HIV/AIDS Notes
INTRODUCTION
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the human immune system,
specifically CD4 (T-helper) cells. If left untreated, HIV can lead to Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the most advanced stage of HIV infection. HIV/AIDS
remains a major global public health issue.
HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
HIV was first identified in the early 1980s after clusters of unusual infections were observed
among young adults. In 1983–1984, scientists discovered HIV as the causative agent of
AIDS.
TYPES OF HIV
There are two main types of HIV:
- HIV-1: The most common and widespread type globally.
- HIV-2: Less common and mainly found in West Africa; progresses more slowly.
STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
HIV is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the Retroviridae family. It contains enzymes
such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease, which are essential for viral
replication.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
HIV is transmitted through:
- Unprotected sexual intercourse
- Sharing contaminated needles or syringes
- Transfusion of infected blood or blood products
- Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding
HIV is NOT transmitted through casual contact such as hugging, sharing food, or mosquito
bites.
PATHOGENESIS
After entering the body, HIV binds to CD4 cells and uses reverse transcriptase to convert its
RNA into DNA. The viral DNA integrates into the host genome, leading to destruction of CD4
cells and progressive immune suppression.
STAGES OF HIV INFECTION
1. Acute HIV infection – Flu-like symptoms
2. Clinical latency stage – Asymptomatic or mild symptoms
3. AIDS – Severe immune damage with opportunistic infections
CLINICAL FEATURES
Common symptoms include:
- Persistent fever
- Weight loss
- Chronic diarrhea
- Night sweats
- Recurrent infections
DIAGNOSIS
HIV diagnosis involves:
- Rapid antibody tests
- ELISA tests
- PCR tests for early detection
- CD4 count and viral load monitoring
TREATMENT
HIV has no cure, but it is managed with Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). ART suppresses viral
replication, improves immune function, and reduces transmission.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Preventive measures include:
- Safe sexual practices and condom use
- Voluntary counseling and testing
- Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)
- Safe blood transfusion practices
- Use of sterile needles
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
HIV/AIDS affects individuals, families, and national economies due to healthcare costs, loss
of productivity, and social stigma.
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
HIV/AIDS control requires public awareness, early testing, access to ART, and reduction of
stigma and discrimination.
CONCLUSION
HIV/AIDS remains a major health challenge worldwide. Effective prevention strategies,
early diagnosis, and lifelong treatment are key to controlling the disease.