• Manufacturing of Phosphoric acid by
Hydrochloric Acid Leaching
• Fertilizer Technology
(4350505)
• Team work micro project-Sem-5
• Name: • En. No.
JADEJA YUVRAJSINH 236200305062
JAGATIYA HARDIK 236200305063
JAMOD ANIRUDHDHABHAI 236200305064
• Physical Properties of phosphoric acid
1. Chemical formula:H3PO4
2. Molecular weight:98
3. Melting point: 42.4°C
4. Boiling point: Loses water of hydration from (H3PO4)2.H2O
at 213°C
5. Density:1.83 gm/cc at 20°C
6. Completely miscible with water
7. Colorless
8. Non toxic
• Chemical Properties of Phosphoric acid
[Link] occurs:
H3PO4 ⇌H+ + PO4-
[Link] with Caustic:
H3PO4 + NaOH →NaH2PO4 +H2O
[Link] with ammonia & produce ammonium dichloro phosphate:
NH3 + H3PO4 → NH4H2PO4
[Link] on Heating:
2H₃PO₄ → H₄P₂O₇ + H₂O
• Application of Phosphoric acid
1. Food and Beverage Industry
Acidulant: Used to acidify foods and beverages, especially soft drinks like colas, to provide a
tangy flavor.
Preservative: Helps inhibit microbial growth in processed foods.
2. Agriculture
Fertilizer production: The primary use of phosphoric acid is in the manufacture of phosphate
fertilizers like:
Monoammonium phosphate (MAP)
Diammonium phosphate (DAP)
3. Industrial and Manufacturing Applications
Metal treatment:
Rust removal and prevention (phosphating of steel surfaces)
Cleaning and degreasing metals
Corrosion inhibitor: Used in boiler water treatment and other industrial systems
4. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care
Dental and orthopedic use: In etching solutions to clean and roughen tooth
enamel or bone surfaces before application of adhesives.
• Manufacturing of phosphoric acid by Hydrochloric
acid leaching
• Raw materials:
1. Phosphate Rock
2. Hydrochloric acid
3. Solvent(butanol)
4. Water
• Utility:
1. Electricity
2. Steam
• Chemical Reaction
• Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HCI + 6H2O → 2H3PO₄ + 3CaCl2
• Side reactions
• CaF2 + 2HCI → 2HF + CaCl2
• 6HF + SiO2 → H2SiF6 + 2 H2O
• Process Description:
• Phosphate rock is ground to pass a 20 mesh screen and fed into a
dissolver where an acid stream of conc.
• HCI plus make-up wash water from the counter-current decantation
system is added. Fumes of CO2 HF and HCI are scrubbed for acid
recovery.
• The mixture is fed to a series of decantation units with overflow from
the first settler moving to the counter-current solvent extraction
operations.
• The solids underflow goes to 2-3 washing thickeners. Extraction of
H3PO4 plus some free HCI is done in a battery of mixer-settlers (a)
with CaCl₂ + Ca Fretained in aqueous phase.
• The extract is again passed through several more mixer-settlers (b) for
removal of trace impurities of Ca^ ++ which are co-extracted. The
extractant is aqueous reflux from the next unit-transfer extractors (c)
where water extracts H3PO4 and HCI from solvent phase.
• The washed solvent recycled to a final series of mixer-settlers
(d) where the balance of HCl is extracted from raffinate
phase of extractors (a).
• The acid-free brine is sent to steam stripping for solvent
[Link] aqueous acid raffinate from (c) is separated and
concentrated in a triple effect evaporator to give three
different overhead streams:
(1) Alcohol-water overhead flash from the first effect which is
condensed and returned to extractors (a)
2) Dilute HCI from the second effect
(3) Conc. HCI from the third effect
• The HCl is returned to acid make-up. The bottoms from the
third effect is product phosphoric acid (80% H3PO4)
• Major engineering Problem
[Link] recovery
The use of relatively expensive solvent in producing low-cost acid means careful
attention to design and operation of solvent-handling equipment.
[Link] of construction
All sections of the plant must be HCI resistant which requires rubber-lined or PVC-
lined mild steel or rigid PVC equipment. The latter is recommended. For
evaporation and steam stripping equipment, impervious graphite (e.g., Karbate,
Diabon) is specified.
[Link] disposal
Problems of disposing of CaCl, aqueous effluent and siliceous rock residue become
acute where lagooning is not allowable.