Chichewa Module 2 Summary

MUTU 1: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kumva ndi kuyankhula

Mitu ya ntchito ya kumva ndi kuyankhula:

i. malonje
ii. zouzidwa
iii. zilapi
iv. nthano
v. ndakatulo
vi. nyimbo

Njira zophunzitsira maluso a kumva ndi kuyankhula

i. Kuchita sewero:
ii. Kusonyeza
iii. Kuyesana
iv. Ntchito ya m’magulu
v. Kukambirana (kalasi yonse kapena mphunzitsi ndi ophunzira)
vi. Kufunsa ndi kuyankha mafunso
vii. Kufotokoza

MUTU 2. Kaphunzitsidwe ndi kayesedwe ka ndakatulo ndi nyimbo m’sitandade 5 mpaka 8.

Ndakatulo
Ndakatulo ndi maganizo olembedwa mwachidule m’mdime imodzi kapena zingapo.

Nyimbo
Nyimbo ndi maganizo omwe amanenedwa kudzera m’kuimba

Mitundu ya ndakatulo
i. Zampululira:
Zomwe mawu akomalizira samveka mofanana
ii. Zamapasa:
Zomwe mawu akomalizira amamveka mofanana

Mitundu ya nyimbo
 Zachisoni
 Zothokoza
 Zodzudzula
 Zachisangalalo
Kufunika kwa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
 Kupititsa patsogolo chikumbumtima
 Kuti ophunzira aziganiza mozama
 Kuti ophunzira adziwe katchulidwe kabwino ka mawu monga kutsitsa kapena kukweza
 Kuti ophunzira aziyankhula pagulu mopanda manyazi
 Kuti ophunzira adziwe zambiri zachiyankhulo

Ntchito za ndakatulo ndi nyimbo

 Kuphunzitsa
 Kulangiza
 Kudzudzula
 Kuthokoza
 Kuthandiza kusunga chikhalidwe cha makolo
 Kusangalatsa

Zipangizo zophunzitsira ndakatulo ndi nyimbo

 ng’oma
 wenzulo
 badza
 chitoliro

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira ndakatulo ndi nyimbo

 Choyamba, uzani ophunzira alakatule ndakatulo kapena ayimbe nyimbo yomwe akuyidziwa
kale
 Kachiwiri, funsani ophunzira kulongosola zomwe ndakatulo kapena nyimbo ikunena
 Kachitatu, werengani ndakatulo yomwe muphunzitse (powerenga mutsatire kukweza
kapena kutsitsa kwa mawu; kuwonetsa chisoni; kusonyeza chisangalalo; kugwedeza thupi
ngakhalenso kuvina kumene)
 Kachinayi, funsani ophunzira kuwerenga ndakatulo ndipo mukhale tcheru kumvetsera
momwe ophunzira akutchulira mawu
 Kachisanu, kambiranani ndi ophunzira zomwe ndakatuloyo/nyimboyo ikunena.
 Kachisanu ndi chimodzi, pemphani ophunzira kuloweza ndime imodzi kapena zingapo
(Langizo: sibwino kuumiriza ophunzira kuloweza ndakatulo/nyimbo

MUTU 3: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kukonzekera kuwerenga

Kuwerenga ndi kuzindikira ndi kutchula zolemba kuti tanthauzo limveke bwino

Kufunika kwa kuwerenga

 Kuthandiza ophunzira kupeza zochita zina
 Kuthandiza ophunzira omwe akuphunzira paokha
 Kutola nzeru zambiri kuchokera m’mabuku osiyanasiyana
 Kuti aziwerenga zikwangwani, malangizo ndi zidziwitso paokha
 Kukonzekera ntchito yodzagwira mtsogolo
 Kuthandiza pophunzira maphunziro ena

Zomwe mphunzitsi angachite ndi ophunzira pa phunziro la kukonzekera kuwerenga

 Kuloza kumaso ndi kumbuyo kwa buku
 Kugwira buku moyenera osati mozondotsa
 Kutsekula buku moyenera
 Kuloza poyambira ndi pothera pa mawu
 Kupenya patsamba kuyambira kumanzere kupita kumanja
 Kuloza mawu m’chiganizo
 Kuyika buku pa mpata oyenera
 Kusiyanitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana
 Kufananitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana

Njira zothandizira kudziwa malire amawu
 Kutchula mawu amodziamodzi m’chiganizo uku akuwomba m’manja akatchula mawu
amodzi
 Kugwiritsa ntchito zala ndi mipata yomwe ili pakati pa zala. Chala chilichonse chiziyimira
mawu amodzi pamene mpata pakati pa zala uyimira mpata womwe uyenera kukhalapo
pakati pa mawu
 Pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi (makadi a mawu) monga:
Amayi apit lero
a
MUTU 4 Njira zophunzitsira ndi kuyesera kuyamba kuwerenga m’sitandade 1

1. Njira yomwe ophunzira amatsata maliwu a malembo

 Aphunzitsi amatsata maliwu a malembo omwe ali m’chiyankhulo chomwe
chikuphunzitsidwa monga /a/ /n/ /i/ /m/
 Ngati ophunzira adziwa lembo ndi liwu lake, ndiye kuti angathe kuwerenga yekha komanso
kulemba mawu osiyanasiyana mosavuta.

2. Njira yotsata maphatikizo a malembo

 Mphunzitsi amaphunzitsa ophunzira kuwerenga pogwiritsa ntchito maphatikizo a malembo
monga mba + le = mbale, a + ba + ba = ababa
3. Njira yotsata mawu
 Mphunzitsi amayamba kuphunzitsa mawu omwe iwo akuwadziwa kale monga maina a
zinthu zomwe amaziona kunyumba kwawo, monga chitseko, mbiya, mbuzi, galu, nkhuku,
ng’ombe.
 Zithunzi ndi zinthu zenizeni zimayenera zikhalepo pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi.
 Kenako mphunzitsi amawaphunzitsa ophunzirawo mawu ena.
4. Njira yotsata ziganizo
 Mphunzitsi amayamba kuphunzitsa ophunzira ziganizo zomwe amazidziwa kale
 Ziganizo zimaperekedwa ndi ophunzirawo powafunsa mafunso monga:
i. Pobwera kusukulu mwaona chiyani?
ii. Munagwira ntchito yanji lero kunyumba?
 Mphunzitsi amalemba pa bolodi zomwe mwana wayankha
 Kenako amawathandiza ophunzirawo kuwerenga chiganizocho

Mutu 5 Zipangizo zophunzitsira, zophunzirira ndi zoyesera kuwerenga

Kufunika kwa zipangizo zophunzitsira, zophunzirira ndi zoyesera kuwerenga

 Mphunzitsi amafotokoza mfundo mosavuta
 Ophunzira amamvetsa msanga phunziro
 Zimapatsa chidwi ophunzira
 Ophunzira saiwala msanga zomwe aphunzira
 Zimathandiza kusunga nthawi pophunzitsa

Zitsanzo za zipangizo zophunzitsira, zophunzirira ndi zoyesera kuwerenga

i.. makadi
 Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mapepala olimba kapena zikuto
Ntchito yake
 Kulembapo malembo, maphatikizo ndi mawu
Kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake
 Ophunzira kutola khadi ndikuwerenga
 Kuchita masewero osiyanasiyana monga opanga mawu ndi maphatikizo
monga: a ndi ta ndi te kupanga mawu oti atate
 Mphunzitsi kulangiza khadi la lembo, phatikizo kapena mawu kuti ophunzira awerenge

ii.. matchati
 Awa ndi mapepala akulu
Ntchito yake
 kulembapo malembo, maphatikizo, mawu, ziganizo ndi ndakatulo
 kujambulapo chithunzi ndikulemba mawu okhudzana ndi chithunzicho
Zina zoyenera kuchita zokhudza matchati
 kudula mzere m’mbali mwa tchati kuti liwoneke lokongola ndilopatsa chidwi
 khomani tchati m’kalasi mwanu mukatha kuphunzitsa kuti ophunzira aziwerenga pa nthawi
yawoyawo.

iii.. Mabolodi ofewa:

 Onani zitsanzo zomwe zili pakhomo lolowera mu HALL, komanso ku admin pa reception,
m’maofesi ndi m’kalasi mwanu.
Ntchito yake
 Kupachikapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza powerenga, ntchito yomwe ophunzira
analemba mwaluso ndi maina a ophunzira omwe akhoza bwino.
 Ngati mulibe mabolodi ofewa, gwiritsani ntchito mphasa, mkeka, bulangete

iv.. Alifabeti fulizi

 Awa ndi malembo omwe amathandiza ophunzira kudziwa kuwerenga
 Pamakhala lembo lalikulu ndi laling’ono monga Aa, Dd, Mm
 Pa lembo lililonse pamajambuilidwa chithunzi chogwirizana nd liwu loyamba la dzina la
chithunzicho
 Pachikani alifabeti fulizi pakhoma mukatha kuphunzitsira kuti ophunzira aziwerenga paokha

v.. Bokosi la kanema

 Limapangidwa kuchokera ku katoni, ndodo ziwiri ndi zithunzi zojambulidwa pa pepala
lalitali.
Ntchito yake
 Limathandiza powerenga kapena kufotokoza nthano
Kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake
 Potolozani (rotate) ndodozo kuti zithunzi ziziyenda ngati kanema.

vi.. Kansalu kacheya (fulanelo galafu)

 Aka ndi kansalu kacheya
 Ngati palibe gwiritsani ntchito bulangeti, thaulo la kubafa kapena chiguduli.
Ntchito yake
 Kupachikapo makadi olembapo mawu ndi zithunzi
 Kuwerengetsa mawu ndi ziganizo

vii.. Timabolodi
 Timapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa, dongo ndi katoni ndi utoto (paint)
Ntchito yake
 Kulembapo malembo, maphatikizo mawu ndi ziganizo zazifupi
Ubwino wake
 Zomwe zalembedwapo zikhoza kufufutidwa kuti palembedwe zina
 Timakhala nthawi yayitali.
viii. Zidole
 Zimapangidwa kuchokera ku dongo, udzu kapena nsalu
Ntchito yake
 Zimathandiza pophunzitsa ophunzira a m’makalasi ang’onoang’ono powerenga nthano,
kapena nkhani
 Zimachititsa phunziro kukhala lopatsa chidwi ophunzira.

ix.. Zithunzi
Mutha:
 Kujambula nokha, kudula kuchokera mu nyuzipepala, magazine kapenaa kalendala yakale
 Kutenga zithunzi zofalitsa mauthenga osiyanasiyana.
Ubwino wake
 Ophunzira amamvetsa zomwe akuwerenga
 Ophunzira amakhala ndi chidwi ndi phunziro

MUTU 6: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kuwerenga nkhani kapena nthano

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira nkhani kapena nthano msitandade 3 mpaka 8
 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira zomwe akuona pa chithunzi chomwe chili m’buku la ophunzira
koyambirira kwa nkhani/ nthano iliyonse
 Ophunzira awerenge mokweza mawu ovuta opezeka m’nkhani/m’nthano yomwe
awerenge. Kenako muwonetse ophunzira mawu ovutawo pa makadi ndipo ophunzira
awerenge.
 Ophunzira awerenge mwakachetechete nkhani/nthano yonse
 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira matanthauzo a mawu ovuta molingana ndi momwe mawuwo
agwiritsidwa ntchito m’nkhani/m’nthano
 Ophunzira ayankhe mosalemba mafunso ochokera m’nkhani/m’nthano yomwe awerenga
 Ophunzira achite ntchito monga kusanja mawu.
 Thandizani ophunzira ndikuchonga ntchito yawo
 Potsiriza kambiranani ndi ophunzira zolakwa zawo ndipo kenaka ophunzira akonze zolakwa
zawo

Njira zothandizira kumvetsa nkhani/nthano m’sitandade 3 mpaka 8

 Kupanga kalozera wa mfundo zikuluzikulu
 Kulosera nkhani
 Kudzifunsa mafunso
 Kupanga mafunso
 Kulosera mathero a nkhani
 Kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe akuzidziwa kale

Zofunika mphunzitsi kudziwiratu asanaphunzitse kuwerenga nthano.

 Mawu ovuta ndi katchulidwe kake
 Matanthauzo a mawu ovuta
 Nthani/nthano yomwe afuna kuphunzitsa
 Mafunso oyenera kufunsa pa nkhani/nthano poonjezera omwe ali kale m’buku la ophunzira
 Mayankho a mafunso omwe ali m’buku la ophunzira
 Zizindikiro za m’kalembedwe pamene ophunzira akuwerenga nkhani/nthano.

MUTU 7: Kuwerenga mabuku oonjezera

Kufunika kowerenga mabuku oonjezera
 Kuti ophunzira akulitse nkhokwe yawo ya mawu
 Kupeza chisangalalo
 Kupezamo nzeru zambiri
 Kupititsa patsogolo luso lowerenga mofulumira molondola ndi mosadodoma
 Kukulitsa khalidwe lokonda kuwerenga mabuku
 Kukonzekeretsa ophunzira ntchito yodzagwira m’tsogolo

Zitsanzo za mabuku oonjezera

 Nyuzipepala
 Magazini
 Mabuku akale
 Mabuku a nthano/nkhani zifupizifupi
 Nkhani zolemba ophunzira

Ndondomeko yophunzitira kuwerenga mabuku oonjezera

 Kuyala mabuku pa tebulo kapena malo oyenera
 Kuuza ophunzira kusankha buku lomwe afuna kuwerenga
 Ophunzira kuwerenga buku lomwe asankha
 Kufunsa ophunzira mafunso pa buku lomwe awerenga
 Kubwereketsa ophunzira mabuku kuti akawerenge kwawo

Ena mwa mafunso omwe ophunzira angafunsidwe akawerenga mabuku oonjezera ndi monga
awa:
 Tchulani mutu wa nkhani yomwe mwawerenga.
 Kodi nkhaniyo ndiyosangalatsa?
 Nkhani ikukamba za anthu ati?
 Kodi mwaphunzirapo chiyani pa nkhani yomwe mwawerenga?
 Nkhaniyo ikuchitikira kuti? Etc

Mutu 8: Kaphunzitsidwe ndi kayesedwe ka kulemba mwaluso ndi kulemba zidziwitso

Ndondomeko yphunzitsira kulemba mwaluso

 Poyamba ophunzira abwereze kuwerenga mokweza ndime ziwiri za m’buku la ophunzira
 Kachiwiri jambulani mizere ndi kulemba mwaluso malembo ndi mawu.
 Kachitatu ophunzira m’modzi awerenge zomwe zalembedwa pabolodi
 Kachinayi ophunzira alembe malembo ndi mawu m’mizere m’makope mwawo
 Kachisanu thandizani ophunzira ndi kuchonga zomwe alemba.
 Pomaliza, ophunzira abwereze kulemba malembo ndi mawu pabolodi.

Mitundu ya zidziwitso
 Zochenjeza monga: Chenjerani ndi akuba
 Zolangiza monga: Pewani kuchita chiwerewere
 Zophunzitsa monga: Kupewa kuposa kuchiza
 Zodziwitsa monga: Mlatho waung’ono patsogolo

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira kulemba zidziwitso

 Poyamba ophunzira akambirane m’magulu zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana zimene akuzidziwa.
 Kachiwiri thandizani ophunzira kuyika zidziwitso m’magulu molingana ndi ntchito yomwe
zikugwira (mtundu)
 Kachitatu sonyezani ophunzira kalembedwe ka zidziwitso
 Kachinayi ophunzira ajambule zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana m’magulu mwawo
 Pomaliza gulu lililonse liwonetse ntchito yawo kwa kalasi lonse

MUTU 9: Kaphunzitsidwe ndi kayesedwe ka kulemba lembetso

Kufunika kwa lembetso

Kuthandiza ophunzira:
 Kulemba mawu ndi ziganizo pamtima
 Kudziwa kulemba zizindikiro zam’kalembedwe
 Kulimbikitsa maluso akumva ndi kulemba nthawi imodzi
 Kutha kulemba mwaluso
 Kutha kulemba mwachangu komanso molondola
 Kukhala ndi maziko a ntchito yam’tsogolo monga ulembi
 Kumvetsera mwatcheru zomwe wina akukamba kapena kumvetsera

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira lembetso

 Bwerezani kulemba ndime yomwe ophunzira alembe
 Kambiranani mawu achilendo ndi zizindikiro za m’kalembedwe
 Werengani ndime yonse kamodzi ophunzira akungomvetsera
 Werengani kachigawo kalikonse kawiri ophunzira akulemba
 Werenganinso ndime yonse kamodzi kuti ophunzira akonze zolakwa zawo
 Chongani ntchito ya ophunzira
 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira zomwe alakwa
 Kenako ophunzira akonze zolakwazo

Njira zochongera lembetso

1. Mphunzitsi kuchonga yekha
Ubwino wake
 Mumadziwa mavuto a ophunzira aliyense ndi momwe mungamuthandizire
 Mumadziwa ngati ophunzira amva kapena ayi
 Ophunzira amkhutira ndi ntchito yochongedwa ndi mphunzitsi wawo
 Makolo amakondwera ndi ntchito yochongedwa ndi mphunzitsi wa ana awo
Kuyipa kwake
 Ndi ntchito yofunika nthawi yambiri
 Ophunzira amalandira ntchito yawo mochedwa

2. Ophunzira kuchongerana ntchito mosinthana

Ubwino wake
 Ntchito imachongedwa mofulumira
 Ophunzira amakhalaa ndi mwayi ophunzira luso lochonga
Kuyipa kwake
 Ena amachonga mokonderana
 Ena satha kuwona zolakwa za anzawo
 Ophunzira sakhutira ndi ntchito yochongedwa ndi anzawo
 Makolo sakhutira ndi ntchito yochongerana ophunzira okhaokha

3. Kusankha ophunzira ena kuchonga ntchito ya anzawo

Ubwino wake
 Osankhidwawo amaphunzira luso lochonga
 Amakonzekera ntchito yam’tsogolo monga ya uphunzitsi
Kuyipa kwake
 Si onse amachonga moyenera
 Amane sanasankhidwe kuchonga nawo amakhumudwa
 Ophunzira ena amanyoza anzawo

4. Ophunzira aliyense adzichongere yekha

Ubwino wake
 Ophunzira aliyense amadziwa zofooka zake
 Ophunzira amawonetsa kukhulupirika pochonga ntchito ya anzawo kumanso ya iwo eni
Kuyipa kwake
 Si ophunzira onse amakhulupirika pochonga ntchito yawo

Zizindikiro zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito pochonga lembetso

 Kutseka mzere kunsi kwa mawu olakwa
 Kuyika chizindikiro choti ophunzira wasiya mawu ena
 Kuzunguliza pamene ophunzira walakwitsa

MUTU 10: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kulemba chimangirizo

Mfundo zoyenera kuganizira polemba chimangirizo.
 Pezani mutu omwe uli ndi mfundo zambiri
 Lembani padera chikonzekero cha mfundo (draft/rough work) zomwe mukufuna kulemba.
 Gwiritsani ntchito nsinjiro zachiyankhulo, koma zisakhale koyambirira kwa ndime ndipo
zisatsangane
 Musagwiritse ntchito mawu olaula ndi achipongwe
 Lembani malembo ooneka bwino

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira chimangirizo mu sitandade 3 ndi 4

Pezani zitsanzo za ndondomeko m’buku la mphunzitsi la sitandade 3 ndi 4.
Ndondomeko yophunzitsira chimangirizo mu sitandade 5 mpaka 8
 Lembani mutu wa chimangirizo pabolodi
 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira mfundo zazikuluzikulu pa mutu omwe wasankhidwandi
kuzisanja mu ndondomeko yoyenera
 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira chitsanzo cha momwe angalembere chimangirizo pogwiritsa
ntchito mafunso.
 Ophunzira alembe chimangirizo pogwiritsa ntchito mutu omwe mwapereka potsatira
mafunso owatsogolera.
 Onani ntchito ya ophunzira ndi kuwathandiza pamene akulemba
 Pomaliza tengani ntchito ya ophunzira kuti mukachonge.

MUTU 11: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kulemba kalata

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira kulemba kalata ya ntchito m’sitandade 5 mpaka 8
 Funsani ophunzira ngati adalembapo kapenaa kuwonapo kalata yantchito.
 Pachikani tchati ya chitsanzo cha kalata yantchito ndipo mukambirane ndi ophunzira
magawo a kalata monga keyala, tsiku, komwe kalata ikupita, malonje, thunthu, mathero.
 Ophunzira alembe kalata yantchito pa mutu omwe mwapereka ndipo mphunzitsi ayendere
ndi kuthandiza ophunzira.
 Pomaliza, ophunzira ena angspo awerenge kalata zawo ndipo mutenge makope awo kuti
mukachonge.

MUTU 12: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kulemba nkhani, nthano ndi sewero

Mfundo zoyenera kutsata polemba nkhani, nthano ndi sewero
 Kusankha mutu wosavuta kupeza mfundo zosangalatsa zikatambasulidwa
 Mutu ukhale wolingana ndi nzeru za ophunzira
 Osalemba mawu achipongwe kapena olaula
 Malembo azikkhala owerengeka
 Chiganizo chilichonse chizikhala ndi mfundo yayikulu
 Mfundo yayikulu itambasulidwe mokwanira
 Ndime ziziyalidwa mu dongosolo loyenera kutsatira kufunika kwake
 Pa ndime iliyonse pazikhala mfundo yoomba mkota
 Nthano, nkhani ndi sewero zizikhala zosangalatsa
 Kuwerenga ndi kukonza zomwe zalembedwa

MUTU 13: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo

Zomwe zimalepheretsa ophunzira akupulayimale kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo achiyankhulo
moyenera.
 Kusagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo pophunzitsa
 Kusagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana pophunzitsa
 Kusakhala ndi chizoloweza chowerenga mabuku owonjezera nzeru
 Chizolowezi choyankhula ziyankhulo zachilendo monga chingerezi
 Chizolowezi choyankhula ziyankhulo zam’madera
 Kusakhala ndi chidwi pa phunziroli

Njira zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa mavuto omwe ophunzira amakumana nawo pogwiritsa
ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo.
 Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyeneraa pophunzitsa
 Kutsata njira zosiyanasiyana pophunzitsa
 Kukhala ndi chizolowezi chowerenga mabuku oonjezera
 Kuzoloweraa kuyankhula Chichewa
 Kukhala ndi chizolowezi choyankhula Chichewa chithyakuka
 Kukhala ndi chidwi pa phunziroli

MUTU 14: Kaphunzitsidwe ka ndagi/zilapi

Mitundu ya ndagi
 Ndagi zonena zinthu zamoyo
 Ndagi zonena zinthu zopanda moyo

Kufunika kwa ndagi.

 Kuthandiza kuganiza mozama
 Kubweretsa chisangalalo
 Kusunga chikhalidwe chamakolo

Mutu 15: Kaphunzitsidwe ka mikuluwiko

Kufunika kwa mikuluwiko
 Imakometsa nkhani
 Imathandiza poyankhula mozimbaitsa
 Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa milandu
 Imathandiza kuganiza mozama
 Imaphunzitsa ndi kulimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino
 Imaphunzitsa chiyambi cha zinthu
 Imapititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha makolo
 Imathandiza kuyanjanitsa anthu omwe asemphana mawu (akukangana)

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira mikuluwiko

 Kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze zomwe akudziwako zokhudza mikuluwiko
 Kupereka tanthauzo la mkuluwiko
 Kupereka zitsanzo za mikuluwiko
 Kupereka matanthauzo ya mikuluwiko yomwe yaperekedwa ngati zitsanzo
 Kupereka ntchito kwa ophunzira monga kulemba matanthauzo a mikuluwiko
 Kuuza ophunzira kukachita kafukufuku wa zitsanzo zina za mikuluwiko.

Mutu 16: Kaphunzitsidwe ka nthano

Kufunika kwa nthano
 Kusangalatsa
 Kuphunzitsa
 Kudziwitsa

Ndondomeko yophunzitisira nthano

 Kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze zomwe akudziwako zokhudza nthano
 Kupereka tanthauzo la nthano
 Kupereka chitsanzo cha nthano
 Kunena nthano
 Kufotokoza kapekedwe ka nthano
 Kupereka ntchito kwa ophunzira monga kuyankha mafunso ndi kupereka phunziro lopezeka
mu nthano kapena kukamba za apangankhani, malo nthawi ndi zina.
 Kuuza ophunzira kukachita kafukufuku wa zitsanzo zina za nthano.

Mutu 17: Kaphunzitsidwe ka sewero

Kufunika kwa phunziro la sewero
 Kuyankhula pagulu mopanda manyazi
 Kusangalatsa
 Kupititsa patsogolo luso lomvetsera mwatcheru
 Kuphunzitsa
 Kuthandiza kuganiza mozama
 Kukonzekera ntchito yodzagwira mtsogolo
 Kudzudzula
 Kidziwitsa anthu zinthu zosiyanasiyana

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira sewero

 Kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze zomwe akuzidziwa zokhudza sewero/zisudzo
 Kupereka chitsanzo cha sewero
 Kufotokoza kufunika kwa sewero
 Kufotokoza zopezeka m’sewero
 Kuchita sewero
 Kupereka ntchito kwa ophunzira monga kuchita sewero, kufotokoza za atengambali,
makhalidwe awo, komamso phunziro lopezeka mu sewero.
 Kuchita kafukufuku wa masewero ena.

Mutu 18: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kuzukuta (analysis of) nyimbo ndi ndakatulo

Mfundo zoyenera kutsatira pozukuta nyimbo kapena ndakatulo
 Ndani akuyankhula?
 Akuti chiyani?
 Akuyankhula ndi yani?
 N’chifukwa chiyani akuyankhula zimenezi?
 Kodi woyankhulayo ndi wosangalala, wachisoni, wokhumudwa?
 Ndi mfundo yayikulu iti yomwe ikupezeka mu nyimbo kapena ndakatulo
 Zipangizo za nsetso (mawu apadera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga: mpeputso,
msemphano, voko, m’malere)

Njira zophunzitsira kumvetsa nkhani/nthano yomwe ophunzira awerenga.

1. Njira yolosera pogwiritsa ntchito mutu ndi zithunzi za nkhani/nthano
 Ophunzira amafunsidwa mafunso pa mutu ndi zithunzi ndipo iwo amapereka maganizo awo
nkhani/nthano isanawerengedwe, monga mukuganizo kuti nkhaniyi ikamba zotani?
 Lembani pa bolodi zina mwa zomwe ophunzira akuganiza.
 Chepetsani mafunso oti “mukuonapo chiyani” pachithunzipa.
 Njirayi imapereka chidwi kwa ophunzira chofuna kuwerenga nkhani.

2. Njira yolosera mathero a nkhani

 Tikawerenga kapena kumvetsera ndime kapena gawo la nkhani timatha kulosera mathero a
nkhani.
 Timafunsa mafunso monga: Kodi nkhaniyi itha bwanji malingana ndi ndime y(z)omwe
tawerenga kapena kumvetsera?

3. Njira yopanga chithunzithunzi cha nkhani

 Tikamawerenga kapena kumvetsera nkhani timatha kupanga chithunzithunzi m’maganizo
mwathu cha zimene zikuchitika, malo kapena nthawi yomwe nkhani ikuchitika ndi omwe
akuchita.
 Izi zimathandiza kumvetsa ndi kukumbukira zomwe zawerengedwa.

4. Njira yofotokozanso nkhani

 Uku ndikufotokoza nkhani m’mawu athuathu momwe tayiwerengera ndi kuyimvetsera.

5. Njira yopanga mafunso

 Timapanga mafunso tikatha kuwerenga nkhani.
 Mafunso amakhala okhudza ampangankhani, malo, mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi phunziro
lopezeka m’nkhaniyo.

6. Njira yodzifunsa mafunso

 Njirayi timadzifunsa mafunso pamene tikuwerenga nkhani.
 Titha kufunsa mafunso tikawerenga mizere ingapo kapena ndime imodzi, monga: Kodi
munthuyu amakatani kumsikaku?

7. Njira younika mpangankhani

 M’njirayi timapeza yemwe akuyankhula m’nkhani, zomwe akuyankhula ndi zifukwa zake,
gawo lomwe akutenga, ubale ndi ampangankhani ena komanso malo ndi nthawi yochitikira
nkhani.

8. Njira ya kalozera wa mfundo zikuluzikulu

 Njirayi timayang’ana mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe zikupezeka m’nkhani kapena m’macheza.

9. Njira yolumikiza zomwe akudziwa kale ndi zimene aphunzire.

 M’njirayi timagwiritsa ntchito zomwe tikudziwa kale kuti timvetse nkhani yomwe tiwerenge.

Chi Mod 2 sum

MUTU 1: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kumva ndi kuyankhula
Njira zophunzitsira maluso a kumva ndi kuyankhula
(mitu ya ntchito ya kumva ndi kuyankhula: malonje, zouzidwa zilapi, nthano, ndakatulo,
nyimbo)
 Kuchita sewero:
 Kusonyeza
 Kuyesana
 Ntchito ya m’magulu
 Kukambirana (kalasi yonse/mphunzitsi ndi ophunzira)
 Kufunsa ndi kuyankha mafunso
 Kufotokoza
MUTU 2. Kaphunzitsidwe ndi kayesedwe ka ndakatulo ndi nyimbo m’sitandade 5 mpaka 8.
Tanthauzo la:
Ndakatulo
Maganizo olembedwa mwachidule m’mdime imodzi kapena zingapo.
Nyimbo
Maganizo omwe amanenedwa kudzera m’kuimba
Mitundu ya ndakatulo
Zampululira:
Zomwe mawu akomalizira samveka mofanana
(Pezani zitsanzo m’mabuku a ophunzira a standard 5 mpaka 8)
Zamapasa:
Zomwe mawu akomalizira amamveka mofanana

Mitundu ya nyimbo
 Zachisoni
 Zothokoza
 Zodzudzula
 Zachisangalalo

Kufunika kwa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo

 Kupititsa patsogolo chikumbumtima (enhancing memory of what is learnt)
 Kuti ophunzira aziganiza mozama
 Kuti ophunzira adziwe katchulidwe kabwino ka mawu monga kutsitsa kapena kukweza
 Kuti ophunzira aziyankhula pagulu mopanda manyazi
 Kuti ophunzira adziwe zambiri zachiyankhulo
 Etc
Ntchito za ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
 Kuphunzitsa
 Kulangiza
 Kudzudzula
 Kuthokoza
 Kuthandiza kusunga chikhalidwa
 Kusangalatsa
 Etc

Zipangizo zophunzitsira ndakatulo ndi nyimbo

 ng’oma
 wenzulo
 badza
 chitoliro
 Etc

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira ndakatulo ndi nyimbo

 Choyamba, uzani ophunzira alakatule ndakatulo kapena ayimbe nyimbo yomwe akuyidziwa
kale
 Kachiwiri, funsani ophunzira kulongosola zomwe ndakatulo kapena nyimbo ikunena
 Kachitatu, werengani ndakatulo yomwe muphunzitse (powerenga mutsatire kukweza
kapena kutsitsa kwa mawu; kuwonetsa chisoni; kusonyeza chisangalalo; kugwedeza thupi
ngakhalenso kuvina kumene)
 Kachinayi, funsani ophunzira kuwerenga ndakatulo ndipo mukhale tcheru kumvetsera
momwe ophunzira akutchulira mawu
 Kachisanu, kambiranani ndi ophunzira zomwe ndakatuloyo/nyimboyo ikunena.
 Kachisanu ndi chimodzi, pemphani ophunzira kuloweza ndime imodzi kapena zingapo
(Langizo: sibwino kuumiriza ophunzira kuloweza ndakatulo/nyimbo

MUTU 3: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kukonzekera kuwerenga

Tanthauzo la kuwerenga: Kuzindikira ndi kutchula zolemba kuti tanthauzo limveke bwino
Kufunika kwa kuwerenga
 Kuthandiza ophunzira kupeza zochita zina (for pleasure)
 Kuthandiza ophunzira omwe akuphunzira paokha
 Kutola nzeru zambiri kuchokera m’mabuku osiyanasiyana
 Kuti aziwerenga zikwangwani, malangizo ndi zidziwitso paokha
 Kukonzekera ntchito yodzagwira mtsogolo
 Kuthandiza pophunzira maphunziro ena

Zomwe mphunzitsi angachite ndi ophunzira pa phunziro la kukonzekera kuwerenga

 Kuloza kumaso ndi kumbuyo kwa buku
 Kugwira buku moyenera osati mozondotsa
 Kutsekula buku moyenera
 Kuloza poyambira ndi pothera pa mawu
 Kupenya patsamba kuyambira kumanzere kupita kumanja
 Kuloza mawu m’chiganizo
 Kuyika buku pa mpata oyenera
 Kusiyanitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana
 Kufananitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana

Njira zothandizira kudziwa malire amawu

 Kutchula mawu amodziamodzi m’chiganizo uku akuwomba m’manja akatchula mawu
amodzi
 Kugwiritsa ntchito zala ndi mipata yomwe ili pakati pa zala. Chala chilichinse chiziyimira
mawu amodzi pamene mpata pakati pa zala uyimira mpata womwe uyenera kukhalapo
pakati pa mawu
 Pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi monga:
Amayi apit lero
a
MUTU 4 Njira zophunzitsira ndi kuyesera kuyamba kuwerenga
Pali zosoyanasiyana zomwe mphunzitsi angagwiritse ntchito pophunzitsa kuyamba kuwerenga
m’sitandade 1.
Njira yomwe ophunzira amatsata maliwu a malembo
 Aphunzitsi amatsata maliwu a malembo omwe ali m’chiyankhulo chomwe
chikuphunzitsidwa monga /a/ /n/ /i/ /m/
 Ngati ophunzira adziwa lembo ndi liwu lake, ndiye kuti angathe kuwerenga yekha komanso
kulemba mawu osiyanasiyana mosavuta.

Njira yotsata maphatikizo amalembo

 Mphunzitsi amaphunzitsa ophunzira kuwerenga pogwiritsa ntchito maphatikizo a malembo
monga mba + le = mbale, a + ba + ba = ababa

Njira yotsata mawu

 Mphunzitsi amayamba kuphunzitsa mawu omwe iwo akuwadziwa kale monga maina a
zinthu zomwe amaziona kunyumba kwawo, monga chitseko, mbiya, mbuzi, galu, nkhuku,
ng’ombe.
 Zithunzi ndi zinthu zenizeni zimayenera zikhalepo pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi.
 Kenako mphunzitsi amawaphunzitsa ophunzirawo mawu ena.

Njira yotsata ziganizo

 Aphunzitsi amayamba kuphunzitsa ophunzira ziganizo zomwe amazidziwa kale
 Ziganizo zimaperekedwa ndi ophunzirawo powafunsa mafunso monga:
iii. Pobwera kusukulu mwaona chiyani?
iv. Munagwira ntchito yanji lero kunyumba?
 Mphunzitsi amalemba pa bolodi zomwe mwana wayankha
 Kenako amawathandiza ophunzirawo kuwerenga chiganizocho

MUTU 5: Zipangizo zophunzitsira, zophunzirira ndi zoyesera kuwerenga

Kufunika kwa zipangizo zophunzitsira, zophunzirira ndi zoyesera kuwerenga

 Mphunzitsi amafotokoza mfundo mosavuta
 Ophunzira amamvetsa msanga phunziro
 Zimapatsa chidwi ophunzira
 Ophunzira saiwala msanga zomwe aphunzira
 Zimathandiza kusunga nthawi pophunzitsa

Zitsanzo za zipangizo zophunzitsira, zophunzirira ndi zoyesera kuwerenga

makadi
 Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mapepala olimba kapena zikuto
Ntchito yake
 Kulembapo malembo, maphatikizo ndi mawu
Kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake
 Ophunzira kutola khadi ndikuwerenga
 Kuchita masewero osiyanasiyana monga opanga mawu ndi maphatikizo
monga: a ndi ta ndi te kupanga mawu oti atate
 Mphunzitsi kulangiza khadi la lembo, phatikizo kapena mawu kuti ophunzira awerenge

matchati
 Awa ndi mapepala akulu
Ntchito yake
 kulembapo malembo, maphatikizo, mawu, ziganizo ndi ndakatulo
 kujambulapo chithunzi ndikulemba mawu okhudzana ndi chithunzicho

Zina zoyenera kuchita zokhudza matchati

 kudula mzere m’mbali mwa tchati kuti liwoneke lokongola ndilopatsa chidwi
 khomani tchati m’kalasi mwanu mukatha kuphunzitsa kuti ophunzira aziwerenga pa nthawi
yawoyawo.

Mabolodi ofewa:
Onani zitsanzo zomwe zili pakhomo lolowera mu HALL, komanso ku admin pa reception,
m’maofesi ndi m’kalasi mwanu.
Ntchito yake
 Kupachikapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza powerenga, ntchito yomwe ophunzira
analemba mwaluso ndi maina a ophunzira omwe akhoza bwino.
 Ngati mulibe mabolodi ofewa, gwiritsani ntchito mphasa, mkeka, bulangete

Alifabeti fulizi
 Awa ndi malembo omwe amathandiza ophunzira kudziwa kuwerenga
 Pamakhala lembo lalikulu ndi laling’ono monga Aa, Dd, Mm
 Pa lembo lililonse pamajambuilidwa chithunzi chogwirizana nd liwu loyamba la dzina la
chithunzicho
 Pachikani alifabeti fulizi pakhoma mukatha kuphunzitsira kuti ophunzira aziwerenga paokha
 Bokosi la kanema
 Limapangidwa kuchokera ku katoni, ndodo ziwiri ndi zithunzi zojambulidwa pa pepala
lalitali.
Ntchito yake
 Limathandiza powerenga kapena kufotokoza nthano
Kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake
 Potolozani (rotate) ndodozo kuti zithunzi ziziyenda ngati kanema.

Kansalu kacheya (fulanelo galafu)

 Aka ndi kansalu kacheya
 Ngati palibe gwiritsani ntchito bulangeti, thaulo la kubafa kapena chiguduli.
Ntchito yake
 Kupachikapo makadi olembapo mawu ndi zithunzi
 Kuwerengetsa mawu ndi ziganizo

Timabolodi
 Timapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa, dongo ndi katoni ndi utoto (paint)
Ntchito yake
 Kulembapo malembo, maphatikizo mawu ndi ziganizo zazifupi
Ubwino wake
 Zomwe zalembedwapo zikhoza kufufutidwa kuti palembedwe zina
 Timakhala nthawi yayitali.

Zidole
 Zimapangidwa kuchokera ku dongo, udzu kapena nsalu
Ntchito yake
 Zimathandiza pophunzitsa ophunzira a m’makalasi ang’onoang’ono powerenga nthano,
kapena nkhani
 Zimachititsa phunziro kukhala lopatsa chidwi ophunzira.

Zithunzi
Mutha:
 Kujambula nokha, kudula kuchokera mu nyuzipepala, magazine kapenaa kalendala yakale
 Kutenga zithunzi zofalitsa mauthenga osiyanasiyana.
Ubwino wake
 Ophunzira amamvetsa zomwe akuwerenga
 Ophunzira amakhala ndi chidwi ndi phunziro
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MUTU 6: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kuwerenga nkhani kapena nthano

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira nkhani kapena nthano msitandade 3 mpaka 8

 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira zomwe akuona pa chithunzi chomwe chili m’buku la ophunzira
koyambirira kwa nkhani/ nthano iliyonse
 Ophunzira awerenge mokweza mawu ovuta opezeka m’nkhani/m’nthano yomwe
awerenge. Kenako muwonetse ophunzira mawu ovutawo pa makadi ndipo ophunzira
awerenge.
 Ophunzira awerenge mwakachetechete nkhani/nthano yonse
 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira matanthauzo a mawu ovuta molingana ndi momwe mawuwo
agwiritsidwa ntchito m’nkhani/m’nthano
 Ophunzira ayankhe mosalemba mafunso ochokera m’nkhani/m’nthano yomwe awerenga
 Ophunzira achite ntchito monga kusanja mawu.
 Thandizani ophunzira ndikuchonga ntchito yawo
 Potsiriza kambiranani ndi ophunzira zolakwa zawo ndipo kenaka ophunzira akonze zolakwa
zawo

Njira zothandizira kumvetsa nkhani/nthano m’sitandade 3 mpaka 8

 Kupanga kalozera wa mfundo zikuluzikulu
 Kulosera nkhani
 Kudzifunsa mafunso
 Kupanga mafunso
 Kulosera mathero a nkhani
 Kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe akuzidziwa kale
Zofunika mphunzitsi kudziwiratu asanaphunzitse kuwerenga nthano.
 Mawu ovuta ndi katchulidwe kake
 Matanthauzo a mawu ovuta
 Nthani/nthano yomwe afuna kuphunzitsa
 Mafunso oyenera kufunsa pa nkhani/nthano poonjezera omwe ali kale m’buku la ophunzira
 Mayankho a mafunso omwe ali m’buku la ophunzira
 Zizindikiro za m’kalembedwe pamene ophunzira akuwerenga nkhani/nthano
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MUTU 7: Kuwerenga mabuku oonjezera
Kufunika kowerenga mabuku oonjezera
 Kuti ophunzira akulitse nkhokwe yawo ya mawu
 Kupeza chisangalalo
 Kupezamo nzeru zambiri
 Kupititsa patsogolo luso lowerenga mofulumira molondola ndi mosadodoma
 Kukulitsa khalidwe lokonda kuwerenga mabuku
 Kukonzekeretsa ophunzira ntchito yodzagwira m’tsogolo

Zitsanzo za mabuku oonjezera

 Nyuzipepala
 Magazini
 Mabuku akale
 Mabuku a nthano/nkhani zifupizifupi
 Nkhani zolemba ophunzira

Ndondomeko yophunzitira kuwerenga mabuku oonjezera

 Kuyala mabuku pa tebulo kapena malo oyenera
 Kuuza ophunzira kusankha buku lomwe afuna kuwerenga
 Ophunzira kuwerenga buku lomwe asankha
 Kufunsa ophunzira mafunso pa buku lomwe awerenga
 Kubwereketsa ophunzira mabuku kuti akawerenge kwawo

Ena mwa mafunso omwe ophunzira angafunsidwe akawerenga mabuku oonjezera ndi monga
awa:
 Tchulani mutu wa nkhani yomwe mwawerenga.
 Kodi nkhaniyo ndiyosangalatsa?
 Nkhani ikukamba za anthu ati?
 Kodi mwaphunzirapo chiyani pa nkhani yomwe mwawerenga?
 Nkhaniyo ikuchitikira kuti? Etc

Mutu 8: Kaphunzitsidwe ndi kayesedwe ka kulemba mwaluso ndi kulemba zidziwitso

Ndondomeko yphunzitsira kulemba mwaluso

 Poyamba ophunzira abwereze kuwerenga mokweza ndime ziwiri za m’buku la ophunzira
 Kachiwiri jambulani mizere ndi kulemba mwaluso malembo ndi mawu.
 Kachitatu ophunzira m’modzi awerenge zomwe zalembedwa pabolodi
 Kachinayi ophunzira alembe malembo ndi mawu m’mizere m’makope mwawo
 Kachisanu thandizani ophunzira ndi kuchonga zomwe alemba.
 Pomaliza, ophunzira abwereze kulemba malembo ndi mawu pabolodi.

Mitundu ya zidziwitso
 Zochenjeza monga: Chenjerani ndi akuba
 Zolangiza monga: Pewani kuchita chiwerewere
 Zophunzitsa monga: Kupewa kuposa kuchiza
 Zodziwitsa monga: Mlatho waung’ono patsogolo

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira kulemba zidziwitso

 Poyamba ophunzira akambirane m’magulu zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana zimene akuzidziwa.
 Kachiwiri thandizani ophunzira kuyika zidziwitso m’magulu molingana ndi ntchito yomwe
zikugwira (mtundu)
 Kachitatu sonyezani ophunzira kalembedwe ka zidziwitso
 Kachinayi ophunzira ajambule zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana m’magulu mwawo
 Pomaliza gulu lililonse liwonetse ntchito yawo kwa kalasi lonse
MUTU 9: Kaphunzitsidwe ndi kayesedwe ka kulemba lembetso
Kufunika kwa lembetso
Kuthandiza ophunzira:
 Kulemba mawu ndi ziganizo pamtima
 Kudziwa kulemba zizindikiro zam’kalembedwe
 Kulimbikitsa maluso akumva ndi kulemba nthawi imodzi
 Kutha kulemba mwaluso
 Kutha kulemba mwachangu komanso molondola
 Kukhala ndi maziko a ntchito yam’tsogolo monga ulembi
 Kumvetsera mwatcheru zomwe wina akukamba kapena kumvetsera

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira lembetso

 Bwerezani kulemba ndime yomwe ophunzira alembe
 Kambiranani mawu achilendo ndi zizindikiro za m’kalembedwe
 Werengani ndime yonse kamodzi ophunzira akungomvetsera
 Werengani kachigawo kalikonse kawiri ophunzira akulemba
 Werenganinso ndime yonse kamodzi kuti ophunzira akonze zolakwa zawo
 Chongani ntchito ya ophunzira
 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira zomwe alakwa
 Kenako ophunzira akonze zolakwazo

Njira zochongera lembetso

Mphunzitsi kuchonga yekha
Ubwino wake
 Mumadziwa mavuto a ophunzira aliyense ndi momwe mungamuthandizire
 Mumadziwa ngati ophunzira amva kapena ayi
 Ophunzira amkhutira ndi ntchito yochongedwa ndi mphunzitsi wawo
 Makolo amakondwera ndi ntchito yochongedwa ndi mphunzitsi wa ana awo
Kuyipa kwake
 Ndi ntchito yofunika nthawi yambiri
 Ophunzira amalandira ntchito yawo mochedwa

Ophunzira kuchongerana ntchito mosinthana

Ubwino wake
 Ntchito imachongedwa mofulumira
 Ophunzira amakhalaa ndi mwayi ophunzira luso lochonga
Kuyipa kwake
 Ena amachonga mokonderana
 Ena satha kuwona zolakwa za anzawo
 Ophunzira sakhutira ndi ntchito yochongedwa ndi anzawo
 Makolo sakhutira ndi ntchito yochongerana ophunzira okhaokha

Kusankha ophunzira ena kuchonga ntchito ya anzawo

Ubwino wake
 Osankhidwawo amaphunzira luso lochonga
 Amakonzekera ntchito yam’tsogolo monga ya uphunzitsi
Kuyipa kwake
 Si onse amachonga moyenera
 Amane sanasankhidwe kuchonga nawo amakhumudwa
 Ophunzira ena amanyoza anzawo

Ophunzira aliyense adzichongere yekha

Ubwino wake
 Ophunzira aliyense amadziwa zofooka zake
 Ophunzira amawonetsa kukhulupirika pochonga ntchito ya anzawo kumanso ya iwo eni
Kuyipa kwake
 Si ophunzira onse amakhulupirika pochonga ntchito yawo

Zizindikiro zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito pochonga lembetso

 Kutseka mzere kunsi kwa mawu olakwa
 Kuyika chizindikiro choti ophunzira wasiya mawu ena
 Kuzunguliza pamene ophunzira walakwitsa
MUTU 10: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kulemba chimangirizo
Mfundo zoyenera kuganizira polemba chimangirizo. Zina mwa izo ndi:
 Pezani mutu omwe uli ndi mfundo zambiri
 Lembani padera chikonzekero cha mfundo (draft/rough work) zomwe mukufuna kulemba.
 Gwiritsani ntchito nsinjiro zachiyankhulo, koma zisakhale koyambirira kwa ndime ndipo
zisatsangane
 Musagwiritse ntchito mawu olaula ndi achipongwe
 Lembani malembo ooneka bwino
Ndondomeko yophunzitsira chimangirizo mu sitandade 3 ndi 4
Pezani zitsanzo za ndondomeko m’buku la mphunzitsi la sitandade 3 ndi 4.
Ndondomeko yophunzitsira chimangirizo mu sitandade 5 mpaka 8
 Lembani mutu wa chimangirizo pabolodi
 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira mfundo zazikuluzikulu pa mutu omwe wasankhidwandi
kuzisanja mu ndondomeko yoyenera
 Kambiranani ndi ophunzira chitsanzo cha momwe angalembere chimangirizo pogwiritsa
ntchito mafunso.
 Ophunzira alembe chimangirizo pogwiritsa ntchito mutu omwe mwapereka potsatira
mafunso owatsogolera.
 Onani ntchito ya ophunzira ndi kuwathandiza pamene akulemba
 Pomaliza tengani ntchito ya ophunzira kuti mukachonge.

MUTU 11: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kulemba kalata

Ndondomeko yophunzitsira kulemba kalata ya ntchito m’sitandade 5 mpaka 8
 Funsani ophunzira ngati adalembapo kapenaa kuwonapo kalata yantchito.
 Pachikani tchati ya chitsanzo cha kalata yantchito ndipo mukambirane ndi ophunzira
magawo a kalata monga keyala, tsiku, komwe kalata ikupita, malonje, thunthu, mathero.
 Ophunzira alembe kalata yantchito pa mutu omwe mwapereka ndipo mphunzitsi ayendere
ndi kuthandiza ophunzira.
 Pomaliza, ophunzira ena angspo awerenge kalata zawo ndipo mutenge makope awo kuti
mukachonge.

MUTU 12: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kulmba nkhani, nthano ndi sewero

Mfundo zoyenera kutsata polemba nkhani, nthano ndi sewero
 Kusankha mutu wosavuta kupeza mfundo zosangalatsa zikatambasulidwa
 Mutu ukhale wolingana ndi nzeru za ophunzira
 Osalemba mawu achipongwe kapena olaula
 Malembo azikkhala owerengeka
 Chiganizo chilichonse chizikhala ndi mfundo yayikulu
 Mfundo yayikulu itambasulidwe mokwanira
 Ndime ziziyalidwa mu dongosolo loyenera kutsatira kufunika kwake
 Pa ndime iliyonse pazikhala mfundo yoomba mkota
 Nthano, nkhani ndi sewero zizikhala zosangalatsa
 Kuwerenga ndi kukonza zomwe zalembedwa
MUTU 13: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo
Zomwe zimalepheretsa ophunzira akupulayimale kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo achiyankhulo
moyenera.
 Kusagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo pophunzitsa
 Kusagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana pophunzitsa
 Kusakhala ndi chizoloweza chowerenga mabuku owonjezera nzeru
 Chizolowezi choyankhula ziyankhulo zachilendo monga chingerezi
 Chizolowezi choyankhula ziyankhulo zam’madera
 Kusakhala ndi chidwi pa phunziroli
Njira zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa mavuto omwe ophunzira amakumana nawo pogwiritsa
ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo.
 Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyeneraa pophunzitsa
 Kutsata njira zosiyanasiyana pophunzitsa
 Kukhala ndi chizolowezi chowerenga mabuku oonjezera
 Kuzoloweraa kuyankhula Chichewa
 Kukhala ndi chizolowezi choyankhula Chichewa chithyakuka
 Kukhala ndi chidwi pa phunziroli
MUTU 14: Kaphunzitsidwe ka ndagi/zilapi
mitundu ya ndagi
 Ndagi zonena zinthu zamoyo
 Ndagi zonena zinthu zopanda moyo
Kufunika kwa ndagi.
 Kuthandiza kuganiza mozama
 Kubweretsa chisangalalo
 Kusunga chikhalidwe chamakolo
Mutu 15: Kaphunzitsidwe ka mikuluwiko
Kufunika kwa mikuluwiko
 Imakometsa nkhani
 Imathandiza poyankhula mozimbaitsa
 Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa milandu
 Imathandiza kuganiza mozama
 Imaphunzitsa ndi kulimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino
 Imaphunzitsa chiyambi cha zinthu
 Imapititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha makolo
 Imathandiza kuyanjanitsa anthu omwe asemphana mawu (akukangana)
Ndondomeko yophunzitsira mikuluwiko
 Kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze zomwe akudziwako zokhudza mikuluwiko
 Kupereka tanthauzo la mkuluwiko
 Kupereka zitsanzo za mikuluwiko
 Kupereka matanthauzo ya mikuluwiko yomwe yaperekedwa ngati zitsanzo
 Kupereka ntchito kwa ophunzira monga kulemba matanthauzo a mikuluwiko
 Kuuza ophunzira kukachita kafukufuku wa zitsanzo zina za mikuluwiko.

Kufunika kwa nthano

 Kusangalatsa
 Kuphunzitsa
 Kudziwitsa
Ndondomeko yophunzitisira nthano
 Kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze zomwe akudziwako zokhudza nthano
 Kupereka tanthauzo la nthano
 Kupereka chitsanzo cha nthano
 Kunena nthano
 Kufotokoza kapekedwe ka nthano
 Kupereka ntchito kwa ophunzira monga kuyankha mafunso ndi kupereka phunziro lopezeka
mu nthano kapena kukamba za apangankhani, malo nthawi ndi zina.
 Kuuza ophunzira kukachita kafukufuku wa zitsanzo zina za nthano.
Mutu 17: Kaphunzitsidwe ka sewero
Kufunika kwa phunziro la sewero
 Kuyankhula pagulu mopanda manyazi
 Kusangalatsa
 Kupititsa patsogolo luso lomvetsera mwatcheru
 Kuphunzitsa
 Kuthandiza kuganiza mozama
 Kukonzekera ntchito yodzagwira mtsogolo
 Kudzudzula
 Kidziwitsa anthu zinthu zosiyanasiyana
Ndondomeko yophunzitsira sewero
 Kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze zomwe akuzidziwa zokhudza sewero/zisudzo
 Kupereka chitsanzo cha sewero
 Kufotokoza kufunika kwa sewero
 Kufotokoza zopezeka m’sewero
 Kuchita sewero
 Kupereka ntchito kwa ophunzira monga kuchita sewero, kufotokoza za atengambali,
makhalidwe awo, komamso phunziro lopezeka mu sewero.
 Kuchita kafukufuku wa masewero ena.
Mutu 18: Kaphunzitsidwe ka kuzukuta (analysis of) nyimbo ndi ndakatulo
Mfundo zoyenera kutsatira pozukuta nyimbo kapena ndakatulo
 Ndani akuyankhula?
 Akuti chiyani?
 Akuyankhula ndi yani?
 N’chifukwa chiyani akuyankhula zimenezi?
 Kodi woyankhulayo ndi wosangalala, wachisoni, wokhumudwa?
 Ndi mfundo yayikulu iti yomwe ikupezeka mu nyimbo kapena ndakatulo
 Zipangizo za nsetso (mawu apadera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga: mpeputso,
msemphano, voko, m’malere)

Njira zophunzitsira kumvetsa nkhani/nthano yomwe ophunzira awerenga.

Njira yolosera pogwiritsa ntchito mutu ndi zithunzi za nkhani/nthano
 Ophunzira amafunsidwa mafunso pa mutu ndi zithunzi ndipo iwo amapereka maganizo awo
nkhani/nthano isanawerengedwe, monga mukuganizo kuti nkhaniyi ikamba zotani?
 Lembani pa bolodi zina mwa zomwe ophunzira akuganiza.
 Chepetsani mafunso oti “mukuonapo chiyani” pachithunzipa.
 Njirayi imapereka chidwi kwa ophunzira chofuna kuwerenga nkhani.

Njira yolosera mathero a nkhani

 Tikawerenga kapena kumvetsera ndime kapena gawo la nkhani timatha kulosera mathero a
nkhani.
 Timafunsa mafunso monga: Kodi nkhaniyi itha bwanji malingana ndi ndime y(z)omwe
tawerenga kapena kumvetsera?
Njira yopanga chithunzithunzi cha nkhani
 Tikamawerenga kapena kumvetsera nkhani timatha kupanga chithunzithunzi m’maganizo
mwathu cha zimene zikuchitika, malo kapena nthawi yomwe nkhani ikuchitika ndi omwe
akuchita.
 Izi zimathandiza kumvetsa ndi kukumbukira zomwe zawerengedwa.
Njira yofotokozanso nkhani
 Uku ndikufotokoza nkhani m’mawu athuathu momwe tayiwerengera ndi kuyimvetsera.

Njira yopanga mafunso

 Timapanga mafunso tikatha kuwerenga nkhani.
 Mafunso amakhala okhudza ampangankhani, malo, mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi phunziro
lopezeka m’nkhaniyo.

Njira yodzifunsa mafunso

 Njirayi timadzifunsa mafunso pamene tikuwerenga nkhani.
 Titha kufunsa mafunso tikawerenga mizere ingapo kapena ndime imodzi, monga: Kodi
munthuyu amakatani kumsikaku?

Njira younika mpangankhani

 M’njirayi timapeza yemwe akuyankhula m’nkhani, zomwe akuyankhula ndi zifukwa zake,
gawo lomwe akutenga, ubale ndi ampangankhani ena komanso malo ndi nthawi yochitikira
nkhani.

Njira ya kalozera wa mfundo zikuluzikulu

 Njirayi timayang’ana mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe zikupezeka m’nkhani kapena m’macheza.

Njira yolumikiza zomwe akudziwa kale ndi zimene aphunzire.

 M’njirayi timagwiritsa ntchito zomwe tikudziwa kale kuti timvetse nkhani yomwe tiwerenge.