®BETTER MINDS CLASSES ONeher Wali Road, Miyawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand bettermindsclasses (GM bettermindsclasses (©) 8630292134 Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Smart Worksheet of Most Predicted Board Examination Questions Crafted with 1. A plane wave is wave of radius: ( (a) R/4 answer. (2) Peat fa al Ss Bart ole emna be ht the Tenth ot the image is given b 8. Light incident normally on a plane mi oa gak vanometer coil retraces backwards as shown in the figure below. A eurrent in the coil produces a deflection of 3.5° of the mirror. What is the displacement of the reflected spot of placed 1.5 m away? (NCERT) (3) 9. An extended object (like a mobile phone) lies along the prineipal axis of a concave mirror. Show that the magnification is not uniform for different parts of the object. (NCERT Example Logic) (2) 10. The sun subtends an angle of 0.5° on earth. The image of the sun is obtained on a screen using a concave mirror of radius of curvature 1.5 m, Calculate the diameter of the image formed, (NCERT Example Logic) (2) 11. Both plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they produce real images under any circumstances? Explain. (2)Topic 2: Refraction, Total Internal Reflection (TIR) and Lenses 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. A ray of light is incident at an angle i on a parallel sided glass slab of thickness D and gets refracted into the slab at angle r. Draw a ray diagram to show its path as it emerges out of the slab and obtain an expression for the lateral shift of the ray. Under what condition will the lateral shift be minimum? (3) A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere of refractive index n = V3 at an angle of incidence 60° with the diameter AB of the sphere having center C. Draw the ray diagram and find the angle of emergence and the angle of deviation. (3) A = In the figure, a ray of light is incident on a transparent liquid contained in a thin glass box at an angle of 45° with its one face. The emergent ray passes alon; c refractive index of the liq The focal length of a a liquid of refractive index 4, what will A tank is fille {ng at the bottom, of the tank is water? If water is replaced ance would the microscope With the in water and explain i When a fect on the width of (a) Write (b) Write tical media. (2) ‘A point 501 e index pp toa depth a. Find emerge. (8) he area of the surface of water through which light from the sourct Explain the prine ND and work deal opt Are i eof (NCERT Application) (3) A lens is a transparent | medium bounded by two surfaces, spherical. Considering image formation by a single spherical s object and image distance in te ve index o the surface. Hence derive the expression fo ast one of which should be derive the relation between the edium and the radius of curvature of “s formula. (5) An air bubble is trapped at a point B in a glass sphere of radius 40 em at a distanee of 20 em from the center C. Find the apparent position of the bubble when viewed along the diameter from the side to which it is nearer. (Refractive index of glass n = 1.5). (3) (a) Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What are the wavelength, frequency and speed of (i) reflected, and (ii) refracted light? Refractive index of water is 1.33. (NCERT) (b) A magician during a show makes a glass lens with n = 1.47 disappear in a trough of liquid. What is the refractive index of the liquid? Could the liquid be water? (NCERT) (3)25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 31. 32. 34. 35. 37. Figure shows an equiconvex lens (of refractive index 1.50) in con- tact with a liquid layer on top of a plane mirror. A small needle with its tip on the prineipal axis is moved along the axis until its inverted image is found at the position of the needle. The distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be 45.0 cm. ‘The liquid is removed and the experiment is repeated. The new distance is measured to be 30.0 em. What is the refractive index of the liquid? (NCERT) (3) In the given figure, the radius of c A window is pro} 1e wall at a distance d from it using answer. (2) An object ap focal length m/s. What is the speed o} at a distane A bicom . The whole setup is lens and the image in Acom when it The focal Find the refractive A sereen is object. The image of the object ed by a convex Tens placed different locations separated by rhe focal length of the lens. ( BETTER MINDS ‘The figure shows the variat image distance v with object distance u for a lens. (a) What ha Using the graph, find the focal Iength of graph shows inteseetion with u = vlin at coordinates (20,20) @) luton A point object is placed at a distance of 12 em on the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. A convex mirror is placed coaxially on the other side of the lens at a distance of 10 em. If the final image coincides with the object, find the focal length of the convex mirror. (3) Derive the expression: + (3) Assertion/Reasoning: Sun goggles have curved surfaces, yet their power is zero. Explain why. (1) — } for a convex lens, producing a real and inverted image of an object. A biconcave lens of power P vertically splits into two identical plano-concave parts. Find the power of each part. (2)38. A plano-convex lens is made of glass of refractive index 1.5, The radius of curvature of the convex surface is 25 cm. Find the focal length and power of the lens. (2) 39. How does the power of a lens vary with the increase in wavelength of ineident light? Justify your answer. (2) 40. A convex lens is mado of glass of refractive index 1.5. If the lens is covered with black paper for half of its aperture, will it form a complete image of the object? How will the intensity of the image be affected? (NCERT Exercise) (2) A1. The focal length of a concave lens in air is 20 em. ‘The refractive index of the lens material is 1.5. ‘What should be the refractive index of the surrounding medium for the lens to behave as a transparent plane sheet (i.e., disappear)? (1) 42. A point object is placed at the center of a glass sphere of radius 6 cm and refractive index 1.5. Calculate the distance of the virtual image from the surface of the sphere. (2) image formed by a convex lens is refractive index 1.6, A ray of light is incident and find the total Sa on “BETTER Wi fD S eviation. (3) AT. Two prisms ABC and DBC are arra The critical angles for the two prisms with respect to air are 411° and 45° respectively. Trace the path of the ray through the combination if it enters the first prism normally. (3) 48. A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism such that both the angle of incidence and angle of ‘emergence are equal to the angle of prism A. Find the angle of deviation. (2) 49. A ray of light is incident on a refracting face of a glass prism of angle 60° at an angle of 45°, The ray ‘emerges from the other face with an angle of deviation of 15°. Calculate the refractive index of the material of the prism. (2) 50. A ray of light ineident at an angle of 60° on one face of a prism is totally reflected from the second face. What must be the minimum value of the refractive index of the glass? (3)51. A ray of light entering a right-angled prism (prism angle A = 30°, refractive index n) undergoes refraction at the face AC as shown in figure 1. Calculate the value of refractive index n if the angle of emergence is 90°. (Assume incidence is normal to face AB). (2) 52. A ray of light incident at an angle @ on a refracting face of a prism emerges from the other face normally. If the angle of the prism is 5° and the prism is made of material of refractive index 1.5, determine the angle of incidence @. (2) Topic 4: Optical Instruments 53. (a) Draw a labeled ray diagram of object. (b) Derive the expression formed at the least distance of distinct vision. (5) 0 show the image formation of a small 54. The focal lengths are 1 cm and 2 em 55. A compound mi is jecti . repiece of focal 56. (a) Dray 57. State the di the relative fo nce betwet mmpound microscope and an ast ‘on the basis of lengths and “pg of their objective and eyepi MIN 58. A Cassegrain telescope us Such a telescope is built with radius of curvature of the large mirro mirror is 140 mm, where will the final image of an object at ; infinity be? (NCERT) (3) LAWYERS 59. Assertion/Reasoning: For a simple microscope, the angular size of the object equals the angular size of the image. Explain why. (1) 60. An optical instrument uses an objective lens of power 100 D and an eyepiece of power 40 D. The final image is formed at infinity, Calculate the angular magnification and the length of the telescope tube. (3) G1. Draw a ray diagram for the formation of the image by a compound microscope. ‘The final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (D = 25 cm). If the object is placed 1.5 em from the ‘objective of focal length 1.25 cm, and the final image is formed at 25 cm from the eyepiece, find the magnifying power. (3)62. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope? (2) (a) Lens Li: Power = 3D, Aperture = 8 em (b) Lens L2: Power = 6 D, Aperture (©) Lens L3: Power = 10D, Aperture = 1 em BETTER MINDS bettermindsclasses (J bettermindsclasses (©) 8630292134 6Detailed Solutions 1. Answer: (b) When a plane wave (parallel rays) is incident on a concave mirror, the rays converge at the focus. The wavefronts of the reflected light are spherical, converging towards the focus. The radius of curvature of these spherical wavefronts at the mirror surface is equal to the focal length of the mirror. Since f = R/2, the radius of the reflected spherical wave is R/2. 2. Definition: The focal length (f) of a spherical mirror is the distance between the pole (P) and the principal focus (F). Derivation: Consider a concave mirror. A ray parallel to the principal axis strikes the mirror at M and passes through focus F. Let C be the center of curvature. Angle ZMCP = @. Since CM is the normal, by law of reflection, angle of incidence = angle of reflection = @. Therefore, ZMFP = 26 (exterior angle theorem). For paraxial rays: tan@ = @ = Hh = “PF and tan20 = 20 = HF = MP. Substituting 6: 2(MF) = MP > R= ota Fe A'B'P and (i): BE = ice v is always positive, the image a5 dee) Fal wns om a implies it is always 5. Given: R= +301 Using Mirror Formula: v= =} = +475 om. Sepa to anti-w> it on: |u| + |o| = 15 +7.5 = 22.5 om. 6. Answer: Yes. Every part of the mirror reflects rays from ct to form the image at the same position, Removing the silver coating from th nees the reflecting surface area, This results in a decrease in the intensity (brightness) of the image, but the nature, position, and size remain unchanged. 2 (Gy 2 formula: v = 245. Magnification m= —£ = 74). Length 1! = my, x L=m®x L. = L (5) . room .5xtan(7°). ‘Solution 9 Figure 7. For small object L along axis: Longitudinal Magnification my, m?, Using mirror 8. Deflection of reflected ray = 29 = 2 x 3.5 distance D = 1.5m, Displacement d = Dtan(26) = d= 1.5 x 0.1228 = 0.184 m = 18.4 cm.9. Magnification m = 74. For an extended object along the axis, different parts of the object are at different distances u from the pole. Since w varies, m also varies. Therefore, magnification is not uniform. 10. Angular diameter @ = 0.5° = 0.5 x 7 rad. Radius R = d= f x0 =0.75 x (0.5 x 444) = 0.00654 m = 6.54 mm, 5m => f = 0.75 m. Image diameter 11. Answer: Yes. Plane and convex mirrors usually form virtual images. However, if the incident rays are converging (virtual object) and converge to a point behind the mirror such that the mirror intercepts them, the reflected rays can converge to a real point in front of the mirror, forming a real image. A Nee 12. Derivation: Let thickness be D. In A refractive Path/normak: cosr = D/L = L = Djcosr. In & lateral shift: Dawson of sin(i—r) =d/L. d= Lsin(i—r) = PH. eu d=0 when i = 0 (Normal incidence on, which are mmersing the ‘The image shifts 73 cm, Answer: ‘The microscope must be moved 1.73 em upwards. 17. Explanation: When light rays travel from a denser medium (water) to a rarer medium (air), they bend away from the normal. For a straw dipped in water, rays coming from the submerged part bend away from the normal at the surface. To an observer, these refracted rays appear to originate from a point higher than the actual position of the straw. This virtual image of the submerged part is raised, making the straw appear bent at the surface. 18. Answer: The width of the beam increases. Reasoning: Let a parallel beam of width w, be incident from air to water at an angle i. Let the refracted beam have width wr at angle r. Ratio: 2 = S22, Since light enters water from air, it bends towards the normal, so i > r. As angle decreases (0'< r cosi. Therefore, #2 > 1, implying w, > wy. Thus, the beam broadens.19. (a) Conditions: 1. Light must travel from a denser medinm to a rarer medium. 2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle (i > ic). (b) Relation: Using Snell’s Law at the interface for critical angle (r = 90°): my sin ig = ng sin 90° (where ny > ng). sinée = 22. (If nz is air, np = 1 n=1/sinic). 20. Derivation: ‘The emerging light forms a cone with semi-vertical angle equal to critical angle C. Radius of the circular patch r = dtanC. From Snell's law: sin C = = Radius r= 5. Area: A= ar? = 30. 21. Principle: Total Internal Reflection (TIR). Work- Jing: An optical fibre consists of a central core (high refractive index) and an outer cladding (lower refractive light signal enters the core at a suitab peated total internal reflections This allows the light to travel of intensity. Use: Used audio and video e core-cladding interface. ig distances with minimal loss lecommunications for transmitting. sed in medical endoscopy. 22, (b) Deri small angle app (where @, 3,7 hv, = HR. Formula: Ap surface 2: mo) (a a5) e, the distance object + eye): w= ~20 cm, Radin on the object side. tod Babee a= m= "eT surface. The interf rc in (eye) doen, “Berri ie orn Se 44. y= —16 em, Answer: The bubble appears ata 24. (a) Given: Avie = 589 nm, (Same as air). ay Refracted: vy = 3x 108 m/s, \ = 589 nm 2.26 x 108 m/s. Awater = 25. Case 1 (Lens only): w Jy. Given 45 em distance + fy = 30 em, Case 2 (Lens + Liquid): Combined F = 45m. p= 7 +H > a = tz > fe = 90 cm. Lens Maker's (Glass n 1.5, fi = 30): 45 = (0.5)(%) > R= 30 cm. Lens Maker's (Liquid, plano-concave, Ry = —30, Rp = = =m —1> m= 1.33, 26. Given: R= 15 em, n=1.5. 1. Plano-Convex Lens: 3 = (n~1) (& S #) =(15- 3 fi = +80 em, 2. Plano-Coneave Lens: 7, = (1.5 ~1)(4~ 45) = ~35 Combination: += p+ = g)— gh = 0% P= 20. Answer: The combination acts as a plane glass slab (Infinite focal length). Phe image fs formed at the same position as the object.27. Condition: d > 4f. Justification: For a convex lens to form a real image of an object on a screen, the minimum distance between the object and the screen must be 4f. Let distance be d. Let object distance be w=—2. Then v = dx. Lens formula: 74 > aig = 7 7 2? — det df =0. For real roots (real object position), Discriminant D > 0. (—d)? — 4(1)(df) > 0 + d? — ddf > 0 > d(d— 4f) > 0. Since d> 0, we must have d > 4f. 28. Given: f = 20 em, x, Find v: 1-3 = 95> w= (22 x5= - 5 m/s, w= ~30 em. Formula: Velocity of image 9 4 -ay= h- v= +[Link]. Magnification m = £ = mvp, where m 2. Speed of image x5 = 20 m/s. Answer: The image moves away from the lens with a speed of 20 m/s. 29. Answer: The lens will act as a Diverging Lens (Concave). Reason: Refractive index of glass (ng = 1.5) is less than that of the liquid (r = 1.7). From Lens Maker's Formula: + = (2 ~1)(2). Since 42 <1, the term (44 — 1) becomes negative. Thus, the focal length becomes negative, changing the nature of the lens from converging to diverging. 30. Given: ny 1.65. 1 K = gph. 2. In Liquid FBS = -0.0101. fi quid my = -)K = BL. Given: f = Substitute fs 377 32. Given: D 33. (a) Natu convention gra ‘Thus 2f = 20 Convex Lens ( for convex). (b) or v is positive i 20, we have w 34. Step 1: em, Virtual ob with object), ra fr = R/2 = 25 tance from lens to mitror is 10 collimation. (image coincides R= 50 cm. BETTER MINDS nilar triangles ABO and A'B‘O: MOP and A'B'F: 4 = ob Se 35. Derivation: Usii AZ = 2. Using similar tria Equating: £= Sf + vf 36. Assertion is Correct. Ri = Ra. From Lens Maker's Formula: P x (7 — 7) =0. 37. Original Biconcave: P = ‘n — 1)(5#). Split Plano-Coneave; P! = (n — 1)(3p). Thus P! = P/2. BB. Ry = 25, Ry = 00,n = 1.5. $= (0.5)() = tye f= 50 cm. P = 100/50 = +2 D. 39. P x (n—1). Since n decreases as increases (Canchy’s relation), Power decreases as wavelength increases. 40. Yes, it forms a complete image. The intensity is reduced (halved) because less light passes through. 41. Refractive index of medium = 1.5. (Same as lens). 1042, Object at eonter u=0. Ray travels along normal (i= 0,r = 0). Image at center. Distance = Radius =6em. 43. From D® — 4Df > 0 (Discriminant condition for real roots of lens displacement eq), D > 4f. 44. Derivation: 5 = (i- 11) + (e— 12) =ite-(n +m) = i+e—A. Refraction is always towards the base because light travels rarer — denser — rarer through inclined surfaces where the base is the thicker part. = 4/2. n= Satie 45. Ab byt = ery = 46. n= 1.6 for both. Interfa Ray normal to AB (i= 0) final face based on geom anishes. Treat as single block. els straight. Calculate incidence at (Abtock)- Check TIR or refraction. 2 (m = C). Snell's: sin60 = }/2 = 1.32 or similar depending on approx. lution for A = 60 Pe Pele ions fnew 51, A=30,i=0. Ray hits (0.5) =1 0 is usually higher, checl V3+1= Vvn7=1. 82 A= 5n= . Asin = 1.5sin 5°, Small angle: 6 1.5 x 5 = A = 5°. Snell's face 1: 53, M=mox me = FF. 54. fo= ly fe =2,L = 10,D = 25, M = P(1 + 8) = 10(13.5) = 135. BB. fo =2, fe = 6.25,L = 15. (a) Image at D: te = —25 + te =—5. vy = 15-5 = 10. uy = WS = 25, M = 32(1+ Bp) = 20. (b) Infinity: ue = 6.25, tp = 8.75, ty 2.59, M © 13.5. bettermindsclasses (GJ bettermindsclasses (©) 8630292134 uw56. M = fo/fe. Reflecting advantages: No chromatic aberra- tion, lighter, large aperture possible. 57. Microscope: Small f,, small aperture. Telescope: Large fo, large aperture. 58. 110, fz = 70 (convex). Obj image at 110. Distance to sec mirror 110 ~ 20 = 90 (virtual obj). u = +90, f = +70. 1/u = 1/70 ~ 1/90 + v = 315 mm, 59. The image forms at the s position, Magnification comes from the ability to bring ) ), increasing the visual 60. (cl n ustia 0 100 > f =1em. P=405 5 ). M = fol fe . . ely microscope data labeled telescope or reducing). Leng 62. Obj: LI ( "BETTER MINDS bettermindsclasses (J bettermindsclasses (©) 8630292134 12