DIGITAL LOGIC

DESIGN
(22PC1EC211)
BY
[Link] RAJAKUMARI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Electronics and Communication Engineering
 While developing the Machine/Device/Gadget known as
COMPUTER (Desktop/Laptop/smart phones), We need the
concepts of Electronics such as innovation w.r.t
Microprocessors, The other parts of CPU/motherboard ,
input/output devices etc.
 Even the Networking needs electronics
 All digital computers are based on a two-valued logic system—
1/0, on/off, yes/no (see binary code).
 Computers perform calculations using components called
logic gates (or logic circuits), which are made up of integrated
circuits that receive an input signal, process it, and change it
into an output signal.
 These data processing, manipulation, computation is being
done by electronic circuits like processors. Other electronic
processes are also being done with the hardware like
Processors, Controllers, Integrated Circuits (ICs), Application-
Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate
Arrays (FPGAs) etc. All these mentioned hardware are called
examples of Digital Circuits.
ELECTRONIC DEVICES--ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS--ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

An Electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic

components such as resistors, transistors, diodes, capacitors
and inductors connected by conductive wires or traces
through which electric current can flow.
 AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR MONOLITHIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (ALSO
REFERRED TO AS AN IC, A CHIP, OR A MICROCHIP) IS A SET OF
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS ON ONE SMALL FLAT PIECE (OR "CHIP") OF
SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL, USUALLY SILICON.

LARGE NUMBERS OF MINIATURIZED TRANSISTORS AND OTHER

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ARE INTEGRATED TOGETHER ON THE
CHIP. THIS RESULTS IN CIRCUITS THAT ARE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE
SMALLER, FASTER, AND LESS EXPENSIVE THAN THOSE CONSTRUCTED
OF DISCRETE COMPONENTS, ALLOWING A LARGE TRANSISTOR COUNT.
A LOGIC GATE IS A DEVICE THAT ACTS AS A BUILDING BLOCK FOR DIGITAL CIRCUITS. THEY
PERFORM BASIC LOGICAL FUNCTIONS THAT ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO DIGITAL CIRCUITS. MOST
ELECTRONIC DEVICES WE USE TODAY WILL HAVE SOME FORM OF LOGIC GATES IN THEM .
INTRODUCTION ABOUT DIGITAL SYSTEM

A Digital system is an interconnection of digital

modules
It is a system that manipulates discrete
elements of information that is represented
internally in the binary form.
Now a day’s digital systems are used in wide
variety of industrial and consumer products such
as automated industrial machinery, pocket
calculators, microprocessors, digital computers,
digital watches, TV games and signal processing
and so on.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS:
 Digital systems manipulate discrete
elements of information(are represented
with groups of bits called binary codes.
signals to form a digital (discrete) signals.).
 Discrete elements are nothing but the
digits such as 10 decimal digits (0-9) or 26
letters of alphabets(A-Z) and so on.
 Digital systems use physical quantities
called signals to represent discrete
elements.
 In digital systems, the signals have two
discrete values and are therefore said to
be binary.
 Analog systems vs Digital systems

 Analog system process information that varies

continuously
 i.e; they process time varying signals that can take on any
values across a continuous range of voltage, current or any
physical parameter.

 Digital systems use digital circuits that can process

digital signals which can take either 0 or 1 for binary
system.
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL
SYSTEM OVER ANALOG SYSTEM
 1. Ease of programmability The digital systems can be used for
different applications by simply changing the program without additional
changes in hardware.
 2. Reduction in cost of hardware The cost of hardware gets reduced
by use of digital components and this has been possible due to
advances in IC technology. With ICs the number of components that can
be placed in a given area of Silicon are increased which helps in cost
reduction.
 [Link] speed Digital processing of data ensures high speed of
operation which is possible due to advances in Digital Signal Processing.
 4. High Reliability Digital systems are highly reliable one of the
reasons for that is use of error correction codes.
 5. Design is easy The design of digital systems which require use of
Boolean algebra and other digital techniques is easier compared to
analog designing.
 6. Result can be reproduced easily Since the output of digital
systems unlike analog systems is independent of temperature, noise,
humidity and other characteristics of components the reproducibility of
results is higher in digital systems than in analog systems.
DISADVANTAGES OF
DIGITAL SYSTEMS
 Use more energy than analog circuits to
accomplish the same tasks, thus producing
more heat as well.
 Digital circuits are often fragile, in that if a
single piece of digital data is lost or
misinterpreted the meaning of large blocks
of related data can completely change.
 Digital computer manipulates discrete
elements of information by means of a
binary code.
NUMBER SYSTEM
 Number system is a basis for counting varies
items.
 Modern computers communicate and operate
with binary numbers which use only the digits
0 &1.
 Basic number system used by humans is
Decimal number system. For Ex: Let us
consider decimal number 18. This number is
represented in binary as 10010.
 We observe that binary number system take
more digits to represent the decimal number.
For large numbers we have to deal with very
large binary strings. So this fact gave rise to
(0-9) (0,1) (0-7) (0-9),(A-
F)
THREE NEW NUMBER SYSTEMS.
I) OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEMS
II) HEXA DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
III) BINARY CODED DECIMAL NUMBER(BCD) SYSTEM

To define any number system we have to

specify

 Base of the number system such as 2,8,10 or

16.

 The base/radix decides the number system.

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM:
 The binary number has a radix of 2. As r = 2, only two
digits are needed, and these are 0 and 1.
 In binary system weight is expressed as power of 2.

 The left most bit, which has the greatest weight is called
the Most Significant Bit (MSB). And the right most bit which
has the least weight is called Least Significant Bit (LSB).
CONVERT THE BINARY TO
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
(10011.0011)2 =(?)10

 Ans:19.750
CONVERT THE BINARY TO
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
(10011.0011)2 =(?)10

 Ans:19.750
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
[Link] the decimal number ‘25’ into
CON
binary
CONVERT THE DECIMAL
NUMBER INTO BINARY WITH
FLOTING POINT:
`
Note 1: TO convert binary numbers into octal ones, you only must make
3-bit groups and convert directly each group
Note 2: TO convert binary numbers into Hexa decimal ones, you only
must make 4-bit groups and convert directly each group
Note 3: consider from LSB to MSB .
HEXA DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 The hexadecimal numbering system has a base of 16. There are 16
symbols. The decimal digits 0 to 9 are used as the first ten digits
as in the decimal system, followed by the letters A, B, C, D, E and
F, which represent the values 10, 11,12,13,14 and 15 respectively.
Consider 4 bits as one group from LSB
Bit
1 (12)C 7
(11)B
HEXA to BINARY
Conversion
HEXA to BINARY
Conversion
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Octal to Decimal
Conversion
DOUBT
Octal to Decimal
Conversion
Clause
Octal to Decimal
Conversion
Clause
HEXA (WITH FRACTIONS) TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION

HEXA POINT
BINARY ARITHMETIC
 In the binary number system, there are
only two digits—0 and 1 and any
number can be represented by these
two digits. The arithmetic of binary
numbers involves binary addition,
binary subtraction,
binary multiplication, or
binary division.
 Binary arithmetic operation starts
from the least significant bit i.e. from
BINARY ADDITION
 BINARY ADDITION
EXAMPLE
BINARY ADDITION
BINARY ADDITION
BINARY ADDITION
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE2
EXAMPLE 3
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE2
EXAMPLE 3
For Binary MULTIPLICATION process, let us consider
the two binary numbers 11011 and 101
 For Binary
MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE 3

EXAMPLE 2
BINARY WEIGHTED AND
UNWEIGHTED CODES

 In the coding, when numbers or letters are represented by a

specific group of symbols, it is said to be that number or letter is
being encoded. The group of symbols is called as code. The
digital data is represented, stored and transmitted as group of
bits. This group of bits is also called as binary code.
Binary codes can be classified into two types.
• Weighted codes
• Unweighted codes
• If the code has positional weights, then it is said to
be weighted code. Otherwise, it is an unweighted
code.
BINARY SUBTRACTION
ERROR DETECTING AND ERROR
CORRECTING CODES
Example 1 Example 2
WRITE THE TABLE FOR BCD CODE WITH
EVEN PARITY BIT(0) AND ODD PARITY BITS(1)

WRITE TABLE FOR 4 BITS

WRITE THE TABLE FOR BCD CODE
WITH
EVEN
BCD Code
PARITY BIT AND ODD PARITY BITS
BCD Code with EVEN BCD Code with ODD
Parity Parity

D C B A D C B A D C B A

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
ERROR POSITIONS
BCD Code with three parity bits there are seven positions.
Below table gives these error positions and the corresponding
values of the position
Error number
position Position
number

0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 0
3 0 1 1
4 1 0 0
5 1 0 1
6 1 1 0
From the table we observe, 7 that if an error
1 occurs
1 1 in positions.
1,3,5,7-------then
2,3,6,7-------then
4,5,6,7------then
i.e, is selected so as to establish even (or odd) parity positions
1,3,5,7
is selected so as to establish even (or odd) parity positions
STEPS TO FIND OUT THE
ERROR DETECTING AND
CORRECTING
Step1: find the number of parity bits by using

Where k=1,2,3…
n=total number of bits

Step2: find the parity positions based on N=0 to K-1

Step3:find the total data bits (n)+(parity bits (P)

n+P =total number of data and parity bits