Isolation@Chapter 5
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SudaisyyyIsolation@Chapter 5
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SudaisyyyConcept of isolation
By FAROOQ AHMAD
Microbiology Unit-V
Objectives:
By the end of this unit, the learners will be able to:
• Define Isolation.
• Identify types of Isolation.
• Relate isolation to the chain of infection cycle.
• Identify nursing responsibilities in each type of
isolation.
Isolation
• A state of separation between persons or
groups
• Definition: In health care, isolation refers to
various measures taken to prevent contagious
diseases from being spread from a patient to
other patients, health care workers, and
visitors, or from others to a particular patient.
Types of isolation:
• Strict isolation
• Respiratory isolation
• Contact isolation
• Enteric Isolation
• Protective Isolation
• Body Fluid Isolation
Types of Isolation Indications Requirements
1. Strict Isolation -highly transmissible ∙Private rooms
diseases by direct ∙Gowns, mask, gloves,
contact and airborne hand washing
routes of transmission. ∙Double bagged
techniques for soiled
articles.
2. Respiratory Isolation - droplet transmission ∙Private rooms
∙Gowns, mask, gloves,
hand washing.
∙Patients with the same
organism generally may
share room.
∙Labeled plastic bags
are used for soiled
articles.
3. Contact Isolation - infectious diseases or ∙Private rooms
multiple resistant micro ∙Gowns, mask, gloves,
organisms that are hand washing.
spread by close or direct
contact.
4. Enteric Precautions - infectious disease ∙Private room is
transmitted through required if the patient
direct or indirect contact does not practice good
with infected feces. hygiene measures.
∙Hand-washing
∙Gloves
∙Gowns should only be
worn when handling
objects contaminated
with feces.
5. Blood and Body - blood-borne, ∙Gloves
Fluids Precautions body fluids ∙Mask and
pathogens (blood, protective eye
semen, vaginal gears
secretions, CSF, ∙Gown
synovial fluid, ∙Contaminated
pleural fluid, needles should not
peritoneal fluid, be recapped
and pericardial ∙Use puncture
fluid, amniotic fluid resistant
and tissues. containers for
used needles and
other sharp items.
Standard
infection
control
precautions
(SICPs)
There are 10 elements of SICPs
• patient placement/assessment of infection
risk
• hand hygiene
• respiratory and cough hygiene
• personal protective equipment
• safe management of the care environment
• safe management of care equipment
Cont....
• safe management of healthcare linen
• safe management of blood and body fluids
• safe disposal of waste (including sharps)
• occupational safety/managing prevention of
exposure (including sharps)
Nurses’ Responsibilities
• It is very important for nurses to know the
precautions in order to prevent us from acquiring or
having the disease and to prevent the spread of
infections from one patient to another.
• To prevent direct and indirect transmission of
infections.
• To put tag on patients’ bed head side and on his file
to prevent transmission.
• To label and segregate soiled and infected material.
• Educating patients and public in community.
ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION
There are five main routes of
transmission:
[Link]
Contact - the most
common route of
transmission of
infection is via direct
(hands) or indirect
(instruments or
equipment) contact.
[Link] - the infection is
spread via respiratory secretions
generated by coughing and
sneezing.
[Link] - micro-organisms are
transferred by droplet nuclei
(minute particles) or by dust
particles. Air currents will carry
these particles and disperse them
in the environment.
[Link] or waterborne - some
infections can be transmitted via
the ingestion of contaminated
food or water resulting in gastro-
intestinal symptoms.
[Link]-borne - diseases can be
transmitted by vectors such as
lice, mosquitoes.
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
Cont....
• Local policies should be • Accurate documentation is
followed, but each required. Reasons for
patient should be isolation (and type of
assessed to avoid isolation) and all
unnecessary communications to
precautions patients should be
recorded in patient notes.
Also note discontinuation
of isolation.
Cont...
• All staff entering the • If isolation precautions
isolation area should are needed, the patient
be aware of the should be given a full
procedures. explanation of the
• - Patients requiring problem and the
further investigation reasons for the
should not be denied measures.
this because they have
an infection.
Cont....
• Visitors will require a • Policies and
careful explanation of procedures on isolation
the precautions. for the control of
• - Advice on isolation is infection must be in
available from the place in order to
infection control team. safeguard patients,
staff and visitors
Standard
Precautions
Nosocomial
Infection
Hospital acquired infection
Nosocomial infection (Hospital
acquired infection): It is an
infection acquired from health
care settings.
Community acquired infection
Community acquired infections are
infections that are contracted
outside of a hospital or are
diagnosed within 48 hours of
admission without any previous
health care encounter