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LUMINOUS FLUX
 Luminous flux, or luminous power, is the measure of the perceived power of light. It
differs from the measure of the total power of light emitted, termed 'radiant flux', in
that the former takes into account the varying sensitivity of the human eye to different
wavelengths of light.

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One lumen is the light of one

candle shining on a one-foot
square from one foot away.

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Foot Candle: It is the unit of illumination which is equal to that given by a

source of candela at a distance of one foot (Equivalent to one lumen per sqft)

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 Illumination required for different purposes

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 ILLUMINATION: When the light falls upon any surface, the phenomenon is called the illumination.
It is defined as the number of lumens, falling on the surface, per unit area. It is denoted by symbol
E and is measured in lumens per square meter or meter-candle or lux.

 If a flux of F lumens falls on a surface of area A, then the illumination of that surface is E =F/A
lumens/m2 or lux.

 Lux or meter candle: It is the unit of illumination and is defined as the luminous flux falling per
square meter on the surface which is everywhere perpendicular to the rays of light from a source
of one candle power and one meter away from it.

 Utilization factor or co-efficient of utilization:- It is defined as the ratio of total lumens reaching
the working plane to total lumens given out by the lamp.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝

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• A) Luminous flux: it is defined as the total quantity of light energy emitted per second from a
luminous body.

• The lumen is the unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total quantity of visible light emitted by a
source per unit of time . Lumens measure how much light you are getting from a bulb.

• B) Luminous intensity: Luminous intensity is the luminous flux emitted by the source per unit
solid angle, measured in the direction in which the intensity is required.

• Candle power ( CP) is a unit of measurement for luminous intensity. It expresses levels of light
intensity relative to the light emitted by a candle of specific size.

• C) ILLUMINATION: When the light falls upon any surface, the phenomenon is called the
illumination.

• Lux is used to measure the amount of light output in a given area - one lux is equal to one lumen
per square meter
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LIGHTING SCHEMES
 Lighting schemes are classified according to the location, requirement and purpose etc. are
as under :

1. Direct lighting

2. Indirect lighting

3. Semi direct lighting

4. Semi indirect lighting

5. General lighting

 Direct Lighting

90 to 95 % light falls directly on the object or the surface.

The light is made to fall upon the surface with the help of deep reflectors.

Such type of lighting scheme is most used in industries and commercial lighting.

It is most efficient but it is liable to cause glare and shadows.

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Indirect Lighting

 In this system, the light does not fall directly on the surface but more than 90%
of light is directed upwards by using diffusing reflectors.

 The ceiling acts as a source of light and this light is uniformly distributed over
the surface and glare is reduced to minimum.

 It provides shadow less illumination which is useful for drawing offices.

 It is also used for decoration purposes in cinema halls, hotels etc.

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Semi direct Lighting

• • This is also an efficient system of lighting and chances of glare are also reduced.

• • Here transparent type shades are used through which about 60 % light is directed downward
and 40 % is directed upward.

• • This also provides a uniform distribution of light and is best suited for room with high ceilings.

Semi indirect Lighting

• • In this system about 60 to 90 % of total light is thrown upward to the ceiling for diffused
reflection and the rest reaches the working plane directly.

• • A very small amount of light is absorbed by the bowl.

• • It is mainly used for interior decoration.

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Diffused lighting
• • Diffused light, or soft light, is light that's filtered by something. Sunlight through a sheer
curtain is diffused. Light from behind a lampshade is diffused compared to the direct light of
a bare bulb. The lampshade softens and scatters the light

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PROBLEM-01 : A fluorescent tube of 20W. Find the luminuous flux of it:

Luminous Flux : The total quantity of light energy emitted per second

Power Rating of fluorescent Tube = 20W

Luminous Efficiency of fluorescent tube -- ???

Luminous
efficiency is a
measure of how
well a light
source produces
visible light.

Luminous Efficiency of fluorescent tube = 50 -60 Lumens/Watt

Luminous Flux = Luminous Efficiency x Power rating

=(50 x20) to (60x20) lumens = 1000 to 1200 146

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PROBLEM -02:
An office area has length: 20 meter; width: 10 meter; height: 3 meter. The ceiling to desk height
is 2 meters. The area is to be illuminated to a general level of 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt
CFL luminaires with a SHR of 1.25. Each lamp has an initial output (Efficiency) of 85 lumen per
watt. The lamps Maintenance factor (MF) is 0.63 ,Utilization Factor is 0.69 and space height ratio
(SHR) is 1.25.

1. Total wattage of fixtures?:

Twin lamp 32
 Total wattage of fixtures = No. of lamps x each lamp’s Watt watt CFL
luminaires
 Total Wattage of fixtures = 2 x 32 = 64 Watts

2. Lumens per fixtures?:

 Lumens per fixtures =Lumen Efficiency (Lumen per Watt) x each fixture’s watt

= 85 X 64 = 5440 Lumens

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 UTILIZATION FACTOR

 - The utilization factor or use factor is the ratio of the time that a piece of equipment is in use
to the total time that it could be in use. The lighting manufacturers' catalogues give
Utilization Factors for standard conditions.

 MAINTAINENCE FACTOR

 A lighting system's maintenance factor indicates how much of the initial luminous flux
remains available at the end of its service life

 (The wattage and the lumens, are the two values you need to determine a light bulb's
efficiency. And they should be marked on the packaging. Once you've found those two
numbers, simply divide the number of lumens by the number of watts.)
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3. Number of fixtures:

Required Number of fixtures =Required Lux x Room Area /MF x UF x Lumen per fixture
Required Number of fixtures = (250 x 20 x 10)/ 0.63 x 0.69 x 5440

= 21 fixtures

4. Minimum Spacing between each fixture:

The ceiling to desk height is 2 meters and space height ratio (SHR) is 1.25.

Minimum Spacing between each fixture: 2 x 1.25 =2.5m

Spacing Height Ratio is defined as the ratio of the distance between fixture luminaires (centre
to centre), to their height above the working plane.

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5. Number of required rows of fixtures along with width of room:

Number of rows required = Width of room/Max. spacing = 10/2.5 = 4

6. Number of fixtures required in each row: Number of fixtures required in each

row = Total fixtures/Number of rows = 21/4 = 5

Calculated room for the number of lighting fixtures

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Axial spacing between each fixture

Axial spacing between each fixture = Length of room /No. of fixtures in a row

= 20/5 = 4m .

Transverse spacing between each fixture

Transverse spacing between each fixture = Width of room /No. of row

= 10/4 =2.5m

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PROBLEM-03:

An office area has length: 20 meter; width: 11.3meter; height: 3 meter.

The area is to be illuminated to a general level of 200 lux using twin lamp 32 watt (
with a SHR of 1.25.

Lumens per fixture =4000

The lamps Maintenance factor (MF) is 0.80, Utilization Factor is 0.60.

Required Number of fixtures = Required Lux x Room Area /MF x UF x Lumen per fixture
= 200 x 20 x 11.3/0.60 x 0.80 x 4000

= 5260/1920

= 3 Lamps
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