HERIDITY
HEREDITY
• It is process of pass the physical and mental aspects to next
generation.
• Previous generation traits passing to next gen.
• Traits from either side of mom or dad.
• But all the things are not pass to next gen.
• There is a difference between offspring's traits.
• Twin offspring’s also different traits.
ACCUMULATION OF VARIATION
DURING REPRODUCTION
• Recognizable feature of human being (or any
other organism) like height, complexion, shape of
hair, color of eye, shape of nose and chin etc, are
called characters or ‘Traits’.
• Reproduction is a process that gives rise to new
offspring that are similar to the parents but with
some variations between them due to the process
of DNA coping.
• It may be noted that these differences are slightly
visible in asexual reproduction as in plants, but
they are greater variations and diversity in the
case of sexual reproduction which involves the
fusion of two different gametes
Continued….
• This leads to the variations that are seen in each
generation
• These variations may be advantageous or
disadvantageous to the individuals and may or may not
enable them to cope with the changing environmental
conditions. For example: the bacteria that can tolerate
higher temperatures would survive the heat waves.
• These variations accumulate over generations in the
evolutionary process owing to the environmental factors
and lead to the formation of new species and are equally
important for their survival
• Gregor mendel theory he is the first sccientist to make a
systematic study of heridity. He is known as the father of
genetics
HEREDITY
• The biological process that maintains or passes on
the characteristics and traits of the parents to
their offspring is termed heredity
• Example: color of skin or hair eyes height etc.
• This is responsible for maintaining variations and
thus the evaluation of species over a period of
time.
INHERITED TRAITS
• The charasterics that are inherited from the
parents are termed as traits, like eye color or skin
color in humans. In the parent has brown and
black eye, then the offspring may in herit a brown
or black or a combination of both.
• This depends on the set of genes responsible for
that trait
• Genes are actually units of heredity which transfer
charactersitccs (or Traits) from parents to their
offsprings during reproductions.
• Chromosome is a thread like structure in the
nucles of cell formed of DNA which carries the
genes.
Continued….
• A gene is a unit of DNA on a chromosome which
governs the synthesis of one protein that controls
a specific characteristic of an organism
• The traits are inherited in this manner are termed
inherited traits and these are the cause of the
variations in the population, through every one
has a similar basic feature.
RULES FOR THE INHERITANCE OF
TRAITS MENDEL’S CONTRIBUTION
• In heritance is the transmission of genetically
controlled characteristics (or traits) from one
generation to the next.
• The rules for inheritance of such traits in human
beings are related to the fact that both the father
and the mother contribute practical to the child
this means that each trait can be influenced by
both paternal and maternal DNA.
• Gregor Johann Mendel “ Father of genetics”
• He founds the factors controlling “the traits”
• Depending on the genes the expression of the
traits could be either dominant or recessive
Continued….
• T- Taller plant “TT” (Pea Plant)
• T – Shorter plant :tt” (Pea Plant)
• Single character is termed phenotype Tt
• Genotype T4 or t to t and TT
Mendel's two experiments
1. monohybrid Inheritance
• The law segregation.
• Parent F1
• TT tt all tall
• F1 x F1 F2
• Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt tt (short)
2. Dihybrid inheritance
Law of independent assortment
Crossing Method of pea
Parent
Round and green wrinkled and Yellow F1
(RR yy) (rrvv) round & Yellow
Next F1 to F2 generation experiment
HOW ARE CHARACTERISTICS (OR
TRAITS) TRANSMITTED TO PROGENY
• Genes are responsible for the characteristic features (or
traits) of an organism
• Genes work in pairs. There is a pair of genes for each
characteristic of an organism ( one is dominant gene and the
other is recessive gene)
• The two genes (or Pairs of genes) responsible for a particular
characteristic are always present on the corresponding
positions of the pair of chromosomes
• A gene is the section of DNA on chromosome which codes
for the formation of a protein controlling a specific
characteristic of the organism
• The characteristics (or Traits) in animals (including human
beings) are also transmitted from the parents through genes
by the process of sexual reproduction
SEX DETERMINATION
• The process by which the sex of a person is dtermined is
called sex determination
• The chromosomes which determine the sex of a person
are called sex chromosomes. It may be based on the
temperature where the fertilised eggs is kept as in few
reptiles or the may changes ex as in snails. Humans on
the other hand the sex of a newborn child is determined
predominantly by the genes inherited from the parents
• There is pair of chromosomes known as the sex
chromosomes that differ in males and females. The
females have a correct pair and they are termed as X
chromosomes but men have an X chromosomes and its
pair as Y. so the genotype of women is XX and men is XY.
Continued….
• If we look at the inheritance pattern of male and
female we can see that X is inherited by the child
from their mother by default and the sex of the
child depends on which pair of the sex
chromosome is being inherited from the father.
• If it X then the pair becomes XX and the child is a
girl and if Y is inherited then it becomes XY and
thus the child is a boy.
HOW BLOOD GROUPS ARE
INHERITED
• A person has one of the four blood groups
• A - A+ A-
• B - B+ B-
• AB - AB+ AB-
• O - O+ O-
• Bombay blood group
• The blood group system is controlled by a gene which has three different forms
denoted by the symbols
• I A IB IO
• The blood group of a person depends on which two forms of the genes he
possesses
• 1 if the genotype is IA IA then the blood group of the person is A and if the
genotype is IA IO even the blood group is a (because Iois a recessive gene)
• 2 if the genotype is IB IB then the blood group of the person is B and if the
genotype is IB IO even then the blood group is B (Because IO is a recessive
gene)
• 3 if the genotypes is IA IB then the blood group of the person is AB.
• 4 if the genotype is IO IO then the blood group of the person is O
Acquired and inherited traits
• A trait ( or characteristic) of an organism which is not
inherited but develops is response to the environment is
called an acquired traits
• Any traits that is acquired by an organism during its
lifetime due to any external conditions is not transmitted
to its offspring these traits are termed as an acquired trait.
• Ex: the way a person speaks or the skills he/she has these
changes do not affect the germ cells and so they cannot
be passed on from one generation the other.
• Characteristics that are not passed on to the DNA of germ
cells do not get transferred to the next generation.
• Eg. Loss of muscles and less weight due to starvation loss
of limb or traits due to injury.