Traffic
Awareness &
Road Safety
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Assistant Professor
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Dept. of Civil Engineering
SJBIT
Module-2
Typology of Roads: Components and Design
Road Classification: National Highways, State Highways, District Roads (MDR and ODR), Village Roads.
Urban Road Classification: Expressways, Arterial, Sub-Arterial, Collector, Local, Service Roads, One-Way, Two-Way
etc. Mountainous Roads. Speed Limits of Road types.
Design of Roads: Cross Sectional Elements- Right of Way, Carriageway, Median, Shoulders, Side Walks, Lanes,
Cycling Track, Green Strip, Curbs, Camber, etc. Spatial Standards for the Cross-Section Design. Relationship between
Road design and Road Safety.
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Intersections
Types of Road Intersections: Basic forms of at-grade Junctions (T, Y, Staggered, Skewed, Cross, Scissors, Rotary,
etc. Grade Separated Junctions (with or without interchange): Three –Leg, Four-Leg, Multi-Leg, etc.
Design of Intersections: Design and Spatial Standards for Traffic Islands, Turns, Turning Radii, Directional Lanes,
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Pedestrian Crossings, Median Openings, Traffic Calming Components like Speed Breakers and Table-Top
Crossings etc. Design Considerations for Diverging, Merging and Weaving Traffic. Location and Design for Traffic
Signals.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
Based on Utility Based on location and Function
a) All-weather roads and a) National Highways (NH)
b) Fair-weather roads b) State Highways (SH)
Based on the Carriage Way c) Major District Roads (MDR)
d) Other District Roads (ODR)
a) Paved Roads
b) Unpaved Roads e) Village Roads (VR)
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Based on Surface Pavement Provided Classification of Urban Roads
a) Surface Roads a) Arterial roads
b) Unsurfaced Roads b) Sub-arterial roads
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c) Collector Streets
d) Local Streets
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Based on Utility
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Based on the Carriage Way/Pavement Type
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Based on Surface Pavement Provided
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Based on Topography
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Based on Traffic Volume [Vehicles/day]
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Based on Location & Function
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Urban Road Classification
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CROSS SECTION ELEMENTS
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Highway Cross Section Elements
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Carriage Way
The portion of carriageway width that is intended for one line of traffic
movement is called a traffic lane.
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Shoulders
Shoulders are provided on both sides of the pavement all along the road in the case of
undivided highway and are provided on the outer edge of the highway in divided
carriage way
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Unpaved Shoulders Paved Shoulders
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Cross Slope or Camber
Cross slope or camber is the slope provided to the road surface in the transverse direction to drain off the
rain water from the road surface.
Drainage and quick disposal of water from the pavement surface by providing cross slope is considered
important because of the following reasons:
To prevent the entry of surface water into the pavement layers and the subgrade soil through
pavement.
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To prevent the entry of water into the bituminous pavement layers, as continued contact with water
causes stripping of bitumen from the aggregates and results in deterioration of the pavement layer
To remove the rain water from the pavement surface as quickly as possible and to allow the
pavement to get dry soon after the rain.
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Recommended values of camber for different types of road surface
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Range of camber in areas of rainfall range
SL No Types of road surface
Heavy Light
Cement concrete and high type bituminous
1 1 in 50 (2.0%) 1 in 60 (1.7%)
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2 Thin bituminous surface 1 in 40 (2.5%) 1 in 50 (2.0%)
3 Water Bound Macadam and gravel pavement 1 in 33 (3.0%) 1 in 40 (2.5%)
4 Earth 1 in 25 (4.0%) 1 in 33 (3.0%)
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ROAD INTERSECTIONS
An intersection is where two or more road joints/ crosses
Involves through, turning and crossing traffic
The moments in intersections handled in different ways depending on type of intersections
TYPES OF ROAD INTERSECTIONS
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Intersection at grade
Grade separated intersections
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Intersection at grade Grade separated intersections
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INTERSECTION AT GRADE
Includes all the roads which meet at same level
Traffic maneuverers like merging, diverging, and crossing are
involved intersection at grades.
Sub-categorized into:
Unchanneled intersections
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Channelized intersections
Rotary intersections
Signalized intersections
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UN-CHANNELIZED INTERSECTION
Entire intersection area is paved and no restrictions to the vehicle to use any part of intersection area
Lowest class of intersections, easiest to construct but more complex in traffic operations and greater
number of accidents, unless controlled by signals or police
Adopted only on roads intersections with very low traffic volume.
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Un-channelized intersection
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CHANNELIZED INTERSECTION
Channelization is achieved by introducing area in
order to channelize the traffic flow into
appropriate streams.
Reduces the total conflict area available in the un
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channelized intersection
Better control on traffic entering and leaving
intersection, considered superior to all paved type.
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Grade Separated Intersection
• It is a bridge that eliminates crossing conflicts at intersections by
vertical separation of roadways in space.
• Grade separated intersection are otherwise known as Interchanges.
• Grade separated intersections cause less hazard and delay than grade
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intersections.
• Route transfer at grade separations is accommodated by interchange
facilities consisting of ramps.
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Types
1. Underpass
2. Overpass
3. Trumpet Interchange
4. Diamond Interchange
5. Cloverleaf Interchange
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6. Partial Cloverleaf Interchange
7. Directional Interchange
8. Bridged Rotary
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Underpass
• An underpass or a tunnel is an underground
passageway, completely enclosed except for openings
for ingress and egress, commonly at each end.
• A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail
traffic.
Overpass
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