to press the enter key.
SPACEBAR
 SHIFT
• Is nothing by itself, but when pressed and held down with
another key it makes either a capital letter or the upper
character on a key. Pressing Shift with a letter key when
the CAPS LOCK key is "on" makes a lower case letter.
 CAPSLOCK

• Makes all letters uppercase without having to use

the shift key - it is best to only use this when you
are going to make many letters uppercase - don't
use for just a few capital letters
 TAB

• Marked with two arrows, one pointing left, the other,

right. If pressed by itself, it moves the cursor to the
next tab on the right. When pressed with the Shift
key, it moves the cursor to the previous tab stop on
the left.
 ALT

• It does nothing by itself. When pressed with

another key, it performs a special function. For
example, pressing Alt-F4 may quit a currently
running program.
 NUM LOCK

• Typically "on" at start up. When "on", it changes

the keys on the numeric keyboard from cursor
control arrows to numbers arranged in a typical ten-
key calculator keypad.
 DELETE

• On our "Windows" computers (P) it erases the

character to the right of the cursor. Some people
say it performs a "forward erase". It operates
differently on a MAC.
 END

• Is the key you press to move the cursor to the end

of the current line. Many programs also use
keyboard shortcuts such as Ctrl+End to move the
cursor to the end of a document.
 INSERT
• Changes between insert mode and overstrike mode in word
processing programs. In insert mode, all characters typed are
placed at the cursor position (or to the right of the insertion point).
As you type, anything to the right of the cursor moves to the right
to make room for the new typing. If insert mode is turned off,
typing then overwrites (erases) the old characters instead of
putting the new ones before the old ones. This is often called
overwrite mode. Most PC keyboards have an Ins or Insert key that
lets you switch back and forth between insert and overwrite
modes. Many word processing programs display OVR in a status
bar at the bottom when overwrite mode is on.
 HOME
• Is the key you press to move the cursor to the beginning of the
current line. Many programs also use keyboard shortcuts such as
Ctrl+Home to move the cursor to the beginning of a document.
 Page Down (PgDn)
• Is the function of this key is usually software specific. Typically, it
scrolls a document backward one screen or one page.
 Page Up (PgUp)
• Is the function of this key is usually software specific. Typically it
scrolls a document forward one screen or one page.
 Arrows
• Are 4 keys that move the cursor in the direction the arrow points
 Function Keys
(F1, F2 ...)
• Are special keys that perform a number of important tasks. Their
exact functions are software dependent. F1 usually is reserved
for Help, while F10 frequently exits or quits the program.
 PRINT SCREEN
• Directs the computer to copy whatever is displayed on the screen
to the clipboard for pasting later. It doesn't really "print" in
Windows.
 SCROLL LOCK
• Its function is often software specific. In spreadsheets, it usually
locks the cursor on its current screen line and scrolls text (rather
than the cursor) up or down whenever an up or down cursor
control arrow is pressed.
 PAUSE
• Not usually used with Windows. Pressing this key under DOS
temporarily stops a screen display or freezes rapidly scrolling
information.
 WINDOWS KEY
• The WINDOWS key acts as another special function key. If you
press the Window key by itself, the Start Menu will open.
Windows+E will launch Windows Explorer.
PROPER CONNECTION
OF PERIPHERAL
DEVICES
• All peripherals must have some way to
access the data bus of the computer (the
communications channel on the
motherboard that connects the processor,
RAM, and other components).
• In order to do this, peripherals are connected
via some kind of port (also called a I/O port
(for input/output) on the CPU (Central
Processing Unit) and a cable with the proper
connectors is needed.
There are lots of external devices that you can connect to
your computer. All external devices must be connected to
the computer’s system unit via cables and ports. A "port" is
the slot into which you plug a cable. Unless you’re using a
portable computer, you probably have several external
devices attached to your computer already, including a
mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, and speakers,
which are shown below. This is how the computer unit will
look like after connecting all peripheral devices.
QUIZ NO. 2
1. Cut Selected Text 11. Bold highlighted text
2. Paste 12. Open new/blank document
3. Insert Link 13. Justify paragraph alignment
4. Select all contents of the page 14. Underline highlighted
5. Undo last action selection
6. Italicize highlighted selection 15. Align selected text or line
7. Copy Selected text to the right
8. Open find box
9. Open the print window
10. Open options