Machine Design - I
Lecturer Muhammad Kashif Farooq
MS Mechanical Engineering
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Module – I
Chapter 1: Mechanical Engineering Design
by Joseph Shigley, Charles Mischke, Richard Budynas
10th Edition.
• Introduction
– Design
– Mechanical Engineering Design
– Design Tools and Resources
– Codes and Standards
– Safety and Liability
– Stress and Strength
– Design factor
– Factor of Safety
– Reliability
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Design
─ Formulating a plan to satisfy a need or solve a specific problem.
─ Goal: To create a product with physical reality
─ Product Requirements: Must be functional, safe, reliable,
competitive, usable, manufacturable, and marketable.
Mechanical
Design?
e.g.
Journal
Bearing?
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Design Process
─ Innovative & Iterative
─ Decision-Making (core activity)
─ Flexibility
Engineering Tools: Designer’s Core Competencies:
─ Mathematics ─ Creativity
─ Statistics ─ Communication
─ Computers ─ Problem-Solving
─ graphics ─ Knowledge
─ languages ─ Effective teamwork across disciplines
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Steps in the product development and
design process
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Design Considerations
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Design Tools and Resources
─ Science/engineering
textbooks
─ Manufacturers’ brochures or
catalogs
─ CAD software
─ Analysis software
─ Non-engineering-specific-
computer-aided applications
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Standards and Codes
Standards
─ A standard is a set of specifications for parts, materials or
processes to achieve uniformity, efficiency and a specific quality
─ Limit the multitude of variations
Codes
─ A code is a set of specifications for the analysis, design ,
manufacture and construction.
─ purpose of a code is to achieve a specified degree of safety,
efficiency, and performance or quality
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Standards and Codes
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Safety and Liability
▪ In the United States, the legal concept of strict liability holds
manufacturers responsible for any harm caused by a product
defect.
▪ it doesn’t matter whether the manufacturer knew about the
defect, or even could have known about it.
▪ Under this concept, the plaintiff (the harmed party) needs
only to prove that the article was defective and that the
defect caused some damage or harm.
▪ Good engineering analysis and design, quality control, and
comprehensive testing procedures are the key elements for
prevention of product liability.
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Famous Product Liability Cases
▪ [Link]
u-s-product-liability-cases-4773418
▪ [Link]
product-liability-
cases/#:~:text=Takata%20Airbag%20Case&tex
t=The%20company's%20defective%20airbags
%20have,purchased%20by%20its%20largest%
20competitor.
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Strength and Stress
– Strength is an inherent property of a part, a
property built into the part because of the use of a
particular material and process.
– Various metalworking and heat-treating processes,
such as forging, rolling, and cold forming, cause
variations in the strength from point to point
throughout a part
– Stress is a state property at a specific point within
a body, which is a function of load, geometry,
temperature, manufacturing processing, etc.
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Design Factors
• It is a measure of the relative safety of a load-carrying
component.
• In most cases, the strength of the material from which the
component is to be made is divided by the design factor to
determine a design stress, sometimes called the allowable
stress.
• The actual stress to which the component is subjected should
be less than the design stress.
• Often the value of the design factor or the design stress is
governed by codes established by standards setting
organization (ASME, AGMA etc.)
• In the absence of codes or standards, the designer must use
judgment to specify the desired design factor
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Factor of Safety
Design factor (N) is a predetermined, intentional number
chosen by the designer before a component is built to
ensure a margin of safety against uncertainty.
Factor of safety (n) is generally understood as the actual
ratio that results after the design is complete.
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