BCME – UNIT 2
STUDY OF BOILERS
Introduction
A steam generator or a boiler is defined Function of a boiler
as a closed vessel in which water is The steam generated is employed for the
converted into steam by burning of fuel in following purposes
Used in steam turbines to develop electrical
presence of air at desired temperature,
pressure and at desired mass flow rate. energy
Used to run steam engines
In the textile industries, sugar mills or in
According to American society of
Mechanical Engineers (A.S.M.E.), a steam chemical industries as a cogeneration plant
Heating the buildings in cold weather
generator or a boiler is defined as "a
combination of apparatus for producing, Producing hot water for hot water supply
finishing or recovering heat together with
the apparatus for transferring the heat so
made available to the fluid being heated
and vaporized.
Boiler or a steam generator is example
of heat exchanger. (Heat exchangers are
defined as a mechanical device for
exchanging heat between hot fluid and
cold fluid with maximum rate, with
minimum investment and with minimum
running cost).
Principle:
In case of boiler, any type of fuel burn in presence of air and form
flue gases which are at very high temperature (hot fluid). The feed water at
atmospheric pressure and temperature enters the system from other side
(cold fluid). Because of exchange of heat between hot and cold fluid, the
cold fluid (water) temperature raises and it form steam. The flue gases (hot
fluid) temperature decreases and at lower temperature hot fluid is thrown
into the atmosphere via stack/chimney.
The function of boiler is to facilitate the generation of steam by
providing the necessary heat transfer surfaces, space for storage of water
and steam, furnace for burning the fuel and necessary equipments for
control of safe operation The large variety of available boilers have
cylindrical drum or shell and tubes except for the once through boilers in
which drum is not used.
CLASSIFICATION OF BOILERS
1. According to location of boiler shell axis
Horizontal
vertical
Inclined boilers.
When the axis of the boiler shell is horizontal the boiler is called horizontal boiler. If the
axis is vertical, the boiler is called vertical boiler and if the axis of the boiler is inclined it is
known as inclined boiler.
Examples
Horizontal boiler: Lancashire boiler, Locomotive boiler, Babcock and Wilcox boiler etc.
Vertical boiler: Cochran boiler, vertical boiler etc.
2. According to the flow medium inside the tubes
Fire tube
Water tube boilers.
The boiler in which hot flue gases are inside the tubes and water is surrounding the tubes is
called fire tube boiler. When water is inside the tubes and the hot gases are outside, the
boiler is called water tube boiler.
Examples
Fire tube boilers: Lancashire, locomotive. Cochran and Cornish boiler Water tube
boiler: Simple vertical boiler, Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
1. According to Boiler Pressure
According to pressure of the steam raised the boilers are classified as follows
Low pressure (3.5 - 10 bar)
Medium pressure (10-25 bar)
High pressure boilers(> 25 bar)
Examples
Low pressure: Cochran and Cornish boiler
Medium pressure: Lancashire and Locomotive boiler
High pressure: Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
2. According to the draft used
Natural draft
Artificial draft boilers
Boilers need supply of air for combustion of fuel. If the circulation of air is provided with the help of
a chimney, the boiler is known as natural draft boiler. When either a forced draft fan or an induced draft
fan or both are used to provide the flow of air the boiler is called artificial draft boiler.
Examples
Natural draft boiler: Simple vertical boiler, Lancashire boiler.
Artificial draft boiler: Babcock and Wilcox boiler, Locomotive boiler.
1. According to Method of water circulation
Natural circulation
Forced circulation
If the circulation of water takes place due to difference in density caused by temperature of water,
the boiler is called natural circulation boiler. When the circulation is done with the help of a pump the
boiler is known as forced circulation boiler.
Examples
Natural circulation: Babcock & Wilcox boiler, Lancashire boiler
Forced circulation: Velox boiler, Lamont boiler, Loffler boiler
2. According to Furnace position
Internally fired
Externally fired boilers
When the furnace of the boiler is inside its drum or shell, the boiler is called
internally fired boiler. If the furnace is outside the drum the boiler is called externally
fire boiler.
Examples
Internally fired boiler: Simple vertical boiler Lancashire boiler, Cochran boiler
Externally fired boiler: Babcock and Wilcox boiler
1. According to type of fuel used
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Electrical
Nuclear energy fuel boilers
The boiler in which heat energy is obtained by the combustion of solid fuel like coal or lignite is known as solid fuel
boiler. A boiler using liquid or gaseous fuel for burning is known as liquid or gaseous fuel boiler. Boilers in which
electrical or nuclear energy is used for generation of heat are respectively called as electrical energy headed boilers and
nuclear energy heated boiler.
2. According to number of Tubes
Single-tube
Multi-tube boiler
A boiler having only one fire tube or water tube is called a single, tube boiler. The boiler having two or more, fire or
water tubes is called multi tube boiler.
Examples
Single tube boiler: Cornish boiler, Vertical boiler.
Multi-tube boiler: Lancashire boiler, Locomotive boiler, Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
1. According to Boiler Mobility
Stationary
Portable
Marine boilers
When the boiler is fixed at one location and cannot be transported easily it is known as
stationary boiler. If the boiler can be moved from one location to another it is known as stationary
boiler. If the boiler can be moved from one location to another it is known as a portable boiler.
The boilers which can work on the surface of water are called marine boilers.
Examples
Stationary: Lancashire, Babcock and Wilcox boiler, vertical boiler
Portable: Locomotove boiler.
Marine: Marine boilers
COMPARISON BETWEEN WATER TUBE AND FIRE TUBE BOILERS
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF A SIMPLE VERTICAL BOILER
Figure depicts a typical water tube boiler of early
period. It has a cylindrical fire box surrounded by a
cylindrical water shell connected by one inclined
cross tube for improved water circulation. It is
provided with standard safety control and
inspection mountings.
Boiler drum is filled with water, the flue gas from
the furnace rise in the tube. The exchange of heat
takes place between water and flue gases. The
water temperature raises and it converts into
steam. The flue gases temperature drops and low
temperature flue gases enters into environment via
chimney.
Vertical, natural circulation, natural draft, Due to provision of cross tube, the total heat
single turbular, stationary, medium pressure, transfer area increases and more amount of steam
solid fuel fired, fired tube boiler with is available with the same amount of flue gases.
internally located furnace.
They can built for small capacity and occupy small
space. The boiler is fitted with all the mountings as
BOILER MOUNTINGS & ACCESSORIES
The accessories are mounted
on the boiler to increase its
efficiency. These units are
optional on an efficient boiler.
The following accessories are
normally used on a modern
boiler :
1. Superheater
2. Economiser
3. Air Preheater
4. Feed Water Pump
5. Steam Injector
6. Steam Separator
7. Steam Trap
Boilers of “Lancashire and Cornish” type should
be fitted with a “high pressure and low water 8. Boiler Draught Equipment
safety valve”.
All “land boilers” should have a “fusible plug”
in each furnace.
HEAT ENGINES - I.C. ENGINES
HEAT ENGINES – I.C. ENGINES
CLASSIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINES
COMPONENTS OF I.C. ENGINES
OTTO CYCLE
APPLICATIONS OF 2 STROKE ENGINES
OPERATION OF 2 STROKE PETROL ENGINE
FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE
APPLICATIONS OF 4 STROKE
ENGINES
OPERATION OF 4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE
DIESEL CYCLE
TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
OPERATION OF A 2 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
OPERATION OF 2 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
APPLICATIONS OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
OPERATION OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING CYCLES
INTRODUCTION TO REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
BRAYTON REFRIGERATION CYCLE : BELL COLEMAN CYCLE
VAPOUR COMPRESSOR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM