Algebra Mr.

Ahmed Rashad
COUNTING PRINCIPLE

If a certain act can be performed in n different ways, and a second act can be
performed in m different ways, then the number of ways to perform the first act or
the second act is (m + n) ways
If a certain act can be performed in n different ways, and a second act can be
performed in m different ways, then the number of ways to perform the first act and
the second act is (m×n) ways
When you choose “r” objects out of “n” objects, we consider the following:

With order Without order

With replacement nr n + r – 1Cr

Without replacement nPr nCr

To park (r) cars in (n) places next to each other (i) Number of ways
in a circle n ⌊𝒓
(ii) in a row (n – r + 1) ⌊𝒓
To park (r) cars in (n) places
(i) in a row nPr

(ii) in a circle nPr ÷ 𝒏

The number of ways to arrange n objects in one row = ⌊ 𝒏

The number of ways to arrange n objects on a circle = ⌊ 𝒏 − 𝟏
IF there are” n” points
number of line segments = nC2
number of triangles = nC3
number of non- zero vectors= nP2
The number of the diagonals of the geometrical figure
= the number of all line segments – the number of sides in the figure = nC2 – n

1- Complete the following:

1) The number of numbers that could be formed from 2-different digits taken from the
digits: }1, 2, 3, 4, 5{equals………
5× 4 = 20 another method (5P2)

2) The number of ways of choosing a team consists of 6 persons out of 12 persons

equals………
12C6

3) The number of ways can 3 balls be put in 5 boxes, if the box can hold only one ball is
…………
5C3=10

4) If X = }x : x ∈ N, 9 ≥ x ≥ 5{ and If Y = }(a, b): a, b ∈ x{, then n(Y)=…...

52=25

Third Secondary 1 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
5) In a running competition between 10 participants, in how many ways can the first,
second and third rank be arranged……….
10P3

6) The number of ways of forming a team consists of 4 persons out of 9 boys and 5 girls, all
the team must be of the same gender = ………..
9C4+5C4

7) The number of ways of choosing a group of 3 girls and 4 boys out of 5 girls and 7 boys
equals…………
7C4 ×5C3

8) number of ways that 4 balls can be put in 5 baskets is…………

5+4-1C4=8C4

2- Choose the correct answer:

1)The number of ways of forming 2-digit number out of:
} 3, 4, 5, 6, 7{ equals…………
a) 5C3 b) 52 c) 5P2 d) 5C2
52=25
2) 12 players participate in a swimming competition. How many ways can the first,
second and third ranks be arranged?
a) 1230 b) 1320 c) 3210 d) 3210
12P3=1320

3) If X = } x : x ∈ N, 5 ≤ x ≤ 9{, If y ={(a, b): a, b∈ x , a ≠b{, then the number of elements of

y = ……..
a) 10 b) 20 c) 120 d) 5
5P2=20

4) If X = }x : x ∈ Z, -2 ≤ x ≤ 6{, Z = }}a, b, c{ : a, b, c ∈ X{, then the number of elements of Z

=………….
a) 504 b) 633 c) 84 d) 56
9C3=84

5)The number of ways of distributing 3 identical balls on 4 boxes=..…

a) 4C3 b) 5C3 c) 6C3 d) 4P3
4+3-1C3=6C3

6) The number of ways to choose 2-different letters together or 3-different letters together
from the elements of the set }a, b, c, d, e, h{ is…………….
a) 6C2 × 6C3 b) 6P2 × 6P3 c) 6C2 + 6C3 d) 6P2 + 6P3
6C2 + 6C3

7) The number of ways of choosing 3 persons together out of a set of 5 men and 3 women,
if two persons from the three are of the same gender equals…………
a) 5C2 × 3C1 b) 5C1 + 3C2
c) C2 × C1
5 3 d) 5C2 × 3C1 + 5C1 × 3C2
5C2 × 3C1 + 5C1 × 3C2

8) If a, b, c, d, e are points on a circle, then the number of polygons can be drawn from these
points = ……….
a) 5 b) 50 c) 16 d) 9
5C3+5C4+5C5=16

Third Secondary 2 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
9) In a car-park, if 5 cars get in one by one and there were 7 places, then the number of ways
of occupying these places equals………..
a) 7C5 b) 7P5 c) ⌊ 𝟓 d) ⌊ 𝟕
7P5

10) The number of ways of distributing 6 prizes equally among 3 pupils = ………….
a) 6P3 b) ⌊ 𝟔 c) 6C3 d) 10P2
6C24C22C2=90=10P2

11) The number of ways of acceptance decision by majority for a committee consists of 5
persons………….
a) 16 b) 50 c) 300 d) 120
5C3 +5C4+5C5=16

12) The number of ways of selection of two committee each of them consists of 3 persons
out of 12 persons, in a condition that the person can’t participate in the two committees
together is………….
a) 12C3 × 9C3 b) 12C3 + 9C3 c) 12P3 + 9C3 d) 12P3 + 9P3
12C3 × 9C3

13) The number of ways that a teacher can choose a student or more out of 5 students =
……………
a) 20 b) ⌊ 𝟓 c) 5C5 d) 31
5C1 +5C2 +5C3+5C4+5C5=31

3- Find the number of ways of:

1) Selecting three persons out of five person . 5C3= 10

2) Forming 3-different digits number out of: }1, 2, 3, 4, 5{ 5× 4 × 3 =60

3) Forming 3-digit number (repeating is acceptable)
out of:}1,2,3,4,5{ 53=125

4- A 4 –person committee is to be formed out of 9 men and 3 women:

a) Find the number of ways to form this committee.
b) How many committees that contains only one woman?
c) How many committees that contains at least one woman?
a) Number of ways = 12C4 = 495
b) Number of ways = 12C1 × 9C3 = 252
c) Number of ways = 12C1 × 9C3 + 3C2 × 9C2 + 3C3 × 9C1
= 252 + 108 + 9 = 369
Another solution
= 12C4 – 3C0 × 9C4 = 495 – 126 = 369
5- 12 player participle in a swimming competition.
How many ways the first, second and the third places be arranged.
a) 1230 b) 1320 c) 2310 d) 3210
12P3 = 12 × 11 × 10 = 1320 (b)

Third Secondary 3 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
6-The students should answer 10 questions out of 13 questions on a condition that they
should answer 4 questions at least from the first 5 questions by How many ways can they
answer?

5 8
A B
Number of ways = (4 from A and 6 from B) or (5 from A and 5 from B)
= 5C4 × 8C6 + 5C5 × 8C5 = 196
7-If the number of diagonals in a polygon is 44 then the number of its sides equals ……..
number of diagonals in a polygon = nC2 – n
... nC2 – n = 44
𝑛(𝑛−1)
2
– n – 44 = 0 , n2 – n – 2n – 88 = 0
n2 – 3n – 88 = 0
n = 11 n = - 8 refuse

Third Secondary 4 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Permutation and combination

If n∈ 𝒛+ , r ∈ N, 𝟎 ≤r ≤ n then:
nPr ∈ Z+ nCr∈ Z+ ⌊ 𝒏 ∈ Z+
⌊𝟎 =⌊𝟏 =1 nP0 = 1 nP1 =n
nPr
⌊𝒏
=⌊ 𝒏−𝒓 = 𝒏 (𝒏 – 𝟏) (𝒏 – 𝟐) × … … .× (𝒏 – 𝒓 + 𝟏)

⌊ 𝒏 =n(n – 1) (n – 2) × ……. × 3 × 2 × 1

⌊ 𝒏 = n ⌊ 𝒏 − 𝟏 = n (n – 1) ⌊ 𝒏 − 𝟐 = …….
nPn= nPn-1

𝒏𝑷𝒓 ⌊𝒏
nCr = = ⌊ 𝒓 ⌊ 𝒏−𝒓
⌊𝒓

nCr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr

nCr = nCn – r "reducing law"
nCn = nC0 = 1 , nC1 = n
𝒏𝑪 𝒓 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏
𝒏
= 𝒓
𝑪𝒓−𝟏

nCr 𝒏
: n-1Cr-1 = 𝒓
If nCx=nCy then: X = y or X + y = n

Examples:
1) Find the value of n in each of the following:
a) nCn – 3 = 120
b) 25C3n – 5 = 25C2n
Solution
n . n
a) ... Cn – 3 = 120 . . C3 = 120 ... 120 = 10C3
... nC3 = 10C3 ... n = 10
b) ... 25C3n – 5 = 25C2n
First: 3n – 5 = 2n n = 5 (check)
Second: 3 n – 5 + 2n = 25
5 n = 30 ... n = 6 check
Try to solve:
1) Find the value of n in each of the following:
a) n + 1Cn – 1 = 66 b) 25C2n – 14 = 25Cn – 1

Third Secondary 5 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Ratio rule:
𝑛𝐶 𝑟 𝑛−𝑟+1
= 𝑟
𝑛𝐶𝑟−1
The previous relation can be proved as follows:
𝑛𝐶𝑟 ⌊𝑛 ⌊𝑛
R.H.S : 𝑛 = ⌊ 𝑟 ⌊𝑛−𝑟 ÷ ⌊ 𝑟−1⌊𝑛−𝑟+1
𝐶𝑟−1
⌊𝑛 ⌊ 𝑟−1⌊𝑛−𝑟+1
= ⌊ 𝑟 ⌊𝑛−𝑟 × ⌊𝑛
1 ⌊ 𝑟−1(𝑛−𝑟+1)⌊𝑛−𝑟 𝑛−𝑟+1
= 𝑟⌊𝑟−1 ⌊𝑛−𝑟 × =
1 𝑟
Example:
1
2) If nC6: nC5 = 3 , find the value of ⌊ 𝑛 − 2
𝑛𝐶6 1 𝑛−6+1 1 𝑛−5 1
... 𝑛 =3 ... =3 ... =3 ... n = 7
𝐶5 6 6
... ⌊ 𝑛 − 2 = ⌊ 7 − 2 = ⌊ 5 = 120
Try to solve:
1
2) Calculate the value of r if: 7Cr: 7Cr – 1 = 3

Addition rule: (2) nCr + nCr – 1 = n + 1Cr

The previous relation can be proved as follows:
⌊𝑛 ⌊𝑛
R.H.S = ⌊ 𝑟 ⌊𝑛−𝑟 + ⌊ 𝑟−1⌊𝑛−𝑟+1
(𝑛−𝑟+1)⌊ 𝑛 +𝑟⌊ 𝑛 (𝑛−𝑟+1+𝑟)⌊ 𝑛
= =
⌊ 𝑟⌊𝑛−𝑟+1 ⌊ 𝑟⌊𝑛−𝑟+1
(𝑛+1)⌊ 𝑛 ⌊ 𝑛+1
= ⌊ 𝑟⌊𝑛+1−𝑟 =⌊ 𝑟⌊𝑛+1−𝑟 = n + 1Cr = L.H.S
Example:
3) If n+1Pr+1: n+1Cr+1 = 720: 1, nCr-2 + nCr-3 = 56,
find the numerical value of n and r.
Solution
n+1P : n+1C
r+1 r+1 = 720: 1
⌊𝑟 + 1 = 720 ⌊𝑟 + 1 = ⌊6 ... r = 5
... nCr-2 + nCr-3 = 56 ... nC3 + nC2 = 56 ... n+1C3 = 56
. n+1 8 . .
. . C3 = C3 . . n+1 = 8 ..n=7
Try to solve:
3) If 13Cr : 13Cr+1 = 9 : 5 , nCr-2 : nCr-1 = 3432 find n , r
Example:
4) Prove that: nCr + 2 nCr+1 + nCr+2 = n+2Cr+2 hence find the value of: 10C5 + 2 10C6 + 10C7
Solution
n n n n
R.H.S = Cr + Cr+1 + Cr+1 + Cr+2
= n+1Cr+1 + n+1Cr+2 = n+2Cr+2 = L.H.S
The expression = 10C5 + 210C6 + 10C7
put n = 10 , r = 5
From the previous relations, then:
10C + 2 10C 10 10+2C 12
5 5+1 + C5+2 = 5+2 = C7 = 792
Try to solve:
4) a- Find the value of n if
17𝐶6+ 17𝐶5
a- nC3 + 2 nC2 + nC1 = 12 b- Find the value of: 18𝐶5

Third Secondary 6 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
𝑛
Critical thinking: Prove that: nCr: n-1Cr-1 = 𝑟 and hence prove that
25𝐶4 + 24𝐶3 58
=
24𝐶3 +23𝐶2 9
Example:
5) If nCr+2 × nCr ≥ nCr+1 × nCr-1,
prove that: n ≥ 2r+1
Solution
r+2 × ×
nC nC nC nC
... r≥ r+1 r-1
𝑛𝐶𝑟+2 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑛−(𝑟+1)+1 𝑛−(𝑟+1)
.
.. × ≥1 => × ≥1
𝑛𝐶𝑟+1 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑟+2 𝑟
𝑛−𝑟−1 𝑛−𝑟+1
.
. . 𝑟+2 × 𝑟 ≥1
=> (n – r)2 – 1 ≥ r(r + 2)
(n –r) ≥ (r+1)2
2

=> n–r≥r+1 ... n ≥ 2r + 1

Try to solve:
5) Find the possible values of n if nC8 × nC6 ≥ nC7 × nC5

Third Secondary 7 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
The Binomial Theorem
(x+a)n = xn + nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2a2 + …… + an
(x - a)n = xn - nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2a2 - …… + (-a)n
(x + a)n + (x – a)n = 2 ]Sum of odd ordered terms[
(x + a)n - (x – a)n = 2 ]Sum of even ordered terms[
(1 ± x)n = 1 ± nC1 x + nC2 x2 ± nC3 x3 + ……. + (±x)n
The general term in the expansion of (x + a) n is Tr+1 = nCr xn – r ar
The general term in the expansion of (1+ x) n is Tr+1 = nCr xr
The middle term in the expansion of (x + a) n
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟑
If n is odd, there are two middle terms of orders 𝟐
and 𝟐

𝒏+𝟐
If n is even, there is one middle term of order 𝟐

In the expansion of (x + a)n, The ratio between two consecutive terms

𝑻𝒓+𝟏 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒂
𝑻𝒓
= 𝒓
×𝒙

In the expansion of (x + a)n, The ratio between the two coefficients of the two
consecutive terms
𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇𝑻𝒓+𝟏 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇𝑻𝒓
= 𝒓
× 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎

The greatest coefficient in the binomial

𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇𝑻𝒓+𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇𝑻𝒓+𝟏
Solve for r : 𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇𝑻𝒓
≥ 𝟏, 𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇𝑻𝒓
≤𝟏

Examples:
Writing the expansion of a binomial
1) Write the expansion of (2x + 3y)4
Solution
(2x + 3y)4 =(2x)4
+ 1 4C (2x)3
(3y) + 2 4C (2x)2 (3y)2+ 4C3 (2x) ( 3y)3 + (3y)4
= 16 x4 + 96 x3y + 216 x2y2 + 216 xy3 + 81 y4
Try to solve:
1) Write the expansion of:
a) (3x + y)5 b) (x2 – 1)6
Special cases of the expansion of a binomial:
a) (1 + x)n = 1 + nC1 x + nC2 x2 + …. + xn
b) (1 – x)n = 1 – nC1 x + nC2 x2 - …. + (-x)n
Example:
2) Write the expansion of (1 + x)6 , then use it to find the numerical value of the expansion:
6C + 6C + 6C + ….. + 6C
0 1 2 6

Third Secondary 8 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Solution
(1 + x)6 =
1 + C1x + 6C2x2 + 6C3x3 + 6C4 x4 + 6C5 x5 + x6
6

Put x = 1 in both sides

(1 + 1)6 = 1 + 6C1 + 6C2 + 6C3 + ….. + 6C6=26=64
Try to solve:
2) Write the expansion of (1 – x)8, then use it to find the value of: 1 – 8C1 + 8C2 – 8C3 + ….. + 8C8

Example:
3) Find the value of (1.01)9, using the binomial theorem and approximate the result to three
decimal numbers.
Solution
1 1 2 9 1
(1.01) = (1+0.01) = 1 + C1 (100) + C2 (100) + C3 (100)3 + ……..+T10
9 9 9 9

= 1 + 0,09 + 0,0036 + 0,000084 + … terms less than 0.001

= 1.0936 ~ 1.094
Try to solve:
3) Find the value of (0.98)10 by using the binomial theorem and approximate the result to three
decimal numbers.
The general term of the expansion of a binomial:
In the expansion of (x + y)n =xn + nC1 xn – 1y + nC2 xn – 2 y2 + …. + yn
Notice that: T2 = nC1 xn – 1 y1 ,
n n-2 2
T3 = C2x y
Similarly: T9 = nC8 xn – 8 y8
Let the general term be Tr+1 where
0 ≤ r ≤ n then Tr+1. It can be written as:
Tr+1 = nCr (x)n – r (y)r
Example:
𝟐
4) In the expansion of (x + 𝒙)8 according to the descending power of x, find the coefficient of
the sixth term
Solution
2
T6 = 8C5 (x)3 (𝑥)5 = 8C5 × 25x-2 = 1792 x-2
The coefficient of this term = 1792
Notice the coefficient of Tr + 1 =nCr ×(the coefficient of first term) n-r ×(coefficient of second term)r
Try to solve:
1
4) In the expansion of (2x2 + 2)7 according to the descending powers of x, find each of T3, T7, and
if T3 = T7, find the value of x.
Example:
𝟏
5) In the expansion of (3x2 - 𝟐𝒙)13 according to the descending power of x, find the tenth term
from the end.
Solution
1
The tenth term from the end in the expansion of (3x2 - 2𝑥)13 is the tenth term from the beginning
−1
of the expansion ( +3x2)13
2𝑥
−1 715×39 14
T10 = 13C9 ( 2𝑥 )4 (3x2)9 = x
24
Another solution:

Third Secondary 9 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
1 13
Notice that we can find the order of the tenth term from the end in the expansion (3x 2− ) ,
2𝑥
and its order equals
14 – 10 + 1 = 5
−1 715×39
T10 from the end is T5 from the beginning T5 = 13C4 (3x2)9 (2𝑥 )4 = 24 x14
Try to solve:
−1
5) In the expansion of (2x− 2𝑥 2)11, find the fourth term from the end:

Rule:
1) (x + a)n + (x – a)n = 2 (T1 + T3 + T5 + ….)
2) (x + a)n – (x – a)n = 2 (T2 + T4 + T6 + …)
Example:
6) Find in the simplest form
(x + 2)6 + (x – 2)6
Solution
(x+2)6 + (x-2)6 = 2 (T1 + T3 + T5 + T7)
= 2 (x6 + 6C2 x4 × 22 + 6C4 x2 × 24 + 26)
= 2 (x6 + 60x4 + 240x2 + 64)
Try to solve:
1) Find in the simplest form (1 + √𝑥)5 – (1 – √𝑥)5
2) Find to the nearest three decimals (1.03) 8 + (0.97)8, using the binomial theorem.
Example:
7) In the expansion
(3 + x)11 – 11C1 (3 + x)10 (1 – 2x) +11C2 (3 + x)9 (1 – 2x)2 - …….. – (1 – 2x)11
find the fifth term.
Solution
The expansion represents the expansion of ](3 + x) – (1 – 2x)[11 = (2 + 3x)11
Then:
T5 = 11C4(2)7 (3x)4 = 330 × 27 × 34 x4 = 3421440 x4
Try to solve:
7) In the expansion (1 – x)8 + 24x (1 – x)7 + 252 x2 (1 – x)6 + ….. + 6561 x8 , find the numerical value
of the sixth term when x = 1
Example:
8) If (1 + cx)n = 1 + 20 x + a1x2 + a2x3 + ….. + an-1 xn
and 16 a1 = 3 a2, find the value of n, c where c ≠ 0
Solution
(1 + cx)n = 1 + nC1 cx + nC2 c2 x2 + nC3 c3 x3 + ……..
20
... nC1 c = 20 ... n c = 20 ... c = (1)
𝑛
... 16 × C2 c = 3 × C3 c
n 2 n 3

... 16 × nC2 = 3 × nC3 c (2)

Substituting from (1) in (2)
20
... 16 × nC2 = 3 × nC3 × 𝑛
𝑛𝐶3
... 16 n = 3 × 𝑛 × 20
𝐶2
𝑛−2
... 16n = 3 × × 20 ... n = 10
3
20
Substituting equation (1) ... c = 10 = 2

Third Secondary 10 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Try to solve:
8) In the expansion of (1 + Kx)10, if the coefficient of the third term equals 180, and the coefficient
of the fifth term equals 210, find the values of K and x where K is a positive integer.
Example:
9) Find the coefficient of x10 in the expansion of (1 + x – x2)9
Solution
In the expansion of (1 + (x – x2))9
... Tr+1 = 9Cr × (x – x2)r
... Tr+1 = 9Cr × xr × (1 – x)r
... Tr+1 = 9Cr × xr × rCm(– x)m
... Tr+1 = (-1)m × 9Cr × rCm × xr + m
To find the coefficient of x10
r + m = 10 where m ≤ r < 10
r=5 r=6 r=7 r=8 r=9
m=5 m=4 m=3 m=2 m=1

Coefficient of x10=
- 9C5 × 5C5 + 9C6 × 6C4 - 9C7 × 7C3 + 9C8 × 8C2 - 9C9×9C1
... Coefficient of x10 = - 126 + 1260 – 1260 + 252 – 9 = 117
Try to solve:
9) Find the coefficient of x2 in the expansion (1 + x + x2)5
Example:
𝒏 𝒏
10) a- Prove that: 𝒏−𝟏𝑪𝒓 = 𝒓
𝑪𝒓−𝟏
𝟏
b- If the ratio between T6 in the expansion of (x + 𝒙 )15 and T5 in the expansion
𝟏 𝟖
of (x - 𝒙𝟐)14 equals 𝟗, find the value of x
Solution
⌊𝑛 ⌊𝑟−1⌊𝑛−1−𝑟+1 𝑛⌊𝑛−1⌊𝑟−1 𝑛
a) nCr ÷ n-1Cr-1 = ⌊𝑟⌊𝑛−𝑟 × = 𝑟⌊𝑟−1⌊𝑛−1 = 𝑟
⌊𝑛−1
1 1
𝑇6 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥+𝑥)15 15𝐶5 𝑥 10(𝑥)5 8
b) 1 14
= −1 =9
𝑇5 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥− 2 ) 14𝐶4 𝑥 10 ( 2 )4
𝑥 𝑥
. 3 8 8 2
. . 3x = 9 ... x3 = 27 ... x = 3
Try to solve:
10) Use the binomial theorem to prove that ( nC0)2 + (nC1)2 + (nC2)2 + …. + (nCn)2 = 2nCn

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The middle term in the expansion of (x + a)n
In the expansion of (x + a)n, we find that the number of terms of the expansion = n + 1
First: If n is an even number, then the number of terms of the expansion is an odd number and
𝒏+𝟐 𝒏
the expansion has one middle term of order 𝟐 = (𝟐 + 1)
Second: If n is odd number, then the number of terms of the expansion is an even number, and
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟑
the expansion has two middle terms of order 𝟐 , 𝟐 ,
𝒏+𝟏
i.e., 𝟐 , next term
Example:
𝒏+𝟏
11) Find the middle term in the expansion of (2x + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )12
Solution
12
The order of middle term = 2 + 1 = 7
1 1
T7 = 12C6 (2x)6 ( 2)6 = 12C6 (2)6 ( )6 x6-12
2𝑥 2
= 12C6 x-6
Try to solve:
1 28
11) Find the middle term in the expansion of (x 2 + 2𝑥)10 . If the value of this term = 27 , find the
value of x.
Example:
𝒙𝟐 𝟑
12) Find the two middle terms of the expansion of ( + )15
𝟑 𝒙
Solution
15+1
The orders of the two middle terms are 2 and the next term i.e T8 , T9
𝑥2 3
T8 = 15C7 ( 3 )8 (𝑥)7 = 15C7 × 3-8+7 × x16-7
1
= 15C7 × 3 x9
𝑥2 3
T9 = 15C8 ( 3 )7 (𝑥)8 = 15C8 × 38-7 × s14-8 = 15C8 × 3x6
Try to solve:
12) If the two middle terms of the expansion of (3x + 2y)13 are equal,
𝑥 2
prove that 𝑦 = 3
Example:
13) Find the middle term in the expansion of (3 + 2x) 8 + (3 – 2x)8
Solution
8 8
(3 + 2x) + (3 – 2x) =2[T1+T3+T5+T7+T9]
The middle term= 2T5 =2 8C4 (3)4 (2x)4 = 2 × 8C4 (3)4 (2x)4 = 181440 x4
Try to solve:
1 10 1 10
13) Find the middle term in the expansion of (2√𝑥 + ) + (2√𝑥 - )
2√𝑥 2√𝑥

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Unit one (1 – 3)
Finding the term containing xr in the expansion of binomial
Think and discuss:
We studied in the previous lesson that:
1 1 1 1 −1
(x2 - 2𝑥)20 = (x2)20 – 20C1(x2)19 (2𝑥) + 20C2(x2)18 (2𝑥)2 – 20C3 (x2)17(2𝑥)3 + …… + (2𝑥 )20
Is it easy to find the term containing x16 or x24 or term free of x without writing the terms of the
expansion?
We notice that it is a difficult method to find the term containing x k by writing all the terms of
the expansion, so we follow the next:
1- Suppose that this term is the general term Tr+1, we find this term in terms of r.
2- Find the sum of the powers of x in the general term in terms of r and place this sum to be
equal to the required power k then find r which satisfies the inclusion of this term on the
required power k and we have:
a) If r ∈ N, then r + 1 is the required term.
b) If r ∉ N then there is no term containing the required power in this expansion.
To find the term free of x, we put the sum of powers of x in the general term = 0
Example:
𝟑𝒙 𝟐
1) In the expansion of ( 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙)11, find the coefficient of x in this expansion.
Solution
11 3𝑥 11-r 3𝑥 r
Tr+1 = Cr ( 2 ) ( 2 )
Comparing the powers x11-r-r = x1
11 – 2r = 1 r=5
11 3 6 2 5
Required term is the sixth term coefficient of T6 = C5 (2) (3) = 693
Try to solve:
2𝑥 3
1) Find the coefficient of x8 in the expansion of ( 3 - 𝑥)12
Example:
𝟏
2) In the expansion of (2x - 𝟐𝒙𝟐)9, find:
a) The coefficient of x3
b) The term free of x
c) Prove that the term does not contain x2
Solution
−1
Tr+1 = 9Cr (2x)9 – r (2𝑥 2)r = 9Cr (-1)r (2)9-2r x9-3r
Comparing the powers
a) To find the coefficient of x3
x9 – 3r = x3 9–3r=3 r=2
3
the third term contains x
the coefficient of T3 = 9C2 × 25 = 36 × 32 = 1152

b) To find the term free of x

9 – 3r = 0 r=3
required term is T4 = 9C3 (-1)3 (2)3 = -672
c) Put 9 – 3r = 2 ... 7 = 3r
7
... r = 3 ∉ N... This expansion does not contain x2

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Try to solve:
1
2-a) Find the term free of x in the expansion of (2x 2 – 𝑥)12
𝑥2 2 15
b) Find the coefficient of x-10 in the expansion of ( − )
3 𝑥2
1
c) In the expansion of (ax + 𝑏𝑥)10 according to the descending power of x, if the term free of x
equals the coefficient of the seventh term, Prove that 6 a b = 5
Example:
𝟏
3- If n is a positive integer, prove that there is no term free of x in the expansion of (𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐)n
except if n is a multiple of 7, then find this term in the case of n = 7
Solution
n 5 1 r n 5n – 7r
Tr – 1 = C1 (x ) (𝑥 2) = Cr x
5𝑛
X5n – 7r = x0 5n – 7r = 0 r= 7
5𝑛
𝜖 Z+ when n is a multiple of 7 when n = 7
7
r=5 the term free of x is T6
T6 = 7C5 = 21
Try to solve:
1
3- In the expansion of (𝑥 2 − 𝑥)3n find:
a) The coefficient of the term which contains x3n.
b) If n = 6, find the ratio between the coefficient of the term containing x3n and the coefficient
of the middle term.
Example:
𝒙
4- In the expansion of (𝟐 + 𝟑)9, find the value of x which makes the two middle terms equal.
Solution
9+1
The order of the two middle terms 2 and the consecutive i.e. T5, T6
𝑥 𝑥
... T5 = T6 ... 9C4 (2)5 (3)4 = 9C5 (2)4 (3)5
𝑥
2=3 ... x = 6
Try to solve:
4- Find the coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1 +3x + 3x 2 + x3)4

Third Secondary 14 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Unit one (1 – 4)
Ratio between two consecutive terms in the binomial expansion
In the expansion of (x + a)n and the two consecutive terms are Tr+1, Tr
𝑇𝑟+1 𝑛𝐶 (𝑋)𝑛−𝑟(𝑎)𝑟
𝑟
=𝑛
𝑇𝑟 𝐶𝑟−1 (𝑋)𝑛−𝑟+1(𝑎)𝑟−1
𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎
=𝑛 ×𝑥
𝐶𝑟−1
𝑻𝒓+𝟏 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒂
= ×
𝑻𝒓 𝒓 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒓+𝟏 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂
and: = × 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒓 𝒓
Example:
1- In the expansion of (x + 2y)12 find each of:
𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑻
a) 𝑻𝟑 b) 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝟕
𝟐 𝟖
𝑻𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝟖
c) d)
𝑻𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝟔
Solution
𝑇3 12−2+1 2𝑦 11 2𝑦 11𝑦
a) 𝑇 = × ( )= × =
2 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇7 7 1 7
b) 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 = 12−7+1 × 2 = 12
8
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 12−5+1 2𝑦 12−4+1 2𝑦 8 2𝑦 9 2𝑦 72𝑦2
c) 𝑇6 = 𝑇6 × 𝑇5 = = ×(𝑥)× (4 )= 5 × ×4× =
4 5 4 5 4 𝑥 𝑥 5𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇8 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇8 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇7 12−7+1 2 7 2
d) = × = × × × =4
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇6 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇7 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇6 7 1 6 1
Try to solve:
2
1- In the expansion of (x2 + 𝑥)8
First: Find the ratio between the fifth and the sixth terms. If this ratio equals 8 : 25, find the value
of x.
Second: Prove that this expansion does not have a term free of x.
Example:
2- In the expansion of (x + y)8 if
𝒙
2 T5 = T4 + T6, find 𝒚 numerically.
Solution
𝑇4 𝑇6
T4 + T6 = 2T5 dividing by T5 =𝑇 =2
𝑇5 5
4 𝑥 8−5+1 𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑦 2
( )+ (𝑦) = 2 = 5𝑥 = 1 by multiplying by 5xy
8−4+1 𝑦 5 5𝑦
4x2 + 4y2 = 10 xy 4x2 – 10 xy + 4y2 = 0 ÷ 2
2x2 – 5 xy + 2y2 = 0 (2x – y) (x – 2y) = 0
2x = y x = 2y
𝑥 1 𝑥 2
= or =
𝑦 2 𝑦 1
Try to solve:
1
2- In the expansion of (√𝑥 + 𝑥)8,If T4 , T5 , 25T7 are proportional, find the value of x.

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Example:
3- If the coefficient of three consecutive terms of the expansion of (1 + x) n are 35 , 21 , 7
according to the ascending power of x, find the value for each of n and the orders of these
three terms.
Solution
Let the terms Tr , Tr+1 , Tr+2
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟+1 𝑛−𝑟+1 21
= 𝑟 = 35
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 𝑟
𝑛−𝑟+1 3
=5
𝑟
5n – 5r + 5 = 3r 5n – 8r = -5 (1)
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟+2 𝑛−(𝑟+1)+1 7
= = 21
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟+1 𝑟+1
𝑛−𝑟 1
=3
𝑟+1
3n – 3r = r + 1
3n – 4r = 1 (2)
By solving the two equations: (1) and (2) ... n = 7 , r = 5
Try to solve:
3- If the third, fourth and fifth terms of the expansion (x + y) n are 112, 448, 1120 respectively,
find the values of each of n, y, x.
Example:
Finding the greatest term
4- Find the coefficient of the greatest term in the expansion of
(2x + 3y)10
Solution
𝑇𝑟+1 10+1−𝑟 3
... 𝑇 = 𝑟 × 2
𝑟
𝑇 11−𝑟 3 33−3𝑟
... 𝑟+1 = ×2=
𝑇𝑟 𝑟 2𝑟
𝟑𝟑−𝟑𝒓
First: 𝟐𝒓 ≥1 ... 33 – 3r ≥ 2r ... 5r ≤ 33 ... r ≤ 6.6
From this, we deduce that
T7 > T6 > T5 > …. > T1
𝟑𝟑−𝟑𝒓
Second: 𝟐𝒓 ≤1 ... 33 – 3r ≤ 2r ... 5r ≥ 33 ... r ≥ 6.6
From this, we deduce that
T11 < T10 < T9 < T8 < T7
... T7 is the greatest term in the expansion of (2x + 3y) 10
... coefficient of T7 = 10C6 × 24 × 36
... T7 = 2449440

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Unit Summary

1- nPr = n (n – 1) (n – 2) ….. ( n – r + 1)
⌊𝒏
2- nPr = ⌊𝒏−𝒓
3–⌊𝟏 =⌊𝟎 =1
𝒏𝑷𝒓 ⌊𝒏
4- nCr = = ⌊𝒓⌊𝒏−𝒓
⌊𝒓
5- nCn = nC0 = 1
6- nCr = nCn – r
7- If nCx = nCy , then x = y or x + y = n
𝒏 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏
8- 𝒏 𝑪𝒓 = 𝒓
𝑪𝒓−𝟏
9- nCr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr
𝒏
10- nCr : n-1Cr-1 =
𝒓
11- (x+a)n = xn + nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2a2 + …… + an
(x - a)n = xn - nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2a2 + …… + (-a)n
12- (x + a)n + (x – a)n = 2 ]Sum of odd ordered terms[
13- (x + a)n - (x – a)n = 2 ]Sum of even ordered terms[
14- (1 ± x)n = 1 ± nC1 x + nC2 x2 ± nC3 x3 + ……. + (±x)n
15- The general term in the expansion of (x + a) n is Tr+1 = nCr xn – r ar
16- The middle term in the expansion of (x + a) n
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟑
a) If n is odd, there are two middle terms of orders 𝟐 and 𝟐
𝒏+𝟐
b) If n is even, there is one middle term of order 𝟐
17- In the expansion of (x + a)n, The ratio between two consecutive terms
𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒂
Tr+1 : Tr = 𝒓 × 𝒙
17- In the expansion of (x + a)n, The ratio between the two coefficients of the two consecutive
terms
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑇𝑟+1 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
= 𝑟 × 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑇 𝑟

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General Examples on Chapter One

𝟏𝟕𝑪𝟔 +𝟏𝟕𝑪𝟓
1- Find the value of 𝟏𝟖𝑪
with steps
𝟓
17𝐶6 +17𝐶5 18 18−6+1 13
18𝐶5
= 18𝐶6 = 6
= 6
𝐶5

2-If nC2 = 21 , n+rP3 = 990 Find ⌊𝒏 − 𝒓

𝑛𝑃2
⌊2
= 21 ... nP2 = 42 = 7 × 6 = 7P2 .. . n = 7
n+rP3=990= 11P3 ... n + r = 11 7 + r = 11 r=4
⌊7 − 4 = ⌊3 = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6
𝒏 𝒏𝑪𝟖 +𝒏−𝟏𝑪𝟖
3-Prove that nCr : n-1Cr = 𝒏−𝒓 and hence solve the equation 𝒏−𝟏𝑪𝟖
=3
⌊𝑛 ⌊𝑛−1 ⌊𝑛 ⌊𝑟⌊𝑛−𝑟−1 𝑛
L.H.S = ⌊𝑟⌊𝑛−𝑟 ÷ ⌊𝑟⌊𝑛−𝑟−1 = ⌊𝑟⌊𝑛−𝑟 × ⌊𝑛−1
= 𝑛−𝑟 = R.H.S
𝑛 𝐶8 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑛−1𝐶8
+ 𝑛−1𝐶8 = 3 ... 𝑛−8 + 1 = 3
𝐶8
. 𝑛
. . 𝑛−8 = 2 n = 2n – 16 n = 16

4- n – 1C6 + n – 1C7 > nC6 if ……….

n – 1C7 > nC6 nCr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr
𝑛 𝑛−7+1
. . . 𝑛𝐶 7 > 1 .. . 7 > 1
𝐶6
n–6>7 n > 13
5- ∑𝟐𝟎
𝒓=𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝒓 = C0 + C1 + C2 + ……. + C20
20 20 20 20

= 220

6-The sum of coefficients of binomial expansion of

𝟏
(x2 - 𝒙)7 equals……………
1
Put x = 1 (12 - 1)7 = 0

7- If nCr : nCr+2 : nCr+4 = 3 : 14 : 14 Find the value of nPr.

nCr+2 = nCr+4 .. . r + 2 + r + 4 = n n = 2r + 6
𝑛𝐶𝑟+2 14
𝑛
=3
𝐶𝑟
𝑛 𝑛 14
... 𝑛𝐶𝑟+2 × 𝑛𝐶𝑟+1 = 3
𝐶𝑟+1 𝐶𝑟
𝑛−(𝑟+2)+1 𝑛−(𝑟+1)+1 14
𝑟+2
× 𝑟+1 3
=
2𝑟+6−𝑟−2+1 2𝑟+6−𝑟−1+1 14
𝑟+2
× 𝑟+1
= 3
𝑟+5 𝑟+6 14
𝑟+2
× 𝑟+1 = 3
3 (r2 + 11r + 30) = 14 (r2 + 3r + 2)
3r2 + 33r + 90 = 14r2 + 42r + 28
11r2 + 9r – 62 = 0
−31
r=2 , r = 11 refuse
r=2 ... n = 2(2) + 6 = 10
... nPr = 10P2 = 10 × 9 = 90

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8- If n+2C4
= n2 -1 then n = ………
(𝑛+2)(𝑛+1)(𝑛)(𝑛−1)
4×3×2×1
= (n +1) (n – 1)
n ( n + 2) = 24
n2 + 2n – 24 = 0
n = -6 n=4
refuse
9- If nC3: n – 1C4 = 8 : 5 then n = ………
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 4×3×2×1 8
3×2×1
× (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)(𝑛−3)(𝑛−4) = 5
𝑛 2
(𝑛−3)(𝑛−4)
=5 5n = 2n2 – 14 n + 24
2n2 – 19n + 24 =0 (2n – 3) (n – 8) = 0
3
n = 2 refuse n = 8
10- If nCr = nPr then r = ……….
𝑛𝑃𝑟
⌊𝑟
= nPr .. . ⌊𝑟 =1 ... r = 0 or 1

11- If ⌊ 𝒏 ⌊ 𝒏 + 𝟐 = ⌊ 𝟐𝒏 Find n
Solution
⌊ 𝑛+2 ⌊ 2𝑛−1
n ⌊ 𝑛 − 1 ⌊ 𝑛 + 2 = 2n ⌊ 2𝑛 − 1 => =
⌊2 ⌊ 𝑛−1

n+2Pn = 2n-1Pn
n+2 = 2𝑛 − 1 .. . n = 3
12- If (1+x)8 = 8C0 + 8C1 + 8C2 X2 + 8C3X3 + …… + 8C8 X8
Find: the value of:
a. 8C0
+8C1 + 8C2 + …………… + 8C8
X=1 (1+1)8 = 28 = 256
b. 8C0 – 8C1 + 8C2 – 8C3 …………+ 8C8
X = -1 (1-1)8 = 0
c. 8C0 + 28C1 + 48C2 + 88C3 + ……+ 2568C8
put x=2 (1+2)8 = 6561
𝟐𝒂 𝒃
13- If the middle term of the expansion ( 𝟑 + 𝒂𝟐)𝟖𝒏 is the ninth term, then n equals…….
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
8𝑛
2
+1=9 . . 4n = 8
. n=2

14- If 1 + 8x + 8C2 x2 + …… + x8 = 256 , find the value of x.

(1+x)8 = 256 = 28 1 + x = - 2 or 1+x=2
x = -3 or x=1

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 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
𝟏
15- In the expansion (x2 + 𝒂𝒙)8
if the coefficient of the middle term equals the coefficient of x 7, then a = …….
𝟒 −𝟒 −𝟓 𝟓
a) 𝟓 b) 𝟓 c) 𝟒 d) 𝟒
1 1
Tr+1 = 8Cr (𝑎𝑥)r (x2)8-r = 8Cr 𝑎𝑟 x 16 – 3r
16 – 3r = 7 r=3
Coefficient of T4 = coefficient of T5
1
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑇 8−4+1 5
... 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑇5 = 1 .. . 4
× 𝑎
1
=1 . .. a = 4
4
𝟏
16- In the expansion of (x2 + 𝒙)3n prove that the term free of x equals the coefficient of the
term containing x3n .
If n = 6. Find the ratio between the term free of x and the coefficient of the middle term.
1
Tr+1 = 3nCr (𝑥)r (x2)3n – r = 3nCr x6n – 3r
Then free of x: 6n – 3r = 0 r = 2n
Term free of x = C2n = Cn
3n 3n (1)
Term containing x3n : 6n – 3r = 3n ... r = n
Coefficient of term containing x3n = 3nCn (2)
1=2
If n = 6 term free of x = T13 = 18C12 = 18C6
Coefficient of the middle term = coefficient of T10 = 18C9
18C6 : 18C9 = 21
55
17-In the expansion (1 + x)n according to the ascending powers of x if T8 : T7 : T6 = 6 : 14 :
21. Find the value of each of n and x.
𝑇8 6 3 𝑛−7+1 3
𝑇
= 14 = 7 .. . 7 x = 7
7
(n – 6) x = 3 (1)
𝑇7 14 2 𝑛−6+1 2
𝑇
= 21 = 3 6
x=3
6
(n – 5)x = 4 (2)
𝑛−5 4
(2) ÷ (1) 𝑛−6
=3 ... 3n – 15 = 4n – 24
n=9 .. . x = 1
18- Find the coefficient of x5 in the expansion
(1 – x + x2) (1 + x)5
(1 – x + x2) (1 + 5C1x + 5C2x2 + 5C3 x3 + 5C4 x4 + 5C5 x5)
Coefficient of x5 = 1 x 5C5 – 1 × 5C4 + 1 × 5C3 = 1 – 5 + 10 = 6

Third Secondary 20 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
𝟑𝒙 𝟐 n
19- If the ratio between the fifth, sixth and seventh terms in the expansion of ( 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙
)
according to the descending powers of x is 40: 24: 11, find the value of n, x.
𝑇6 24 𝑇7 11
=
𝑇 40
=
𝑇 24
5 6
2 2
𝑛−5+1 3𝑥 3 𝑛−6+1 3𝑥 11
5
× 3𝑥 =5 6
× 3𝑥 =24
2 2
𝑛−4 4 3 𝑛−5 4 11
× 9𝑥 2=5 × 9𝑥 2=24
5 6
4 4 11
(𝑛 − 4) × 9𝑥 2=3 (1) (𝑛 − 5) × 9𝑥 2= 4 (2)
𝑛−4 12
(1)÷ (2) 𝑛−5
=11
4
n=16, x=± 3

𝟐𝒙 𝟑
20-In the expansion ( 𝟑
+ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )12. Find each of the middle term and the term containing x -3
𝟕
and if the ratio between them is 𝟗. Find the value of x.
12 3 2𝑥
2
+1=7 ... T7 = 12C6 (2𝑥 2)6 ( 3 )6
Middle term = T7 = 12C6 x-6 = 924 x-6
3 2𝑥 3 2
Tr+1 = 12Cr (2𝑥 2)r ( 3 )12-r = 12Cr (2)r (3)12-r x12 – 3r
12 – 3r = - 3
15 = 3r r=5
3 5 2𝑥 7
T6 = C5 (2𝑥 2) ( 3 ) = 352 x-3
12

𝑇7 7 924𝑥 −6
𝑇6
= 9 = 352𝑥−3
7 21 21 9 3
9
= 8𝑥 3 ... x3 = 8
×7 ,x=2

21- If (3x – 1)5 = a + bx + cx2 + dx3 + ex4 + fx5

Then a + b + c + d + e + f = ………..
Sum of the coefficients = (3 – 1)5 = 25 = 32

22- If 2x14 Cr+1 , 3x14Cr , 6x14Cr – 1 are in geometric sequence. Find the value of r.
G.S (2 14Cr+1 , 3 14Cr , 6 14Cr-1)
... (3 14Cr)2 = 2 14Cr+1 × 6 14Cr – 1
14 14
9 14 𝐶𝑟 = 12 14𝐶𝑟+1
𝐶𝑟−1 𝐶𝑟
14−𝑟+1 14−(𝑟+1)+1
3 𝑟
=4 𝑟+1
(15−𝑟) (14−𝑟)
3 𝑟
= 4 𝑟+1
3(15 – r) (r+1) = 4r (14 – r)
45 + 42r – 3r2 = 56 r – 4r2
r2 – 14r + 45 = 0
r = 9 or r = 5

Third Secondary 21 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
23-The coefficient of x7 in the expansion (1 – x)4 (1 + x)9
(1 – x)4 (1 + x)4 (1 + x)5
= (1 – x2)4 ( 1 + x)5
= (1 – 4C1x2 + 4C2 x4 – 4C3 x6 + 4C4 x8) ( 1 + 5C1 x + 5C2x2 + …+x5)
Term of x7 = - 4C1 x2. X5 + 4C2 x4 × 5C3x3 – 4C3 x6 × 5C1x
Coefficient of x7 = 4C1 + 4C2 × 5C3 – 4C3 × 5C1
= - 4 + 60 – 20 = 36
24- If (a – x) = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + C3x3 + …… + C14 x14
14

and 4 C4 + 11 (C3 + C2) = 0 Find the value of a

(a – x)14 = 14C0 – 14C1 a13x + 14C2 a12x2 – 14C3 a11 x3 + 14C4 a10 x4 -…
... C4 = 14C4 a10 , C3 = - 14C3 a11 , C2 = 14C2 a12
... 4 × 1001 a10 + 11 ]-364 a11 + 91 a12[ = 0 ÷ 11 a10
4 × 91 – 364 a + 91 a2 = 0 ÷ 91
4 – 4a + a2 = 0 ,a=2

25- Find the value of (0.99)7 to 3 decimal places.

Solution
(0.99)7 = (1- 0.01)7 = 1 - 7C1(0.01) + 7C2(0.01)2 - 7C3(0.01)3 + ………
= 1 – 0.07 + 0.0021 – 0.000035
= 0.9321 ≅ 0.932

26- In the expansion (3x + 4)2n+i according to the descending powers of x. if the ratio
between the coefficient of T10 and the coefficient of T8 equals 20 : 9 and the two term middle
terms in the expansion are equal Find n, x.
Solution
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓.𝑜𝑓 𝑇10 20
=
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓.𝑜𝑓 𝑇8 9
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓.𝑜𝑓 𝑇10 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓.𝑜𝑓 𝑇9 20
× 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓.𝑜𝑓 𝑇 =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓.𝑜𝑓 𝑇9 8 9
2𝑛+1−9+1 4 2𝑛+1−8+1 4 20
×3× ×3=
9 8 9
2𝑛−7 2𝑛−6
× =5
9 2

(2n – 6) (2n – 7) = 10 × 9
2n – 6 = 10 => 2n = 16 => .. . n = 8
𝑛+1 𝑛+3
order of two middle terms: , => T10, T9
2 2
𝑇10
T9 = T10 .. . =1
𝑇9
17−9+1 4 4
× 3𝑋 =1 .. . X = 3
9

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 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
𝟏 𝟖
27- In the expansion (𝒙𝒌 + 𝒙) where k ∈ Z+
Find: i) The values of K which makes term free of x.
ii) The ratio between term free of x and the coefficient of the middle term for the
greatest value of K in (i).
Solution
1 𝑟
i) Tr+1 = 8Cr (xk)8-r (𝑥)
= 8Cr x8k- kr- r .. . 8k – kr – r = 0
𝑟
K = 8−𝑟 0≤r≤n
r=4 k=1 0≤r≤8
r=6 k=3
r=7 k=7
8
ii) order of middle term = 2 + 1 = 5
𝑇8 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
= 𝑇8 × 𝑇7 × 𝑇6
𝑇5 7 6 5
8−7+1 8−6+1 8−5+1 4
= × × = 35
7 6 5

𝟏 𝟏𝟐
28- Find the term containing x9 in the expansion of x5 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙)

Solution
1 𝑟
Tr+1 = 12Cr (x3)12-r (𝑥) . x5

= 12Cr x36-3r+5 Tr+1 = 12Cr x41-4r

9 = 41 – 4r => 4r = 32 => .. . r = 8
12×11×10×9 9
T9 = 12C8 x9 = 12C4 x9 = x =495x9
4×3×2×1
𝟏
29- Find the term free of x in the product (2+x2)2 (1+ 𝒙𝟐 )5
Solution
1 1 1
(4 + 4x2 + x4) (1 + 5C1(𝑥 2)) + 5C2(𝑥 2)2 + 5C3(𝑥 2)3 +…….
Term free of x = 4 ×1 + 4 ×5C1 + 1× 5C2 = 4 + 4 × 5 + 1 × 10 = 34

Third Secondary 23 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
The complex numbers
The modulus and the amplitude (argument) of a complex number:
If z = x + yi is a complex number represented by the point z(x, y) in Argand's plane. Then
the modulus is its distance from the origin and denoted by |𝒛| or r and 𝜽 is called amplitude
of the complex number:
𝒚
r = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 =|𝒛| tan 𝜽 = 𝒙
The trigonometric (polar) form of a complex number:
If z = x + y i is a complex number with modulus r and principle amplitude 𝜽 where 𝜽 ∈ [-
𝝅, 𝝅 [ , then it is written as
z=r(cos 𝜽+i sin 𝜽) and the measure of 𝜽 is determined according to the following:

𝒚 𝒚
𝜽 = 𝝅 + tan-1 ( 𝒙) 𝜽 = tan-1 ( 𝒙)
second quadrant first quadrant
𝒚 𝒚
𝜽 = −𝝅 + tan-1 ( ) 𝜽 = tan-1 ( )
𝒙 𝒙
thrid quadrant fourth quadrant
x > 0 , y = 0 , then 𝜽 = 0
x < 0 , y = 0 , then 𝜽 = 𝝅
𝝅
x = 0 , y > 0, then 𝜽 = 𝟐
−𝝅
x = 0 , y < 0, then 𝜽 = 𝟐
𝜽° 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
= 𝝅

For each complex number z = x + yi with argument 𝜽:

1) |𝒛| ≥ 0
2) The amplitude of the complex number takes an infinite number of values by adding the
multiple of 2𝝅. Thus the amplitude of the complex number is 𝜽 + 2 𝝅 n where n ∈ Z.
3) |𝒛| = |𝒛̅| = |−𝒛| = |−𝒛
̅̅̅̅|
4) z 𝒛̅ = |𝒛|2

1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 =𝒆𝟐𝝅𝒊

-1 = cos 𝝅 + i sin 𝝅=𝒆𝝅𝒊
𝝅
𝝅 𝝅
i = cos 𝟐 + i sin 𝟐 =𝒆𝟐𝒊
𝝅
−𝝅 −𝝅
-i =cos 𝟐 + i sin 𝟐
=𝒆− 𝟐𝒊
𝝅
sin ( 𝟐 + 𝜽) = cos 𝜽
𝝅
cos ( 𝟐 + 𝜽) = - sin 𝜽
𝟑𝝅
sin ( 𝟐
+ 𝜽) = -cos 𝜽
𝟑𝝅
cos ( 𝟐
+ 𝜽) = sin 𝜽

If Z1 = r1(cos 𝜽1 + i sin 𝜽1) , Z2 = r2(cos 𝜽2 + i sin 𝜽2) , then

Z1Z2 = r1r2 (cos (𝜽1 + 𝜽2) + i sin (𝜽1 + 𝜽2))

|𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 | = |𝒁𝟏 ||𝒁𝟐 |

Third Secondary 24 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Arg (Z1Z2) = 𝜽1 + 𝜽2
𝒁𝟏 𝒓𝟏
𝒁𝟐
= 𝒓𝟐
(cos 𝜽1 – 𝜽2) + i sin (𝜽1 - 𝜽2))

𝒁 𝒓 𝒛
|𝒁𝟏 | = 𝒓𝟏 = , Arg (𝒛𝟏) =𝜽1 - 𝜽2
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Zn = rn (cos n 𝜽 + i sin n 𝜽)

Polar form “exponential” of a complex number

Z = r 𝒆𝜽𝒊 , where 𝜽 in radian

If Z1 = r1 𝒆𝜽𝟏𝟏𝒊 , Z2= r2 𝒆𝜽𝟐𝒊

(𝜽𝟏+ 𝜽𝟐 )𝒊
Z 1 Z 2 = r 1 r2 𝒆
𝒁𝟏 𝒓 (𝜽𝟏− 𝜽𝟐 )𝒊
𝒁𝟐
= 𝒓𝟏 𝒆
𝟐

• If K is a positive number, then

𝟏
𝜽 + 𝟐𝒓𝝅 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒓𝝅
(cos 𝜽 + i sin 𝜽 )𝒌 = cos 𝒌
+ i sin 𝒌
𝜽 + 𝟐𝒓𝝅
putting r =….., -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2 …… which makes the amplitude 𝒌
included between –𝝅
and 𝝅
Properties of cubic roots of one:
If 1 , 𝝎 , 𝝎 are the cubic roots of one, then
2
𝟏 √𝟑
𝝎=-𝟐± i =cos 120+ i sin 120 or
𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
cos (-120) + I sin ( -120)=𝒆 𝟑 𝒊 or 𝒆− 𝟑 𝒊
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟏 √𝟑
𝝎2 = - 𝟐 ∓ 𝟐
i= cos 120+iI sin 120 or cos (-120)+iI sin( -120)=𝒆 𝟑 𝒊 or 𝒆− 𝟑 𝒊

1 + 𝝎 + 𝝎2 = 0 (the sum of the roots = 0)

(1 + 𝝎 = - 𝝎2, 1 + 𝝎2 = - 𝝎 , 𝝎 + 𝝎2 = -1)
i.e. k +k 𝝎 + k𝝎2 = 0 ,
𝝎𝒓 + 𝝎𝒓+𝟏 + 𝝎𝒓+𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝝎3 = 1 ( 𝝎 = 𝝎2 , 𝝎𝟐 = 𝝎)

The cubic roots of one lies on a circle whose center is the origin,
it's radius length is 1 and form vertices of an equilateral triangle.

(𝝎 – 𝝎2) = ± √𝟑 i

Third Secondary 25 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad

Unit Two (2 – 1)
Trigonometric form of a complex number

Polar and cartesian coordinates:

y

A(x, y)
r y
𝜃
O x

The opposite figure represents a circle with radius length r,

A (x, y) lies on the circle and opposite to an angle of measure 𝜃.
𝑥 𝑦
cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟
x = r cos 𝜃 y = r sin 𝜃
𝑦
where r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑦
i.e.: 𝜃 = tan-1 𝑥

if we mediate the Cartesian plane as a polar plane where the polar axis coincides on the positive
part of x-axis, then we can change polar coordinates to Cartesian and vise versa.

Converting polar co-ordinates to cartisian co-ordinates:

If the point A in polar coordinates is A (r, 𝜃), then the Cartesian coordinate of A is (x, y) where:
x = r cos 𝜃, y = r sin 𝜃
Then: (x, y) = (r cos 𝜃, r sin 𝜃)
Argand's plane:
The mathematician Argand had represented the complex number z graphically on the
orthogonal Cartesian coordinates such that the axis ⃡𝑥𝑥̀ represents the real part of the complex
number and the axis 𝑦𝑦̀ ⃡ represents the imaginary part of the complex number. So the point (x,
y) represents the complex number x + i y.

Third Secondary 26 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Example:
1- In the opposite Argand's diagram, we notice that the two
points representing z, -z are symmetric about the point of origin
(O).

We also notice that the two points representing the conjugate number z, 𝑧̅ are symmetric about
⃡𝑥𝑥′ axis.

2
1 z=2+i

𝑥̀ -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-z = -2 - i -1 𝑍̅ = 2 – i
-2

𝑦̀

Try to solve:
1- Represent on Argand’s diagram each of the numbers:
z = 3 + 4i , 𝑧̅ , -z , 1 + z

Critical thinking:
What do all complex number with real part equals 2 represent on Argand's diagram?

Third Secondary 27 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Learn:
−𝜋 𝑦 𝜋
Where 2 < tan-1(𝑥 ) ≤ 2
y
z(x, y)

r
y

𝜃
f x x

The modulus and the amplitude (argument) of a complex number:

If z = x + y i is a complex number represented by the point z(x, y) in Argand's plane. Then the
modulus is its distance from the origin and denoted by |𝑧| or r and 𝜃 is called amplitude of the
complex number:
𝑦 𝑦
r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 thus 𝜃 = tan-1 𝑥
The trigonometric (polar) form of a complex number:
If z = x + y i is a complex number with modulus r and principle amplitude 𝜃 where 𝜃 ∈ [-𝜋, 𝜋 [ ,
then it is written as z=r(cos 𝜃+i sin 𝜃) and the measure of 𝜃 is determined according to the
following:
𝑦
a) x > 0 , y > 0 𝜃 lies in the first quadrant 𝜃 = tan-1 (𝑥 )
𝑦
b) x < 0 , y > 0 𝜃 lies in the second quadrant 𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan-1 (𝑥 )
𝑦
c) x < 0 , y < 0 𝜃 lies in the third quadrant 𝜃 = −𝜋 + tan-1 (𝑥 )
𝑦
d) x > 0 , y < 0 𝜃 lies in the fourth quadrant 𝜃 = tan-1 (𝑥 )
Notice that
𝑦 𝑦
𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan-1 (𝑥 ) 𝜃 = tan-1 (𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑦
𝜃 = -𝜋 + tan-1 (𝑥 ) 𝜃 = tan-1 (𝑥 )
x > 0 , y = 0 , then 𝜃 = 0
x < 0 , y = 0 , then 𝜃 = 𝜋
𝜋
x = 0, y > 0, then 𝜃 = 2
−𝜋
x = 0, y < 0then 𝜃 =
2

Third Secondary 28 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Example:
2- Find the modulus and the principle amplitude of each of the following complex numbers:
a) z1 = – √𝟑 + i b) z2 = –1 – i
Solution
... The form of the complex number is z = x + i y, then:
a) x = – √3 , y=1
. Z1(-√3 , 1)
. . z1 lies in the second quadrant

r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−√3)2 + (1)2 = √4 = 2
−1 𝜋 5𝜋 1 𝜃
𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan-1 ( ) = 𝜋 - 6 =
√3 6

-√3 O x

b) x = -1 , y = -1 -1 f
... z2 lies in third quadrant
r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−1)2 + (−1)2 = √2
−1 𝜋 −3𝜋 -1 𝜃
𝜃 = −𝜋 + tan-1 (−1) = 𝜋 + 4 = 6
(-1 , -1)
z2
Try to solve:
2- Find the modulus and the principle of each of the following:
a) z1 = √2 + √2 i b) z2 = 1 – √3 i
c) z3 = - √3 i d) z4 = 5

Remember:
𝜃° 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑
= 𝜋
180°
This rule is used to convert from degree measure into radian measure and vice versa.

The properties of the modulus and the amplitude of a complex number:

For each complex number z = x + y i with argument 𝜃:
1) |𝑧| ≥ 0
2) The amplitude of the complex number takes an infinite number of values by adding the
multiple of 2𝜋. Thus the amplitude of the complex number
is 𝜃 + 2 𝜋 n where n ∈ Z.
3) |𝑧| = |𝑧̅| = |−𝑧| = |−𝑧
̅̅̅̅|
2
4) z 𝑧̅ = |𝑧|

Critical thinking: If the principle amplitude of Z is 𝜃, find the principle amplitude of

1
–Z, 𝑧̅ , 𝑍

Third Secondary 29 Mr. Ahmed Rashad

 Algebra Mr. Ahmed Rashad
Example:
3- Write each of the following complex numbers in a trigonometric form:
a) Z1 = 2 – 2√𝟑 i b) Z2 = -4i
−𝟒
c) Z3 = d) Z4 = -2
√𝟑+𝒊
Solution
... The form of the complex number is:
Z = x + i y , then:
a) x = 2 , y = -2√3
... Z1 lies in the fourth quadrant
y
r = |𝑍1 | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(2)2 + (−2√3)2
= √16 = 4
−2√3 −𝜋
𝜃 = tan-1 ( )= 2
2 3 x
... Z1 = r(cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃) O 𝜃
−𝜋 −𝜋
= 4 (cos ( 3 ) + i sin ( 3 )) -2√3

b) ... x = 0 , y = -4 z1
... Z2 lies on y-axis

r = |𝑍2 | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(0)2 + (−4)2 = 4

−𝜋
𝜃= 2
−𝜋 −𝜋
... Z2 = 4(cos ( ) + i sin ( 2 ))
2
−4 √3−𝑖
c) Z3 = × = −√3 + i
√3+𝑖 √3−𝑖
x = −√3 , y = 1 ... Z3 lies in the second quadrant
r = |𝑍3 | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √3 + 1 = 2
1 5𝜋 y
𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan-1 ( ) = 6 z3
√3 1
Z3 = 2 (cos
5𝜋
) + i sin
5𝜋
) 𝜃
6 6

d) ... x = -3 , y = 0 -√3
... Z4 lies on x-axis
r = |𝑍| = √(−3)2 + (0)2 = 3
𝜃=𝜋
... Z4 = 3(cos 𝜋 + i sin 𝜋) y

𝜃
x
O
Try to solve:
3- Write each of the following in a trigonometric form: -
a) Z1 = 8 b) Z2 = 5i c) Z3 = -3 - i 4 Z
2

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Note:
1 = cos 0 + i sin 0
-1 = cos 𝝅 + i sin 𝝅
𝝅 𝝅
i = cos 𝟐 + i sin 𝟐
−𝝅 −𝝅
-i = cos + i sin
𝟐 𝟐

Example:
4- Find the modulus and the principle amplitude for each of the following numbers:
a) Z1 = -8 (cos 45o + i sin 45o)
𝟒 𝟒
b) Z2 = 2 (sin 𝟑 𝝅 - i cos 𝟑 𝝅 )
Solution
o o
a) Z1 = -8 (cos 45 + i sin 45 )
y
= 8 (-cos 45o – i sin 45o)
... x < 0 , y < 0 𝜃
... Z1 lies in the third quadrant x
... - cos 45o = cos (180o + 45o) ,
-sin 45o = sin (180o + 45o)
... Z1 = 8(cos 225o + i sin 225o)
=8(cos – 135o + i sin – 135o)
. . Z1 = 8 , principle amplitude 𝜃 = - 135o
.
z1 = 8
Remember:
cos 𝜃 - i sin 𝜃 = cos (-𝜃) + i sin (-𝜃)
4 4
b) Z2 = 2 (sin 3 𝜋 - i cos 3 𝜋 )
... x > 0 , y < 0
4 3𝜋 4
... sin 3 𝜋 = cos ( 2 + 3 𝜋)
17 5𝜋
= cos 𝜋 = cos ( 6 )
6
4 3𝜋 4 17
- cos 3 𝜋 = sin ( 2 + 3 𝜋) = sin ( 6 𝜋)
5𝜋
= sin ( 6 )
5𝜋 5𝜋
... z2 = 2 (cos + i sin ))
6 6
5𝜋
... |𝑧2 | = 2, principle amplitude
6
Remember:
𝝅
sin (𝟐 + 𝜽) = cos 𝜽
𝝅
cos (𝟐 + 𝜽) = - sin 𝜽
𝟑𝝅
sin ( 𝟐 + 𝜽) = -cos 𝜽
𝟑𝝅
cos ( 𝟐 + 𝜽) = sin 𝜽
Try to solve:
4- Find the modulus and the principle argument for each of the following complex numbers:
𝜋 𝜋
a) Z1 = 2 (cos 3 - i sin 3 )
−1
b) Z2 = (sin 45o – i sin 45o)
√2

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Learn:
Multiplying and dividing complex numbers using the trigonometric form:
If Z1 = r1(cos 𝜃1 + i sin 𝜃1) ,
Z2 = r2(cos 𝜃2 + i sin 𝜃2) then
1) Z1Z2 = r1r2 (cos 𝜃1 + i sin 𝜃1) (cos 𝜃2 + i sin 𝜃2)= r1r2 (cos (𝜃1 + 𝜃2) + i sin (𝜃1 + 𝜃2))
(1)
Thus. |𝑍1 𝑍2 | = r1r2 = |𝑍1 ||𝑍2 |
Arg (Z1Z2) = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
𝑍 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2) 𝑍1 = 𝑟1 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1+ 𝑖 sin 𝜃1
2 2 2 2
𝑟1
= (cos 𝜃1 – 𝜃2) + i sin (𝜃1 - 𝜃2)) (2)
𝑟2
𝑍 𝑟 𝑧
Then |𝑍1| = 𝑟1 = , Arg (𝑧1) =𝜃1 - 𝜃2
2 2 2

Example:
5- Express
𝟓𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
3 (cos 𝟏𝟐 + i sin 𝟏𝟐 ) × 4(cos 𝟏𝟐+i sin 𝟏𝟐) in the form of x+yi
Solution
5𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3 (cos 12 + i sin 12) × 4(cos 12+i sin 12)
5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
= 3 × 4 ((cos 12 + 12) + i sin ( 12 + 12))
𝜋 𝜋
= 12 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = 12(0 + i (1) ) = 12 i

Try to solve:
5- Express
5𝜋 𝜋 −2𝜋 −2𝜋
2(cos 15 + i sin 15) × 3(cos 5 +i sin 5 )) in the form of x + iy

Example:
6- If Z1 , Z2 are two complex numbers represented on Argand’s plane as in the opposite figure,
𝒁
find in the form of x + y I the number 𝒁𝟐 .
𝟏

y
Solution
From the graph Z1
|𝑍1 | = 2, arg of Z1 = 90o + 10o = 100o
... Z1 = 2(cos 100o + i sin 100o)
... z2 = 4 (cos (-20o) + i sin (-20o))
𝑍 4 cos (−20𝑜)+𝑖 sin (−2𝑜 )
... 𝑍1 = 2 × (𝑐𝑜𝑠100𝑜 + 𝑖 sin 100𝑜 ) 2
2 10o
=2 ]cos(-20o
- + i sin -100o) (-20o 100o)[
o o
= 2 (cos (-120 ) + i sin (-120 ))
1 √3
= 2 (-2 - i × ) = -1 - √3 i 20o x
2
4
Z2

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Try to solve:
𝑍
6- Use the opposite Argand's diagram to find 𝑍2 in
1 x
the form x + y i Z2

4 Z1
2
x

Results:
1) If Z = r(cos 𝜃 + r sin 𝜃) then
1 1
(a) 𝑍 = 𝑟 (cos (-𝜃) + r sin (-𝜃))
(b) Z2 = r2 (cos 2 𝜃 + i sin 2 𝜃)
2) We can generalize the product of finite number of complex numbers if Z1, Z2, … Zn are complex
numbers and if:
Z1 = r1 (cos 𝜃1 + i sin 𝜃1) , Z2 = r2 (cos 𝜃2 + i sin 𝜃2), …….., Zn = rn (cos 𝜃n + i sin 𝜃n)
then: Z1 Z2 ……. Zn = r1r2……..rn (cos (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + …….+ 𝜃n) + i sin (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 +……+ 𝜃n))
in a special case when Z1 = Z2 = …….. = Zn= r(cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃) then:
Zn = rn (cos n 𝜽 + i sin n 𝜽)
Example:
7- Put the number 1 – i in the trigonometric form, then find (1 – i)8
Solution
... x = 1 , y = -1
r=√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √12 + (−1)2 = √2
... x > 0 , y < 0
... Z lies in the fourth quadrant
−1 −𝜋
𝜃 = tan-1 ( 1 ) = 4
−𝜋 −𝜋
... 1 – i = √2 (cos + i sin )
4 4
−𝜋 −𝜋
... (1 – i)8 = (√2)8 (cos ( 4 ) + i sin ( 4 ))8
= 16 (cos (-2 𝜋) + i sin (-2 𝜋))
= 16 (cos 0 + i sin 0) = 16

Try to solve:
7- If Z1 = 2 (cos 10o + i sin 10o),
Z2 = 3 (cos 40o + i sin 40o)
Find Z41 Z22 in the form x + y i

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Exponential form of a complex number (Euler form):
Any function of x can be expressed as a series from the power of x called (Taylor series) Here are
Taylor expansion for some functions that we are going to study in this unit.
1) The sine function y = sin x
𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥 2𝑛+1
sin x = ⌊1 - + ⌊5 - … + (-1)n × ⌊2𝑛+1 + ………..
⌊3
(Sine function is an odd function because sin(-x) = - sin x so the expansion contains the odd power
of x)
2) The cosine function y = cos x
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥 2𝑛
cos x = 1- + ⌊4 - …. + (-1)n × ⌊2𝑛 + ………
⌊2
(cosine function is an even function because cos(-x) = cos x so the expansion contains even
powers of x)

3) exponential function y = ex
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
ex = 1 + ⌊1 + + ……… + ⌊𝑛 + ………..
⌊2 ⌊3

Notice that:
𝑖𝑥 𝑖 2𝑥 2 𝑖 3𝑥 3 𝑖 𝑛𝑥 𝑛
e ix = 1 + ⌊1 + + ……… + + ………..
⌊2 ⌊3 ⌊𝑛
𝑖𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑥 3
=1+ + + ………
⌊1 ⌊2 ⌊3
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥 𝑥3
= (1 - ⌊2 + - ………..) + i (1 - ⌊1 + - ………..)
⌊4 ⌊3
eix = cos x + i sin x
i.e. The complex number
Z = x + i y = r (cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃) can be written in the form:
Z = r 𝒆𝜽 i : it called Euler form where 𝜃 is in radian measure.
Tip:
Euler equation 𝒆𝝅 i + 1 = 0
It connects the most 5 famous constants in Euler form 𝜃 should be in radian measure.
Example:
8- Write each of the following complex numbers in the exponential form (Euler's form):
a) Z1 = 1 + i b) Z2 = -1 + √𝟑 i
𝝅
c) Z3 = 𝒆𝟑+𝟔𝒊 d) Z4 = -2 i
Solution
a) Z1 = 1 + i ... x = 1 , y = 1
r = |𝑍1 | = √(1)2 + (1)2 = √2
... x > 0 , y > 0
... Z1 lies in the first quadrant
1 𝜋
𝜃 = tan-1 (1) = 4
𝜋
... Z1 = r 𝑒 𝜃 i = √2 𝑒 4 i
b) Z2 = -1 + √3 i

r = √(−1)2 + (√3)2 = 2
... x < 0 , y > 0 ... Z2 lies in the second quadrant

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2
𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan-1 (-√3) = 3 𝜋
2
... Z2 = r 𝑒 𝜃 i = 2 𝑒 3𝜋𝑖
𝜋 𝜋
c) Z3 = 𝑒 3+6 𝑖 = e3 × 𝑒 6 𝑖
𝜋
r = |𝑍3 | = e3 , amp (Z3 )= 6
d) ... Z4 = -2 i ... x = 0 , y = -2
... r = √(0)2 + (−2)2 = √4 = 2
... x = 0 , y = -2 ... Z4 lies on y-axis
−𝜋
−𝜋 𝑖
... 𝜃 = ... Z4 = 2 𝑒 2
2
Try to solve:
√2𝑖
8- If Z = 1+𝑖 , write Z in the exponential form.
Multiplying and dividing the complex numbers using the exponential form.
If z1 = r1 𝑒 𝜃1𝑖 , z2= r2 𝑒 𝜃2𝑖
Then z1z2 = r1r2 𝑒 (𝜃1+𝜃2)𝑖
𝑧1 𝑟1 (𝜃1 −𝜃2 )𝑖
= 𝑒
𝑧 2 𝑟 2

Example:
9- Find the result for each of the following in the exponential form:
a) 2 (cos 25o + i sin 25o) × 2 (sin 158o - i cos 158o)
𝟏+𝒊 𝟕
b) (𝟏−𝒊)
Solution
a) Convert Z2 to the standard trigonometric form as follows:
(sin 158o – i cos 158o) =
sin (90o + 68o) – i cos (90o + 68o) =
cos 68o + i sin 68o
3 (cos 25o + i sin 25o) × 2 (cos 68o + i sin 68o)
= 6 (cos (25o + 68o) + i sin (25o + 68o)
= 6 (cos 93o + i sin 93o) =6e1.62i
93𝑜 𝜃𝑟
=
180𝑜 𝜋
93𝑜
i.e. 𝜃 𝑟 = 180𝑜 × 𝜋 𝜃 𝑑 ~ 1.62
b) 1 + i = √2 (cos 45o + i sin 45o)
1 – i = √2 (cos (-45o) + i sin (-45o))
1+𝑖
... 1−𝑖= cos (45o + 45o) + i sin (45o + 45o)
𝜋 𝜋
= cos 90o + i sin 90o = cos 2 + i sin 2
1+𝑖 7 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 7𝜋
... (1−𝑖) = (cos 2 + i sin 2 )7 = cos + i sin
2 2
−𝜋
−𝜋 −𝜋 𝑖
2
= cos ( ) + i sin ( 2 ) = 𝑒
2

Try to solve:
9- If Z1 = 1 - √3 i , Z2 = 1 + i , find each the following in the trigonometrical form:
𝑧
a) Z1 Z2 b) 𝑧2 d) (Z2)6
1

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Example:
𝟑𝝅
10- Express Z = √𝟐 𝒆 𝟒 𝒊 in the algebraic form x + y i where , y ∈R
Solution
𝟑𝝅
... Z = √2 𝒆 𝟒 𝒊
3𝜋
... r = |𝑧| = √2 , 𝜃= 4
3𝜋 3𝜋
... Z = √2 (cos + i sin )
4 4
−1 1
=√2 ( + i)
√2 √2
= -1 + i

Try to solve:
𝝅
10- Express Z = 𝟖 𝒆𝟔𝒊 in the algebraic form x + y i where , y ∈R

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Unit Two (2 – 2)
De Moivre's Theorem
Learn:
De Moivre's theorem with positive integer power
If n is a positive integer number
Then (cos 𝜽 + i sin 𝜽)n = cos n𝜽 + sin n𝜽
Example:
1- Express cos 3𝜽 in terms of cos𝜽
Solution
... (cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃)3 = cos 3𝜃 + i sin 3𝜃
(1) De Moivre's theorem.
also (cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃)3 = cos 3𝜃 + 3C1cos 2𝜃 (i sin 𝜃) + 3C2cos 𝜃 (i sin 𝜃)2 + (i sin 𝜃)3
(binomial theorem).
= cos 𝜃 + 3 i cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 - 3 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 - i sin3 𝜃
3 (2)
2 2
... sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 1
... sin2 𝜃 = 1- cos2 𝜃
... cos3 𝜃 = cos3 𝜃 - 3 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
= cos3 𝜃 - 3 cos 𝜃 (1- cos2 𝜃)
= cos3 𝜃 - 3 cos 𝜃 + 3 cos3 𝜃
= 4 cos3 𝜃 - 3 cos 𝜃 .
Try to solve:
1) Express sin 4 𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃.
De Moivre’s theorem with positive rational power
We know that
cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃 = cos (𝜃+2r 𝜋) + i sin (𝜃 + 2r𝜋), where r is an integer.
If K is a positive number, then
1
𝜃 + 2r𝜋 𝜃 + 2r𝜋
(cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃 )𝑘 = cos + i sin
𝑘 𝑘
1
i.e. (cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃) takes several values according to values of r, the number of this values
𝑘

equals K by putting
𝜃 + 2r𝜋
r =….., -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2 …… which makes the amplitude 𝑘 included between –𝜋 , 𝜋
Example:
2- Find in the trigonometric and exponential forms the roots of the equation Z4 = 8 (1- √𝟑 i),
then write the solution set.
Solution
4 .
... Z = 8 – 8 √3 i . . x = 8 , y = -8 √3
−8√3
r = √(8)2 + (−8√3)2 = 16, tan 𝜃 = 8
= - √3
... x > 0 , y < 0
... Z4 lies in the fourth quadrant
𝜋
𝜃 = tan-1 (-√3) = - 3
−𝜋 −𝜋
... Z4 = 16 (cos ) + i sin ( 3 ))
3
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
... Z = 2 (cos 4 (- 3 +2 𝜋r) + i sin 4 (-3 + 2 𝜋 r))
When r = 0 ,
−𝜋
−𝜋 −𝜋 𝑖
then Z1 = 2 (cos ( 3 ) + i sin ( 12 ) ) = 2 𝑒 12

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5𝜋
5𝜋 5𝜋 𝑖
When r = 1 , then Z2 = 2 (cos ( 12) + i sin ( 12) ) = 2 𝑒 12
−7𝜋
−7𝜋 −7𝜋 𝑖
12
When r = -1 , then Z3 = 2 (cos ( ) + i sin ( 12 ) ) = 2 𝑒
3
11𝜋
11𝜋 11𝜋 𝑖
When r = 2 , then Z4 = 2 (cos ( ) + i sin ( 12 ) ) = 2 𝑒 12
3
−𝜋 5𝜋 −7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
... S.S. = }2𝑒 12
,2𝑒 12
, 2𝑒 12
, 2𝑒 12
{

Try to solve:
2- Find in C the solution set of Z4 =2 +2√3 i

Example:
3- Find the roots of the equation Z3 = 1, then represent the roots on Argend's plane.
Solution
3
Z =1
= cos 0o + i sin 0o
1
... Z = (cos 0o + i sin 0o)3
1 1
= cos 3 (2r 𝜋) + i sin 3 (2r 𝜋)
When r = 0 , then Z1 = cos 0o + i sin 0o = 1
2𝜋 2𝜋
When r = 1 , then Z2 = cos 3 + i sin 3
−2𝜋 −2𝜋
When r = -1 , then Z3 = cos 3 + i sin 3
We notice that the roots divide the circle whose center is the origin, and radius length is the
unity into 3 equal arcs and the measure of each is 120o
(the coordinates of the points form the vertices of an equilateral triangle).

1
Z2
2𝜋
3

-1 Z1 1
2𝜋
3

Z3
-1

Try to solve:
3- Find the roots of the equation Z4 = 1, then represent the roots on the Argand's plane.

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Then nth roots
1
The equation xn = a ,where a is complex number has n roots in the form of x = 𝑎𝑛 .
We can calculate them by finding the trigonometric form of a, then apply
De Mover’s theorem.
1
All roots lie on Argand’s plane on a circle whose center is the origin and its radius length is |𝑎|𝑛
to form a regular polygon of n vertices.

Example:
(The fifth roots of -32)
4- Represent in Argand's diagram the fifth roots of -32
Solution
The fifth roots of -32 are the roots of the equation Z s = -32
Convert the number -32 into a trigonometric form.
... Zs = 32 (cos 𝜋 + i sin 𝜋)
1 1
... Z = 325 (cos 𝜋 + i sin𝜋)5
1 1
= 2 (cos 5 (𝜋 + 2r 𝜋) + i sin 5 (𝜋 + 2r𝜋)).
The first root when r = 0
𝜋 𝜋
... 𝑍1 = 2 (cos 5 + i sin 5 )
= 2 (cos 36o + i sin 36o)
360
Thus, the measure of the angle between each two successive roots is 5 = 72o
Z2 = 2 (cos (36o + 72o) + i sin (36o + 72o))
= 2 (cos 108o + i sin 108o)
Z3 = 2 (cos (36o + 72o) + i sin (36o + 2×72o))
= 2 (cos 180o + i sin 180o)
Z4 = 2 (cos (36o + 3×72o) + i sin (36o + 3×72o)) = 2 (cos 252o+i sin 252o)
= 2 (cos (-108o) + i sin (-108o))
Z5 = 2 (cos (36 + 4×72o) + i sin (36o + 4×72o)) = 2 (cos 324o+i sin 324o)
o

= 2 (cos (-36o )+ i sin (– 36o))

y
Z2

Z1
72o
72o
36o
Z3 x
72o
72o
Z5

Z4

Try to solve:
4- Represent on Argand's diagram the sixth roots of 1

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Example:
5- Find the square roots of 3 + 4i
Solution
1
Let (3 + 4i) = x + y i by squaring both sides
2

... 3 + 4i = x2 – y2 + 2 x y iby equating the true part with the true part and the imaginary part with
the imaginary part
... x2 – y2 = 3 (1) ,
2xy=4 (2)
by squaring (1), (2) and adding
... x4 – 2x2 y2 + y4 + 4x2 y2 = 9 + 16
... x4 + 2x2 y2 + y4 = 25
... (x2 + y2)2 = 25
... (x2 + y2) = 5 (3)
By adding (1), (3) 2x2 = 8 ... x = ±2
When x = 2 by substituting in (2) y = 1
When x = -2 y = -1.
.. the two roots are 2 + I & -2 –i

Try to solve:
5- Find the square roots of the number
1
(1 + i) in the trigonometric form
√2
Example:
6-Find in C the solution set of the equation (1 – i) x2–(3 – i)x+4–2i = 0
Solution
The equation can be in the form of:
6−4𝑖 9−7𝑖
x2 – 1−𝑖 x + 1−𝑖 = 0
x2 – (5 + i) x + 8 + i = 0
use the general rule to solve the quadratic equation:
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏±√(5+𝑖)2 −4×1(8+𝑖)
x= =
2𝑎 2
(5+𝑖)±√24+10𝑖−32−4𝑖
x= 2
(5+𝑖)±√−8−6𝑖
x= 2
let a + b i = √−8 + 6𝑖 by squaring both sides
a2 – b2 + 2a b i = -8 + 6 i
a2 – b2 = -8 (1) 2ab=6 (2)
a2 + b2 = 10 (3) from (1), (3) a2 = 1
... a = ±1 ... b = ±3
... a + b i = ± (1 + 3i)
5+𝑖±(1+3𝑖)
... x = x = 3 + 2i or x=2–i
2
2
Try to solve:6- Find in C the solution set of the equation x + (1 + i) x – 6 + 3i =0

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Unit two
(2 – 3) Cubic roots of unity
Learn:
Cubic roots of unity:
Use De Moivre's theorem we to find that the solution set of Z 3 = 1 is:
1 √3 −1 √3
1, -2+ 2 i, 2 - 2 i
Also we notice that the square of one of the complex roots equals the other complex root, thus
we can assume the cubic roots in the form of: 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2
1 √3 1 √3
Where 𝜔 = - 2 ± 2 i , 𝜔2 = - 2 ∓ 2 i
Critical thinking:
Can you find the cubic roots of one using the algebraic form of the complex number?
Properties of cubic roots of one:
If 1 , 𝜔 , 𝜔2 are the cubic roots of one, then
a- 1 + 𝝎 + 𝝎2 = 0 (the sum of the roots = 0)
(1 + 𝜔 + - 𝜔2 , 1 + 𝜔2 = - 𝜔 , 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = -1)
b- 𝝎3 = 1
𝟏 𝟏
(𝝎 = 𝝎2 , 𝝎𝟐 = 𝝎)
c- The cubic roots of one lies on a circle whose center is the origin, it's
radius length is 1 and form vertices of an equilateral triangle.
d- (𝝎 – 𝝎2) = ± √𝟑 i,

𝜔
120
o

1
o
-120

𝜔2
Example:
If 1, 𝝎 , 𝝎2, are the cubic roots of one, find the value of:
a) 5 + 5𝝎 + 5𝝎2
𝟐 𝟐
b) (1 – 𝝎 – 𝝎𝟐 ) (3 + 5 𝝎 + 5 𝝎2)
Solution
2
a) The expression = 5 (1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔 ) by taking 5 a common factor
=5×0=0
2 2 1 1
b) The expression (1 – 𝜔 – 𝜔2 ) (3 + 5 𝜔 + 5 𝜔2) by substituting 𝜔 = 𝜔2, 𝜔2 = 𝜔 = (1 - 2𝜔2 - 2𝜔) (3
+ 5𝜔 + 5𝜔2) = (1 – 2 (𝜔2 + 𝜔)) (3 + 5 (𝜔 + 𝜔2)) = (1 – 2 (-1)) (3 + 5 ( -1)) = (1 + 2) ( 3 – 5) = -6

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Try to solve:
1- If 1, 𝜔 , 𝜔2 are the cubic roots of one, find the value of:
a) (2 + 5 𝜔 + 2𝜔2)5
1 1
b) (𝜔 + 𝜔 )2 (𝜔2 + 𝜔2 )3
Example:
5−3𝜔2 2−7𝜔
Prove that: ] - [4 = 9
5𝜔−3 2𝜔2 −7
Solution
5−3𝜔2 2−7𝜔 5𝜔 3 −3𝜔 2 2𝜔 3 −7𝜔
The expression = ] - [4 = ] - [4
5𝜔−3 2𝜔 2 −7 5𝜔−3 2𝜔 2 −7
𝜔 2 (5𝜔−3) (2𝜔 2 −7) 4
=] – [
5𝜔−3 2𝜔 2 −7
2
=] 𝜔 – 𝜔[ = ] ±√3
4 i[ 4 = 9

Try to solve:
𝑎+𝜔𝑏+𝜔 2 𝑐 𝑐+𝜔 2−𝑏 8
2- Prove that: ] 2 – [ = 81
𝜔 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐𝜔 𝜔𝑐+𝑏
Example:
−𝟏+√−𝟑
3- Prove that x = is one of the roots of the equation x10 + x5 + 1 = 0
𝟐
Solution
−1+√−3 −1+√3𝑖 1 √3
... x = 2 = 2 =-2+ 2 𝑖
i.e. x represents one of the complex roots of one
when x = 𝜔 ,
when 𝜔 + 𝜔 + 1 = 𝜔1 + 𝜔2 + 1 = 0
10 5

when x = 𝜔2 ,
when 𝜔20 + 𝜔10 + 1 = 𝜔2 + 𝜔 + 1 = 0

Try to solve
3- Form the quadratic equation whose roots are (1 + 𝜔 - 𝜔2)3 , (1 - 𝜔 + 𝜔2)3

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General Examples on Chapter Two

1-Find the exponential form of the number – 1+ i
r = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = √𝟏 + 𝟏 = √𝟐
𝟏 𝟑𝝅
𝜽 = 𝝅 + tan-1 (−𝟏) = 𝟒
𝟑𝝅
-1 + I = √𝟐 𝒆 𝟒 𝒊
2-Find the trigonometric form of the number
z = 2 – 2√𝟑 i
r = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = √𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐 = 4
−𝟐√𝟑 −𝝅 −𝝅 −𝝅
𝜽 = tan-1 ( )= 𝟑 𝟐
Z = 4] cos ( 𝟑 ) + i sin ( 𝟑 ) [
3- Find the four roots of -1, then represent them on Argand's plane.
-1 = cos180 + I sin180 y
4 roots are = cos 45 +I sin 45 = Z1
or = cos (-45) + I sin (-45) = Z2 Z1
or = cos (135) + I sin (135) = Z 3 Z3
or = cos (-135) + I sin (-135) = Z4
90
o
Figure formed by 4 roots is a square 90 45 90
" regular polygon" o o
x
90 Z2
Z4 o

4- Find the value of

𝒘𝟐 (𝒘−𝟏)(𝒘𝟐 −𝟏)
(1) (𝟐𝒘+𝟏)(𝒘𝟐 +𝟐)
𝑤 2 (𝑤 3 −𝑤−𝑤 2 +1) 𝑤 2 (1+1+1) 3𝑤 2 3𝑤 2
2𝑤 3 +4𝑤+𝑤 2 +2
= 4+4𝑤+𝑤 2
= −4𝑤 2+𝑤2 = −3𝑤 2= -1
𝟏 𝟏
(2) (1 + 𝒘 + i) (1 + 𝒘𝟐 + i)
= (1 + 𝑤 2 + i) (1 + w + i) = (-w + i) (-w2 + i)= w3 – iw – iw2 + i2
=1+i–1=i
𝟐
𝟓−𝟑𝒘𝟐 𝟐−𝟕𝒘
(3) ( 𝟓𝒘−𝟑 − 𝟐𝒘𝟐−𝟕)
2
5𝑤 3 −3𝑤 2 2𝑤 3 −7𝑤
=( 5𝑤−3
− 2𝑤 2 −7
) = (w2 – w)2 = (±√3 i)2 = -3
𝟑+𝟓𝒘+𝟑𝒘𝟐 𝟑+𝟓𝒘𝟐 +𝟑𝒘 −𝟐
5- Prove that: 𝟏−𝟐𝒘−𝟒𝒘𝟐
+ 𝟏−𝟐𝒘𝟐−𝟒𝒘 = 𝟏𝟗
5𝑤−3𝑤 5𝑤 2−3𝑤 2
L.H.S = 5+2𝑤
+ 5+2𝑤 2
2𝑤 2𝑤 2
= 5+2𝑤 + 5+2𝑤 2
10𝑤+4𝑤 3 +10𝑤 2+4𝑤 3 −10+8 −2
= 25+10𝑤 2 +10𝑤+4𝑤 3
= 25−10+4 = 19

6-The value of the number (-1 + √𝟑 i)48

Where i2 = -1 equals ………….
1 √3
w=-2+ 2
I ... -1 + √3 I = 2w, (2w)48 = 248 w48 = 248

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7- Solve in C
(3x – 2)6 – 9 (3x – 2)3 + 8 = 0
((3x – 2)3 – 1)((3x – 2)3 – 8)=0

(3x – 2)3 = 1 (3x – 2)3 = 8

3x – 2 = 1 .. . x = 1 4
3x – 2 = 2 .. . x = 3
𝑤+2
Or 3x – 2 = w . .. x = 3 Or 3x – 2 = 2w . .. x =
2𝑤+2
𝑤 2 +2 3
3x – 2 = w2 ... x = 3 3x – 2 = 2w2 ... x=
2𝑤 2 +2
3
𝑤+2 𝑤 2 +2 4 2𝑤+2 2𝑤 2+2
s.s = {1, 3
, 3
,3, 3
, 3
}

8-If 1, w, w2 are the cubic roots of unity then

𝟏 𝟑 𝟗 𝟐𝟕
(𝟐 + 𝟖 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟖 + ……) + w + w2 = …..
1
1 3 9 27 𝑎 2
2
+ 8 + 32 + 128 + …… = 1−𝑟 = 3 =2
1−4
... 2 + w + w2 = 2 – 1 = 1
9- Form the quadratic equation whose roots are
(1+ w – w2)3 , (1 – w + w2)3
𝛼 = (-w2 - w2)3 = (-2w2)3 = -8
𝛽 = (-w - w)3 = (-2w)3 = -8
𝛼 + 𝛽 = -16 𝛼 𝛽 = 64
x2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽 ) x + 𝛼 𝛽 = 0
x2 + 16x + 64 = 0
10- if a is a real number, then the conjugate of the number
𝒂𝟑 +𝒊
𝒂𝟐 +𝒂𝒊−𝟏
is …………..
𝑎3 −𝑖 3 (𝑎−𝑖)(𝑎2 +𝑎𝑖−1)
Z = 𝑎2+𝑎𝑖−1 = (𝑎2 +𝑎𝑖−1)
=a–i
𝑧̅ = a + i
11-If z is a complex number find the solution set of the equation 2z – 3 𝒛̅ = 5 + 10i
Let z = x + iy 𝑧̅ = x – iy
... 2x + 2iy-3x+3yi = 5 + 10i , -x+5yi=5+10i
-x=5, 5y = 10
x = -5 y=2 s.s = }-5 + 2i{

12-The trigonometric form of the number (i21)3 where i2 = -1 is ……

−𝜋 −𝜋
i21 = i ... (i)3 = -i = cos ( 2 ) + isin( 2 )

13-If z = w x then |𝒛| = …

|𝑤| = 1 ... |𝑤 𝑥 | = |𝑤| 𝑥 = 1 ... |𝑧| = 1

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14-If (1 + w)7 = a + b w where a, b are real numbers
then (a, b) = ……….
(1+w)7 = (-w2)7 = -w14 = -w2 = 1 + w
1+w=a+bw
... a = 1, b=1 , (a, b) = (1, 1)
15- ∑𝟔𝒓=𝟏(𝟏 + 𝒘𝒓 )
= (1 + w) + (1 + w2) + (1 + w3) + (1 + w4) + (1 + w5) + (1 + w6)
= 1 × 6 + w + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 + w6 = 6
16-If Z1 and Z2 are two non-zero complex numbers
|𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛𝟐 |
and amp (𝒛𝟏 ) + amp (𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝝅 then Z1 = …………
a) ̅̅̅
𝒛𝟏 b) −𝒛̅̅̅𝟐 c) z2 d) – z2
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑟1 𝑟2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋]
r1 = r 2 z1 = 𝑧 = 𝑟 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ]
2 2 2 2
z1 = r1 ] cos (𝜋 − 𝜃2 ) + isin (𝜋 − 𝜃2 )[ = r2 ]- cos 𝜃2 + isin 𝜃2 [
= - ]r2 ] cos 𝜃2 – i sin 𝜃2 [ [ = - ̅̅𝑧̅̅2
𝟑𝒏 𝟑𝒏
−𝟏−√𝟑𝒊 −𝟏+√𝟑𝒊
17- ( 𝟐 ) + ( 𝟐 ) = ………
(w2)3n + (w)3n = 1 + 1 = 2
44- 𝒆𝜽𝒊 + 𝒆−𝜽𝒊 = …….
cos𝜃 + isin𝜃 + cos (-𝜃) + isin(-𝜃)= cos𝜃 + isin𝜃 + cos𝜃 – isin𝜃 = 2cos𝜃
𝟒
√𝟑+𝒊 𝝅 𝝅 𝒛
18-If z1 = ( 𝟐
) , z2 = sin 𝟑 + i cos 𝟑 , i2 = -1 , z = 𝒛𝟏
𝟐
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
r1=1 , 𝜃1 = 3
, Z1=cos 3 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
, Z2=cos 6 + i sin 6
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
z=cos( 3 − 6 ) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 − 6 )=cos 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
19- If |𝒁| = |𝒁 − 𝟐| , then the real part of the number z equals………..
Let z = x + iy
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2
... x2 = (x – 2)2 x = x – 2 refuse or x = -x + 2
... 2x = 2 . .. x = 1
𝒛
20-Find the square roots of z=𝒛𝟏 where
𝟐
Z1 = (cos30 + isin30)4
, Z2 = cos30 + isin30 in exponential form
Z1 = (cos30 + isin30)4 = cos120 + isin120
Z2 = cos30 + isin30
𝑧1
𝑧
= cos90 + isin90
2
1 𝜋
𝑖
√𝑧 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠90 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛90)2 = cos45 + i sin45 = 𝑒 4
−3𝜋
𝑖
Or = cos (-135) + i sin (-135) = 𝑒 4

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21- If x2 – x + 1 = 0 the x9 = ………
1±√1−4×1×1
a = 1 , b = -1 , c = 1 x= 2×1
1 √3 1 √3
x= 2
+ 2 i or x =2 - 2i
x= - w2 x=-w
... x9 = (-w2)9 x = (-w)9
9

= -w18= -1 = - w9= -1
x = -1
𝟑𝒏 𝟑𝒏
−𝟏−√𝟑𝒊 −𝟏+√𝟑𝒊
22- ( 𝟐 ) + ( 𝟐 ) = ………
(w2)3n + (w)3n = 1 + 1 = 2

In the opposite figure two complex number. y

z2 = ….. Z1 Z2 Z1
𝑧1 𝑧2
= (cos 90 + sin 90)= z2
𝑧1

23- If Z = (1 +√𝟑i)n |𝒁| = 8

Then the principle amplitude of z = ……….
1 +√3i => r = √1 + 3 = 2
.. . |𝑍| = 8 r3 = 23 = 8... n = 3 𝜃 = 3 × 60o = 180o
24- 1 + w + w2 + w3 + ……. +w100 = ……….
number of terms=101
sum of the following 99 terms=0
required=1+ w = -w2
𝟒
𝒘𝟐 𝟏+𝟐𝒘 𝟒
25- If (𝟏+𝟐𝒘𝟐) + ( 𝒘
) = aw2 Find the value of a
2 2
𝑤4 1+4𝑤+4𝑤 2
(1+4𝑤2+4𝑤 4) + ( ) = aw2
𝑤2
𝑤2 9 1 82 82
9
+ 𝑤 = aw2, 9
𝑤 2 + 9𝑤 2 = a𝑤 2 , 9
𝑤 2 = a𝑤 2 , a = 9

26- Z1 = cos 75 + i sin 75 , Z2 = cos15 + i sin 15

Find the trigonometric from the number Z1 + Z2 without using calculator.
Z1 = cos (45 + 30) + i sin (45 + 30)
= cos45 cos30 – sin45 sin30 + i(sin45 cos30 + cos45 sin30)
Z2= cos (45 – 30) + i sin (45 – 30)
= cos45 cos30 + sin45 sin30 + i (sin45 cos30 – cos45 sin30)
Z1 + Z2 = 2 cos45 cos30 + 2i (sin45 cos30)
= 2 cos30 [cos45 + i sin45[
= √3 ]cos45 + i sin45[

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27- R.T.P. (1 - 𝝎𝟐 )3n = (𝝎 - 𝟏)3n
Solution
L.H.S = (𝜔3 - 𝜔2 )3n = (𝜔2 ]𝜔 – 1[)3n = 𝜔6𝑛 (𝜔 – 1)3n = (𝜔 - 1)3n .
28- If a𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + b𝑒 −2𝜃 = 4 cos 2𝜃 - 6i sin 2𝜃 , Find a, b
Solution
a ] cos 2𝜃 + i sin 2𝜃[ + bi ]cos(-2𝜃) + i sin (-2𝜃)[ = 4 cos 2𝜃- 6i sin 2𝜃
(a+b) cos 2𝜃 + i (a – b) sin 2𝜃 = 4cos 2𝜃 - 6i sin 2𝜃
a+b=4
a – b = -6
2a = -2 ... a = -1 .. . b = 5
29- Find the value of: 𝜔𝑖
Solution
2𝜋 𝑖 −2 4𝜋 𝑖 −4
(𝑒 3 𝑖 ) = 𝑒 3 𝜋 (𝑒 3 𝑖 ) = 𝑒 3 𝜋

𝑎+1 6
30- Prove that: the value of (𝑎+(2𝑎+1)𝜔+𝑎𝜔2)
doesn't depend on value of a, a≠ −1
Solution

𝑎+1 6 𝑎+1 6
(𝑎+(2𝑎+1)𝜔+𝑎𝜔 2) = (𝑎+2𝑎𝜔+ 𝜔−𝑎− 𝑎𝜔)

𝑎+1 6 1 6
= (𝜔(𝑎+1)) = (𝜔) = 1

- doesn’t depend on value of a

𝝅 𝝅
31- Prove that: (1 + cos𝟑 + i sin𝟑 )6 = - 27
Solution
1 √3 6 3 √3 6
L.H.S = (1+ 2 + i) = (2 + i)
2 2

= √3 (cos 30 + i sin 30)[6

= 27 (cos 180 + i sin 180) = 27 (-1) = - 27 = R.H.S

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1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
32- Prove that: (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )𝟖 = cos8𝜃 – isin8θ
Solution
1 = sin2 𝜃 - i2cos2𝜃
1 = cos2 𝜃 - i2sin2𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃−𝑖 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 8 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)+(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)+(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 8
L.H.S = ( ) = ( )
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)+(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)
=] [ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)8
(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

= ] cos (90 – 𝜃 ) + i sin (90 – 𝜃) [8 = cos(4𝜋 - 8𝜃) + i sin(4𝜋 - 8𝜃)

= cos 8 𝜃 - i sin 8 𝜃 = R.H.S

𝟏 𝟏
33- (5 + 𝝎 ) ] 𝟓+𝟒𝝎+𝟑𝝎 - 𝟑𝝎+𝟐𝝎𝟐 [ = 4
Solution
1 1 𝜔−2−2−𝜔 (5+𝜔)(−4)
L.H.S = (5 + 𝜔) ] 2+𝜔 - 𝜔−2 [ = (5 + 𝜔) ( )=
𝜔 2−4 −(𝜔+5)

= 4 = R.H.S

34- Use De Moivre’s theorem Prove that:

cos 3𝜽= 4 cos3𝜽 - 3 cos𝜽
sin 3𝜽= 3 sin 𝜽 - 4 sin3𝜽
Solution
cos 3𝜃 + i sin3𝜃 = (cos𝜃 + i sin𝜃)3
= cos3𝜃 + 3C1 cos2𝜃(isin𝜃) + 3C2 cos𝜃(isin𝜃)2 +(isin𝜃)3
= cos3𝜃 + 3i cos2𝜃 sin𝜃 - 3 cos𝜃sin2𝜃 - isin3𝜃
= (cos3𝜃 - 3cos𝜃 sin2𝜃) + I (3 cos2𝜃sin𝜃 - sin3𝜃)

... cos 3𝜃 = cos3𝜃 - 3cos𝜃sin2𝜃

= cos3𝜃 - 3cos𝜃 (1- cos2𝜃)
= cos3 - 3cos𝜃 + 3cos𝜃
... sin 3𝜃 = 3cos2𝜃sin𝜃- sin2𝜃
= 3(1- sin2𝜃) sin𝜃 – sin3𝜃
= 3 sin𝜃 – 4sin3𝜃

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35- Find S.S. of: (1 + i) Z2 + (1-3i)Z + 26i = 0
Solution
(1−3𝑖) 26𝑖
Z2 + Z + 1+𝑖 = 0
(1−𝑖)

Z2 + (-1 − 2i) Z + (13 + 13i) = 0

1+2𝑖±√1+4𝑖−4−52+52𝑖 1+2𝑖±√−55−48𝑖
Z= =
2×1 2

Let: √−55 − 48𝑖 = a + ib

−55 − 48i = a2 – b2 + 2i ab
a2 – b2 = -55 => (1)
2ab = -48 => (2)
Sq. (1), (2) then add and take Sq.
a2 + b2 = 73 => (3)
add (1), (3) 2a2 = 18 a2 = 9
.. . a = ±3 .. . b2 = ∓8
... √−55 − 48𝑖 = ± (3 – 8i)
(1+2𝑖)±(3−8𝑖) 1+2𝑖+3−8𝑖
Z= =
2 2
1+2𝑖−3+8𝑖
... Z = 2 – 3i OR Z= = –1 + 5i
2

s.s.={2-3i, -1+5i}

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Unit Three (3 – 1)
Determinants
Think and discuss:
3 −1
1) ∆1 = | | , then ∆1 = ………………..
2 5
3 2
2) ∆2 = | | , then ∆2 = ………………..
−1 5
3) What is the relation between ∆1 and ∆2? Are they equal? Explain.
4) What is the relation between the rows of ∆1 and the columns of ∆2? What can you deduce?
Learn:
Main properties of determinants:
Property (1):
In any determinant if the rows replace the columns in the same order, the value of the
determinant is unchanged.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑏21 𝑐31
∆ = |𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23 | = |𝑎12 𝑏22 𝑐32 | this can be proved by expanding the two determinants.
𝑐31 𝑐32 𝑐33 𝑎13 𝑏23 𝑐33
Example:
1) Prove that
𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐
|𝟏 𝟎 𝟒 | = |−𝟑 𝟎 𝟓 |
−𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
Solution
2 −3 −1
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = | 1 0 4|
−2 5 2
0 4 1 4 1 0
=2| |+3| |-| |
5 2 −2 2 −2 5
= 2 (0 – 20) + 3(2+8) – (5 – 0) = -15
2 1 −2
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = |−3 0 5 |
−1 4 2
0 5 −3 5 −3 0
=2| |-| | - 2| |
4 2 −1 2 −1 4
= 2 (0 – 20) - (-6 + 5) –2 (-12, – 0) = -15
2 −3 −1 2 1 −2
So: | 1 0 4 | = |−3 0 5 |
−2 5 2 −1 4 2
Try to solve:
1) Prove that
1 2 −3 1 5 −1
| 5 4 1 |=| 2 4 3 |
−1 3 2 −3 1 2

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Property (2):
The value of the determinant in unchanged by evaluating it in terms of the elements of any of
its rows (columns).
Example:
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
2) Find the value of |𝟎 𝟒 𝟑 | using the elements of the first column once and the
𝟓 −𝟏 𝟎
elements of the first row once more.
Solution
First: By using the elements of first column.
4 3 2 −1
∆=| |+5| |
−1 0 4 3
= (0 + 3) + 5 (6 + 4) = 53
Second: By using the elements of the first row.
4 3 0 3 0 4
∆=| | -2 | |-| |
−1 0 5 0 5 −1
= (0 + 3) -2 (0 – 15) – (0 – 20) = 3 + 30 + 20 = 53
Try to solve:
2 3 1
2) Find the value of the determinant |3 1 2| using the elements of the first row once and the
1 2 3
elements of the second column once more.

Property (3):
The value of the determinant vanishes in each of the following two cases.
First: if all the elements of any row (column) in any determinant equal zero, then the value of
the determinant = 0
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
The value of the determinant |𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
This can be proved by expanding the determinant using the elements of second row, then: ∆ =
0
Second: If the corresponding elements of any two rows (columns) in any determinant are
equal, then the value off the determinant = zero
𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
i.e. | 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 | = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Since the corresponding elements of the first and second rows are equal (prove that).
Example:
𝟏 −𝟓 𝟖
3) Without expanding the determinant, prove that |𝟑 𝟕 𝟗| = 0
𝟏 −𝟓 𝟖
Solution
In the determinant, we find R3=R1 ... The value of the determinant=0
Try to solve:
3 −1 3
3)Without expanding the determinant, prove that | 2 5 2 |=0
−1 7 −1

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Property (4):
If there is a common factor in all the elements of any row (column) in a determinant, then this
factor can be taken outside the determinant.
Example:
Take 2 as a common factor of R2 and 5 as a common factor of R3
3 2 −7 3 2 −7
|4 6 2 | = 2 × 5 |2 3 1 |
10 15 5 2 3 1
= 10 × 0 = 0
Since the corresponding elements in R2 and R3 are equal "Try to prove that by another method".
Try to solve
𝑎 𝑑 𝑚 2𝑎 2𝑑 2𝑚
4) If |𝑏 𝑒 𝑛 | = 10 find the value of | 𝑏 𝑒 𝑛 |
𝑐 𝑓 𝑧 −4𝑐 −4𝑓 −4𝑧

Property (5):
In any determinant, if the positions of two rows (columns) are interchanged. The value of the
resulting determinant equals the additive inverse of the value of the original determinant.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
|𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 | = - | 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 |
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
by interchanging the second and the third rows
Example:
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟒
5) Without expanding the determinant, prove that: |𝟑 𝟑 𝟒|+ |𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐| = 0
𝟓 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟕 𝟔
Solution
By interchanging the first and the second rows in the first determinant

3 3 4 3 3 4
... - |2 −1 2| + |2 −1 2| = -∆ + ∆ = zero
5 7 6 5 7 6
Property (6):
In any determinant, if all the elements of any row (column) are written as a sum of two
elements, then the value of the determinant can be written as a sum of two determinants.
𝑎11 + 𝑚 𝑎12 𝑎31
| 𝑎21 + 𝑐 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 + ℎ 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎31 𝑚 𝑎12 𝑎13
= |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | + | 𝑐 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 ℎ 𝑎32 𝑎33
This can be proved by expanding the determinants.
Example:
6) Without expanding the determinant, prove that:
𝟏 𝒎 𝒏 −𝟏 𝒎 𝒏
|−𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 | + | 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛| = 0
𝒇 𝒌 𝒓 −𝒇 𝒌 𝒓
Solution
We can write a determinant whose value equals the sum of the values of two determinants in
the left side.

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(notice that the two determinants of the left side have the same two columns C 2, C3):
1−1 𝑚 𝑛 0 𝑚 𝑛
L.H.S = |−𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 | = |0 𝑦 𝑧 | = 0
𝑓−𝑓 𝑘 𝑟 0 𝑘 𝑟
(Since all the elements of C1 are zeros)
Critical thinking: Can you use other methods to find the value of the determinants without
expanding them? Mention one of these methods.
Try to solve:
5) Find the determinant D = D1 + D2 + D3 where
2 3 4 2 3 4
D1 = |5 −2 3 |, D2 = |−1 5 2 |,
0 4 −1 0 4 −1
2 −1 4
D 3 = |4 1 5|
0 1 −1

Property (7):
If we add all the elements of any row (column) to the multiples of the elements of another
row (column), the value of the determinants in unchanged.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 + 𝑘𝑎2 𝑏1 + 𝑘𝑏2 𝑐1 + 𝑘𝑐2
|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |=| 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
We add to the elements of the first row the elements of the second row multiplied by K and this
operation is denoted by r1 +Kr2. We can prove that by parting the elements of the first row in
the right determinant according to the previous property as a sum of two determinants one of
them is the left determinant and the other its value is equal to Zero.
Example:
𝟑 𝟖 𝟏𝟐
7) Without expanding the determinant, find the value of: | 𝟗 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟕|
𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟐
Solution
By Multiplying the elements of the first column by -2 and adding to the corresponding elements
of the second column.
3 8 12
i.e: -2C1 + C2 and:-2C1+C3 | 9 21 27|=
20 44 52
3 8−2×3 12 − 2 × 3
|9 21 − 2 × 9 27 − 2 × 9 |
20 44 − 2 × 20 52 − 2 × 20
3 2 6
=|9 3 9|
20 4 12
By multiplying the elements of second column by -3 and adding to the corresponding elements
of the third row
... The value of the determinant = 0
Try to solve:
2 5 −7
6) Without expanding the determinant, find the value of |−3 −1 4|
3 1 −4

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Property (8):
If we multiply the elements of any row (column) by the cofactors of the corresponding
elements in another row (column) and we sum the results, then the sum is Zero.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
In the determinant |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
Since the elements of the first row are a11, a12, a13, the cofactors corresponding to the elements
of the second row are:
(-1)2+1 × M21 , (-1)2+2×M22 , (-1)2+3 ×M23
Determinant =
𝑎12 𝑎13
-a11 |𝑎 |
32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎13
+ 𝑎12 |𝑎 |
31 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12
– a13 |𝑎 |
31 𝑎32
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
= -|𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 | = zero
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
(Since R1 = R2)
2 4 7
For example: if A = |3 −2 1| then the elements of R1 are 2, 4, 7
1 5 6
The cofactors corresponding to the third row are:
4 7 2 7 2 4
(-1)3+1 | | , (-1)3+2 | | , (-1)3+3 | |
−2 1 3 1 3 −2
i.e.: (4 + 14) , -1 (2 – 21) , 1 (-4-12)
i.e.: 18 , 19 , -16
Summation of the products of elements of R1 by the cofactors of the elements of R3
= 2 × 18 + 4 × 19 + 7 × -16 = zero.

Determinant of a triangular form

If the determinant is written as
𝑎11 0 0 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
|𝑎21 𝑎22 0 | or | 0 𝑎22 𝑐23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 0 0 𝑎33
Main diagonal Main diagonal
This form is called lower triangular form and upper triangular form respectively. All the elements
of the determinant lying above the main diagonal as in first case of below the main diagonal as
in second case are zeros and the elements of a11 , a22 , a33 are called the elements of the main
diagonal.
Property (9):
The value of the determinant in the triangular form equals the product of the elements of the
main diagonal.
The value of the determinant of the previous form = a 11 × a22 × a33

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Example:
8) Without expanding the determinant, prove that:
𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
|𝟏 𝒃 𝒃𝟐 | = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a)
𝟏 𝒄 𝒄𝟐
Solution
Multiplying the elements of the first row by -1 and adding them to the corresponding elements
of the second and the third rows.
𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
|𝟎 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 |= |𝟎 𝒃 − 𝒂 (𝒃 − 𝒂)(𝒃 + 𝒂)|
𝟎 𝒄 − 𝒂 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝟎 𝒄 − 𝒂 (𝒄 − 𝒂)(𝒄 + 𝒂)
Taking (b – a) common from second row and taking (c – a) common from third row
𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
= (b – a) (c – a) |𝟎 𝟏 𝒃 + 𝒂|
𝟎 𝟏 𝒄+𝒂
Multiplying the elements of the second row by -1 and adding them to the corresponding
elements of the third row.
𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
= (b – a) (c – a) |𝟎 𝟏 𝒃 + 𝒂| = (b – a)(c – a) (c – b) = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
𝟎 𝟎 𝒄−𝒃
Try to solve:
7) Without expanding the determinant, prove that
𝒂−𝒃−𝒄 𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒄
| 𝟐𝒂 𝒃−𝒄−𝒂 𝟐𝒄 |= (a + b + c)3
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒃 𝒄−𝒂−𝒃

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Determinant
Property (1):
In any determinant if the rows replace the columns in the same order, the value of the
determinant is unchanged.
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟐𝟏 𝒄𝟑𝟏
∆ = |𝒃𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝟐𝟑 | = |𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝟑𝟐 |
𝒄𝟑𝟏 𝒄𝟑𝟐 𝒄𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒃𝟐𝟑 𝒄𝟑𝟑
Property (2):
The value of the determinant in unchanged by evaluating it in terms of the elements of any
of its rows (columns).
Property (3):
The value of the determinant vanishes in each off the following two cases.
First: if all the elements of any row (column) in any determinant equal zero, then the value
of the determinant = 0
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
The value of the determinant |𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐| =0
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
Second: If the corresponding elements of any two rows (columns) in any determinant are
equal(or one of them is the multiple of the other), then the value off the determinant = zero
𝒄 𝒃 𝒄
i.e. | 𝒄 𝒃 𝒄| = 0
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛

Property (4):
If there is a common factor in all the elements of any row (column) in a determinant, then
this factor can be taken outside the determinant.
Property (5):
In any determinant, if the positions of two rows (columns) are interchanged. The value of
the resulting determinant equals the additive inverse of the value of the original
determinant.
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
|𝒅 𝒆 𝒇| = - |𝒙 𝒚 𝒛|
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝒅 𝒆 𝒇

Property (6):
In any determinant, if all the elements of any row (column) are written as a sum of two
elements, then the value of the determinant can be written as a sum of two determinants.
𝒄𝟏𝟏 + 𝒎 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒎 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
| 𝒄𝟐𝟏 + 𝒄 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 | = |𝒄𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 | + | 𝒄 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 |
𝒄𝟑𝟏 + 𝒉 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒉 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑

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Property (7):
If we add all the elements of any row (column) to the multiples of the elements of another
row (column), the value of the determinants in unchanged.
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒌𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒌𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒌𝒄𝟐
|𝒂 𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 | = | 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 |
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
Property (8):
If we multiply the elements of any row (column) by the cofactors of the corresponding
elements in another row (column) and we sum the results, then the sum is Zero.
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
In the determinant |𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 |
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
Since the elements of the first row are a11, a12, a13, the cofactors corresponding to the
elements of the second row are:
(-1)2+1 × M21 , (-1)2+2×M22 , (-1)2+3 ×M23
𝒂 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
Determinant = -a11 |𝒂𝟏𝟐 | + 𝒂 𝟏𝟐 | | – a13 |
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 |
𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
= -|𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 | = zero (Since R1 = R2)
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑

Determinant of a triangular form

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
|𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝟎 | or | 𝟎 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝟐𝟑 |
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝒂𝟑𝟑
Property (9):
The value of the determinant in the triangular form equals the product of the elements of
the main diagonal.
The value of the determinant of the previous form = a11 × a22 × a33

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Inverses of a matrix
If A =(𝒂 𝒃), then the multiplicative inverse of A is defined when the determinant of A ≠
𝒄 𝒅
0(non-singular), then:
A-1= ∆ ( 𝒅 −𝒃
𝟏
)
−𝒄 𝒂
The cofactor matrix:
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
If A = (𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ) is a matrix of the order 3*3 and its determinant is |𝑨|, then:
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
The cofactor of the element aij is the value of the minor determinant corresponding to the
element aij which is formed by deleting the row and the column of ai j and multiplying the
result by (-1)i+j so the matrix of cofactors of the matrix A is given by:

C=
𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝟏+𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝟏+𝟑 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐
(−𝟏)𝟏+𝟏 |𝒂 𝒂𝟑𝟑 | (−𝟏) |𝒂 𝒂𝟑𝟑 | (−𝟏) |𝒂 𝒂𝟑𝟐 |
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟏
𝒂 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂 𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂 𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
(−𝟏)𝟐+𝟏 |𝒂 𝒂𝟑𝟑 | (−𝟏)
𝟐+𝟐
|𝒂 𝒂𝟑𝟑 | (−𝟏)
𝟐+𝟑
|𝒂 𝒂𝟑𝟐 |
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟏
𝟑+𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝟑+𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝟏+𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
((−𝟏) |𝒂
𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 | (−𝟏) |𝒂
𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟑 | (−𝟏) |𝒂
𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 |)

Adjoint matrix:
The transpose of the cofactors matrix of the matrix A is called the Adjoint matrix of the
matrix of the matrix A and denoted by Adj(A)
𝒕
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪𝟏𝟏 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪𝟏𝟐 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪𝟏𝟑
̅̅̅̅̅
Adj(A) = (𝑪 𝟐𝟏
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪 𝟐𝟐
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪 𝟐𝟑 )
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪𝟑𝟏 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪𝟑𝟐 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑪𝟑𝟑

Finding the inverse of 3 × 3 square matrix

To find the multiplicative inverse of the 3 × 3 matrix A using the cofactors matrix, we follow
the next steps:
• Find the determinant of the matrix A, notice that |𝑨| ≠ 0
• Form the cofactors matrix for each element of the matrix A.
• Find the Adjoint matrix of A (the transpose of the cofactors matrix).
• Find the multiplicative inverse of A from the relation.
𝟏
A-1 = |𝑨| × Adj (A)
The number of solutions of “n” simultaneous equations with “n” variables
Homogenous equations Non-Homogenous equations
AX=0 AX≠ 𝟎
Note: RK(A)=RK(A*)
1-If RK(A)=n 1-if RK(A)=RK(A*)=n
Unique solution(trivial, zero) Unique solution using the inverse matrix
{(0,0,0)} method
2-If RK(A)<n 2- RK(A)=RK(A*)<n
Infinite number of solutions in addition Infinite number of solutions
to the trivial solution
3-RK(A) ≠RK(A*)
No solution

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Unit three (3 – 2)
Matrices
Inverses of a matrix:
You have studied how to find the multiplicative inverse (if exist) of a square matrix of the order
2 × 2 and you knew that:
If A, B are two square matrices of the order 2 × 2 and if AB = BA = I, then each of A and B are
multiplicative inverse of the other.
We notice that some matrices have no multiplicative inverse.
𝑎 𝑏
If A =( ), then the multiplicative inverse of A is defined when the determinant of A ≠ 0,
𝑐 𝑑
then:
1 𝑑 −𝑏
A-1= ( )
∆ −𝑐 𝑎
Remember:
The identity matrix I is a square matrix all the elements of its principle diagonal are 1 and the
other elements are zero
1 0 0
1 0
I2 = ( ) I3 = (0 1 0)
0 1
0 0 1
Example:
1) Find the multiplicative inverse (if exist) for each of the following:
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
a) A = ( ) b) B = ( )
𝟑 𝟔 𝟏 𝟑
Solution
2 4
a) We find the determinant of the matrix ∆ = | | = 12 – 12 = 0
3 6
.
. . The matrix has no multiplicative inverse (singular matrix)
2 4
b) We find the determinant of the matrix ∆ = | |=6–4=2
1 3
... The matrix B has multiplicative inverse denoted by B-1 where
1 3 −4
B-1 = 2 ( )
−1 2
Try to solve:
𝑎 9
1) Find the values of a which makes the matrix ( ) have no multiplicative inverse.
4 𝑎

The multiplicative inverse of a matrix of 3 × 3 system

If A is a matrix and |𝐴| ≠ 0, then A has a multiplicative inverse denoted by A-1, A-1 a square matrix
also AA-1 = A-1A= I where "I" is the identity matrix.
Example:
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐
2) Determine whether the matrix A where A = (−𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 ) has a multiplicative inverse
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏
or not. Explain.
Solution
We find the determinant of the square matrix as follows:
3 −1 2
2 1 −1 1 −1 2
|𝐴| = |−1 2 1 |=3| | - (-1) | |+2| |
0 −1 1 −1 1 0
1 0 −1

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= 3 (-2 - 0) + (1-1) + 2(0-2) = -6-1-4 = -10
... |𝐴| ≠ 0, then A has a multiplicative inverse.
Try to solve:
4 −3 2
2) Determine whether the matrix B=(0 2 1) has a multiplicative inverse or not.
1 1 0
The cofactors:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
If A = (𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ) is a matrix of the order 3*3 and its determinant is |𝐴|, then:
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
The cofactor of the element a i j is the value of the minor determinant corresponding to the
element ai j which is formed by deleting the row and the column of ai j and multiplying the result
by (-1)i+j so the matrix of cofactors of the matrix A is given by:
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
(−1)1+1 |𝑎 𝑎 | (−1)1+2 |𝑎 𝑎 | (−1)1+3 |𝑎 |
32 33 31 33 31 𝑎32
𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12
C = (−1)2+1 |𝑎 𝑎 | (−1)2+2 |𝑎 𝑎 | (−1)2+3 |𝑎 |
32 33 31 33 31 𝑎32
3+1 𝑎12 𝑎13 3+2 𝑎11 𝑎13 1+3 𝑎11 𝑎12
((−1) |𝑎22 𝑎23 | (−1) |𝑎21 𝑎23 | (−1) |𝑎 |
21 𝑎22 )
Example:
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
3) Find the cofactors matrix of the matrix A = (𝟐 𝟑 𝟐)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
Solution
We find the cofactors of the matrix A as follows:
3 2 2 2 2 3
C11 = (-1)1+1 | | = 2, C11 = (-1)1+2 | | = -2 , C31 =(-1)1+3 | | =1
2 2 1 2 1 2
2 3 1 3 1 2
C12 = (-1)2+1 | | = 2, C22 = (-1)2+2 | | = -1 , C32 =(-1)2+3 | | =0
2 2 1 2 2 2
2 3 1 3 1 2
C13 = (-1)3+1 | | = -5, C23 = (-1)3+2 | | = 4 , C33 =(-1)3+3 | | =-1
3 2 2 2 2 3
We can summarize the sign rule which relate the minor determinants and the cofactors of any
+ − +
element of a square matrix as follows: (− + −)
+ − +
So the cofactors matrix of A is:
2 −2 1
C = ( 2 −1 0 )
−5 4 −1
Try to solve:
2 1 −3
3) Find the cofactor matrix of the matrix A where A = (0 4 5 )
3 6 7

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Adjoint matrix:
The transpose of the cofactors matrix of the matrix A is called the adjoint matrix of the matrix of
the matrix A and denoted by Adj (A)
𝑡
̅̅̅̅
𝐶11 ̅̅̅̅
𝐶12 ̅̅̅̅
𝐶11
Adj(A) = (𝐶̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
21 𝐶22 𝐶23 )
̅̅̅̅
𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
31 𝐶32 𝐶33
In the previous example
2 2 −5
Adj(A)= (−2 −1 4 )
1 0 −1
Example:
𝟐 𝟎 𝟑
4) Find the Adjoint matrix of the matrix B where B = (−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏)
𝟎 𝟓 𝟏
Solution
We find the cofactors matrix of the matrix B
2 −1 −1 −1 −1 2
| | −| | | |
5 1 0 1 0 5 7 1 −5
0 3 2 3 2 0
C= − | | | | −| | = ( 15 2 −10)
5 1 0 1 0 5
0 3 2 3 2 0 −6 −1 4
|
( 2 −1 | − | | | |
−1 −1 −1 2 )
7 15 −6
... Adj(B) = ( 1 2 −1)
−5 −10 4
Critical thinking: In the previous example, find each of: B × Adj (B), Adj (B) × B. What do you
notice?
Finding the inverse of 3 × 3 square matrix
To find the multiplicative inverse of the 3 × 3 matrix A using the cofactors matrix, we follow the
next steps:
• Find the determinant of the matrix A, notice that |𝐴| ≠ 0
• Form the cofactors matrix for each element of the matrix A.
• Find the Adjoint matrix of A (the transpose of the cofactors matrix).
• Find the multiplicative inverse of A from the relation.
1
A-1 = |𝐴| × Adj (A)
Example:
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
5) Find the multiplicative inverse of the matrix A = (𝟒 𝟑 𝟓)
𝟏 𝟒 𝟎
Solution
Find the determinant of A using the first row (say)
2 −1 3
|𝐴| = |4 3 5| = 2(0 – 20) + (0 – 5) + 3(16 – 3) = -40 – 5 + 39 = -6
1 4 0

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3 5 4 5 4 3
| | −| | | |
4 0 1 0 1 4
−1 3 2 3 2 −1
Find the cofactors matrix C= − | | | | −| |
4 0 1 0 1 4
−1 3 2 3 2 −1
( | 3 5| − |4 5| |4 3 | )

−20 5 13
C= ( 12 −3 −9)
−14 2 10
Find the Adjoint matrix (the transpose of the cofactors matrix)

−20 12 −14
Adj(A)=( 5 −3 2 ) then
13 −9 10
−20 12 −14
1 1
A-1=|𝐴|×Adj(A)= ( 5 −3 2 )
−6
13 −9 10

Try to solve:
4) Find the multiplicative inverse (if exist) for each of the following matrices:
0 −1 1
A = ( 1 2 4)
2 3 8
5 0 0
B = (7 2 −2)
2 −3 3
Some properties of inverse of a matrix
If A, B are two invertible (nonsingular) matrices, then:
1- (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
2- (A-1)-1 = A (the multiplicative inverse of the inverse of a matrix A = the
matrix A)
-1 t t -1
3- (A ) = (A ) (the transpose of the inverse = the inverse of the transpose)
-1 2 2 -1
4- (A ) = (A ) (The square of the inverse = the inverse of the square)
5- (I)-1 = I (The inverse of the identity matrix = the identity matrix)

Remember:
The non-invertible matrix (singular) whose determinant = zero
The invertible matrix (non-singular) whose determinant ≠ 0

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Example:
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
6) If : A = ( ) and B = ( ), then verify each of the following properties:
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟓
First: (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1 Second: (A-1)-1 = A
Solution
|𝐴| = 3 × 2 – (-1) = 7 ,
|𝐵| = 2 × 5 – 1 (-1) = 11
1 2 1 1 5 −1
A-1 = 7 ( ) , B-1 = 11 ( )
−1 3 1 2

First: Second:
AB 2 1
3 −1 2 1 7 −2 1 2 1 7 7
=( )( )=( ) A-1 = ( ) = (−1 3)
7 −1 3
1 2 −1 5 0 11
. 2 7
. . |𝐴𝐵| = 77
... |𝐴−1 |
... (AB)-1 2 3 1 1 1
1 11 2 = 7 × 7 + 7 × 7= 7
= 77 ( ) (1)
0 7 ...(A-1)-1
1 5 −1 1 2 1
B-1A-1 = 11 ( ) ×7 ( ) 3
−7
1
1 2 −1 3 3 1
1 11 2 =7(71 2 )=( )=A
= 77 ( ) (2) 1 2
0 7 7 7
From (1), (2) ... (AB)-1 = B-1A-1 ... (A-1)-1 = A

Try to solve:
5) In the previous example, verify each of the following properties:
First: (A-1)t = (At)-1
Second: (A-1)2 = (A2)-1

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Unit three (3 – 3)
Solving system of linear equations using matrix inverse
Think and discuss:
You have used algebraic methods to solve the following system of linear equations:
2x + 3y = 7 , 3x – y = 5
Can you represent the previous equations in the form of matrix equation and find the solution
of these equation?
The matrix equation represents a full system of equations
System of equations matrix equation
2x + 3y = 7, 3x – y = 5
2 3 𝑥 7
( ) (𝑦)=( )
3 −1 5

Compare the system of equation in the algebraic form and the system of the matrix equation
then determine the coefficients matrix, the variables matrix and the constants matrix.
Coefficients matrix (A) Variables matrix (x) Constants matrix (B)
2 3 𝑥 7
( ) × (𝑦) =( )
3 −1 5
The matrix equation can be written in the form: AX = B
2 3 𝑥
- Can you find the product of the two matrices ( ) (𝑦)?
3 −1
- Compare the number of columns of the first matrix and the number of rows of the second matrix. What
do you notice?
7
- The product you gained should be equal to ( )
5
- Can you use the inverse matrix in the previous lesson to solve the matrix equation?
Systems of linear Equations:
We can solve "n" of linear equation in "n" variables which have unique solution using the matrices
multiplications when n = 2 or n = 3.
and considering the next system of equations:
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 we get AX = B
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
where A = (𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ) , X = (𝑦) , B = (𝑑2 )
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
A-1 (A × X)=A-1 × B multiplying both sides of the equation by A-1
(A-1 × A) × X = A-1 × B Associative property
I × X = A-1 A because I is the identity element
X = A-1 B
Note that: The solution of the matrix equation AX = B is the product of the inverse of the
coefficients matrix and the constants matrix.

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Example:
1) Solve the following system of linear equation using the inverse matrix:
4x + y = 0 , x + 2z = 15 , y – 7z = 0
Solution
Write the matrix equation AX = B where
4 1 0 𝑥 0
A = (1 0 2 ) , 𝑦
X = ( ) , B = (15)
0 1 −7 𝑧 0
Find the inverse of the matrix A using the cofactors matrix
4 1 0
|𝐴| = ∆ = |1 0 2 | = 4(-2)-1(-7) = -1
0 1 −7
the cofactors matrix =
0 2 1 2 1 0
| | −| | | |
1 −7 0 −7 0 1 −2 7 1
1 0 4 0 4 1
−| | | | −| | = ( 7 −28 −4)
1 −7 0 −7 0 1
1 0 4 0 4 1 2 −8 −1
( 0 2 | | − | | | |
1 2 1 0 )
−2 7 2
Adj (A) = ( 7 −28 −8)
1 −4 −1
−2 7 2
1 1
A-1 = |𝑎| × Adj (A) = −1 ( 7 −28 −8) ... X = A-1B
1 −4 −1
𝑥 −2 7 2 0
1
(𝑦) = −1 ( 7 −28 −8) (15)
𝑧 1 −4 −1 0
105
= (480)
60
... x = - 105 , y = 480 , z = 60 The solution set = }(-105 , 480 , 60){
Try to solve:
1) Solve the following system of equations:
2x – 3y – z = 9, x + 2y + 3z=15, x – 2z = 12 using the inverse matrix

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System of homogeneous and non-homogenous linear equations
We say that the system of linear equations is homogeneous if all the elements of the constants
0
matrix equals zero. i.e. B = (0),
0
but if one of the elements of the constants matrix is not equal to zero, then the system of linear
equation is non-homogeneous.
Verbal expression:
Show which of the following systems represents a homogeneous system of linear equations and
which represents a non-homogeneous system of linear equations.
1) 3x + 2y – 5z = 0, 5x – 3y + 2z = 4, x – 2z = 0
2) 2x + 3y = 5z, 3x + z = 4y, x + z = 0
Rank of a matrix:
Definition: The rank of the non-zero matrix is the greatest order of determinant or minor
determinant of the matrix whose value does not vanish so if A is a non-zero matrix of the order
m × n where m ≥ n, then the rank of the matrix (A) is denoted by RK (A) where
1 ≤ RK(A) ≤ n.
Example:
𝟑 −𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒 𝟓
2) Find the rank of each of the following matrices A =( ) ,B =( )
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟓
Solution
3 −1 4
First: The matrix A = A =( ) of the order 2 × 3, then the greatest order of a minor
2 5 1
determinant can be formed from A is 2.
3 −2
... | | = -9 + 4 = -5 ≠ 0 ... RK(A) = 2
2 −3
1 4 5
Second: the matrix B = ( ) of the order 2 × 3, then the greatest order of a minor
3 12 15
determinant can be formed from B is 2
1 4 4 5 1 5
| |=0 , | |=0 , | |=0
2 12 12 15 3 15
... the value of each minor determinant = 0
... RK (A) < 2 ... RK (A) = 1
Try to solve:
2- Find the rank for each of the following matrices:
2 7 −3 1.5 3 9
A=( ) , B= ( )
3 5 2 1 2 6
Example:
3- Find the rank for each of the following matrices:
𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
A = (𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏) , B = ( 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
Solution
2 0 3
|𝐴| = |1 5 −1| = 25 ≠ 0 ... RK (A) = 3
2 3 4

3 1 4
|𝐵| = | 2 3 5| = 0 (R3 = R1 + R2) ... RK (B) < 3
−1 2 1
We find the minor determinant of order 2

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3 5
| | = 3 – 10 = -7 ≠ 0 ... RK (B) = 2
2 1
Try to solve:
3- Find the rank of the following matrices
𝟓 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓
A = (𝟑 𝟏 𝟎) , and B = (𝟕 𝟒 −𝟐)
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗 𝟏𝟓

Note that:
1- If I is the identity matrix of the order
m × m, then the rank of I equals m because |I| = 1≠ 0
2- The rank of the zero matrix = zero
3- The rank of the matrix A = the rank of the matrix A t
4- If a zero row (column) is added (deleted) to the matrix A, then the rank of A doesn't change.
5- If the sum of rows (columns) is added (deleted) to the matrix A, then the rank of A doesn't
change.
Critical thinking:
2 1 3
1- If the matrix A = (𝑘 0 1 ) and RK (A) = 2, find the value of K
2 4 −1

−1 3 1
2- If the matrix A = ( 0 𝑘 2) and RK (A) = 3, find the real value of K
3 1 4
The augmented matrix:
If we have (m) linear equations in (n) variables, then we write AX = B and we define the
augmented matrix A as A* = (A|B) of the order m × (n + 1)
Example:
4- Find the augmented matrix for each of the following systems:
a) 3x – 5y = 2, 2x + 7y = 9, 4x – y = 3
b) x + y + z = 9, 2x – 3y + 2z = 3 ,3x + 2y – 3z = -3
Solution
3 −5 2
a) A* = (2 7 9)
4 −1 3
1 1 1 9
b) B* = (2 −3 2 3)
2 2 −3 −3
Try to solve:
4- Find the augmented matrix for each of the following systems:
a) 2x + 3y = 7 , 3x – y = 5 ,x–y=1
b) 3x + 2y – z = 4 ,x+y+z=3 ,x–z=0
Example:
5- Find the rank of the augmented matrix for the system 2x – y = 3 , 6 x – 3y = 9
Solution
2 1 3
A* = ( ) is a matrix of the order 2 × 3
6 −3 9
... The greatest order of a determinant can be formed from A* is 2
2 −1 −1 3 2 3
| |=6+6=0, | | = -9 + 9 = 0 , | | = 18 – 18 = 0
6 −3 −3 9 6 9

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... the value of all of the minor determinants = 0
... RK (A*) < 2 RK (A*) = 1
Try to solve:
5- Find the rank of the augmented matrix for each of the following systems.
a) 3x + 2y = 4, 2x + 3y = -6
b) 3x – 5y = 2, 9x + 15y = 10
Possibility of solving a system of linear equations:
First: The non-homogeneous equations
The equation: a1x1 + a2x2 + ……….+ an xn = c is called a non-homogeneous equation where c ≠ 0
and the system AX = C is called a non-homogeneous system where C ≠
1- The system of (n) equation in (n) variables has a unique solution if RK (A) = RK (A*) = k where
k<n
3- The system has no solution if RK (A) ≠ RK (A*).
Linear equation in three variables:
Let the system of the equation be
a1x + b1y + c1z = k1 a2x + b2y + c2z = k2
a3x + b3y + c3z = k3 i.e. AX = C
where
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑘1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑘1
A=( 2 𝑎 𝑏2 𝑐2 ) , X = ( ) , C = ( 2 ) A* = (𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑘2 )
𝑦 𝑘
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑘3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑘3
The following table summarizes the possibility of solving the previous system if k 1 = k2 = k3 = 0
(homogeneous equation – the rank of the augmented matrix doesn't affect ).

RK (A*) RK (A) Possibilities of solution

3 3 Unique solution(zero solution, trivial solution)

3 2 No solution

3 1 No solution

2 2 Infinite number of solutions

2 1 No solution

1 1 Infinite number of solutions

Example:
6- Show that the system 3x – 2y + 3z = 0 , x + y = 0 , y – z = 0 has a zero solution only.
Solution
3 −2 3
A = (1 1 0 ) is a square matrix of the order 3 × 3
0 1 −1
3 −2 3
... |𝐴| = |1 1 0 | using the elements of the first column
0 1 −1

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... |𝐴| = 3 (-1 - 0) -1 (2 - 3) + 0 (0 - 5)-2 ≠ 0 ... RK (A) = 3 = number of variables
... the system has a zero solution as a unique solution x = 0 , y = 0 , z = 0
the solution set = }(0 , 0 , 0){
Try to solve:
6- Show that the system 2x + y – z = 0, x – z = 0, 2y + z = 0 has a zero solution only.
Example:
7- Solution that the system 3x + y + 4z = 0 , 2x + 3y + 5z = 0 , -x + 2y + z = 0 has infinite number
of solutions and find the general form of the solution.
Solution
3 1 4
A = ( 2 3 5) is a square matrix of the order 3 × 3
−1 2 1
3 1 4
.
. . |𝐴| = | 2 3 5| = 0 ,
−1 2 1
where R3 = R1 + R2 ... RK (A) = 2
... RK (A) = 2 (less than 3) number of variables
... the system has infinite number of solutions in the form (t, t, -t)
Try to solve:
7- Show that the system of equations
2x + 3y + 5z = 0 , 7x + 4y –2z =0, 6x + 9y + 15z = 0
has an infinite number of solution and find the general form of the solution.

Example
The system of equations
x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 14,3x + 4y + kz = 14
Find the value of k which makes the system has a unique solution
solution
.
RK (A) = n = RK (A*) . . |𝐴| ≠ 0
1 1 1
... |1 2 3| ≠ 0
3 4 𝑘

2k – 12 – (k – 9) + 4 – 6 ≠ 0
k – 12 + 9 – 2 ≠ 0
k≠5 k ∈ R - }5{

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General Examples on C hapter Three
1-
𝒙 −𝒚 −𝒛
R.T.P: | 𝒚 𝟏 𝟎 | = x + y2 + z 3
𝒛𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
C1 – y C2 – z2 C3
𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧3 −𝑦 −𝑧
L.H.S = | 0 1 0 | = x + y2 + z 3
0 0 1

2- Use the properties of determinants

𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝒂 𝟏 𝒃 𝟏
Prove that |𝒂𝒄 𝒃 𝒃| = (a + b) |𝒂 𝒃𝟐 𝒃|
𝟐

𝒃 𝒄 𝟏 𝒃 𝒄𝟐 𝒄
2
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏
R.H.S = | 𝑎 𝑏2 𝑏 | r1 – r2
2
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎
= |𝑎 𝑏2 𝑏 | c c1
𝑏 𝑐2 𝑐
𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑎
1
= 𝑐 |𝑎𝑐 𝑏2 𝑏| = |𝑎𝑐 𝑏2 𝑏 | = L.H.S
𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 1

3-Without expansion the determinant, prove that

𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐
|𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒄 𝒃𝒄 | = |𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝒄 𝒃𝟐 | ac1, bc2 , cc3
𝒂𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒃
1
𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑎2 𝑐𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑎 𝑐𝑎
R.H.S = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑏 | = |𝑎𝑏
2 2 𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑏 | = L.H.S
𝑎𝑐 2 𝑏𝑐 2 𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏

4- Find the s.s of the equation:

𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙
|𝟑𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 | = 96
𝒙 −𝒙 𝟎
1 2 3
x |3 2
3 1| = 96
1 −1 0
x3](0+1) + 2(+1) + 3(-3-2)[ = 96
-12 x3 = 96 , x3 = -8 , x = -2

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5- Find the general form of solution for the following problem.
2x + 2y + 3z = 0
x - 2y – 3z = 0
4x – 2y – 3z = 0 is ………..
add 1,2 x=0
.. . 2y + 3z = 0
−3
y= 2 z
−3
let z = t .. . y = 2
t
−3
general form of solution (0 , 2
t,t)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝒙 𝟎
6- The system of (𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑) ( )=(𝟎)
𝒚
𝟒 −𝟐 −𝟑 𝒛 𝟎
has
a) The trivial solution only.
b) Infinite number of solutions other than the zero solution.
c) Finite number of solutions except the zero solution.
d) No solution at all.
𝟐 𝟐
|𝑨| = 0 | |≠0
𝟏 −𝟐
RK (A) = 2 < n Infinite number of solutions other than the zero solution (b)

7-For any matrix A if A2 – A + I = 𝟎

Then A-1 = ……….
A.A – A + I =0
A-1. A. A – A-1A + A-1I =0
A – I + A-1 =0
A-1 = I – A

8- Solve the equation without expanding.

𝟏 𝟕 𝟒
|𝟎 𝟏 𝐱| = 0
𝟐
𝟏 𝐱 −𝟐 𝟒
r3 – r1
1 7 4
|0 1 x| = 0 c2 c3
2
0 x −9 0

1 4 7
- |0 x 1 | =0
2
0 0 x −9
... – x (x2 – 9 ) = 0 x = 0 , x = ±3

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9- Use the properties of the determinant to Prove that:
𝒂 + 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒂 𝟏 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
|𝒃 + 𝒉𝒙 𝒉𝒙 − 𝒃 𝟏| = 2x |𝒅 𝒉 𝒘|
𝒄 + 𝒘𝒙 𝒘𝒙 − 𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
C1 – C2

2𝑎 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎 1
L.H.S = |2𝑏 ℎ𝑥 − 𝑏 1|
2𝑐 𝑤𝑥 − 𝑐 1

𝑎 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎 1
= 2 |𝑏 ℎ𝑥 − 𝑏 1| C2 + C1
𝑐 𝑤𝑥 − 𝑐 1
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎 𝑑 1
= 2 |𝑏 ℎ𝑥 1|= 2x|𝑏 ℎ 1|
𝑐 𝑤𝑥 1 𝑐 𝑤 1

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10- Without expanding the determinate prove that:
𝟏+𝒂 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
| 𝟏 𝟏+𝒃 𝟏 | = abc (𝒂 +𝒃 +𝒄 + 1)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏+𝒄
1 1 1
+1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 1
L.H.S = abc || 𝑏 𝑏
+1 𝑏
| r1 + r 2 + r 3
|
1 1 1
+1
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+𝑏+𝑐+1 +𝑏+𝑐+1 +𝑏+𝑐+1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 1
= abc || 𝑏 𝑏
+1 𝑏
|
|
1 1 1
+1
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
= abc (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 1) | 𝑏 +1 | 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶3 − 𝐶1
𝑏 𝑏
1 1 1
+1
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
1 0 0
1
= abc ( + + + 1) | 𝑏 1 0| = (abc) (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)
1 1 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
0 1
𝑐

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11- If the solution set of the equation x + y + z = a,x – 3y + z = 6 , 3x + 2y + z = 3
is }(1, b, c){ , find by using the multiplicative Inverse of the matrix the value of a, b, c.
Solution
1 1 1 𝑥 𝑎
A = (1 −3 1) X = (𝑦 ) B = ( 6)
3 2 1 𝑧 3
−5 +2 11 −5 1 4
C = (+1 −2 +1) Aadj = ( 2 −2 0)
4 0 −4 11 1 −4
1
|𝐴| = -5 + 2 + 11 = 8 A-1 = 8 Aadj
𝑥 −5 1 4 𝑎
1
X= A-1B (𝑦) = 8 ( 2 −2 0 ) (6)
𝑧 11 1 −4 3
1 18 − 5𝑎
1 18−5𝑎
(𝑦) = 8 ( … … … ) .. . =1 ... 18 – 5a = 8
8
𝑧 ………
a=2
1 8 1
1
(𝑦) = 8 (−8) = (−1)
𝑧 16 2
... b = -1 , c=2

𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟓𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
12- If |𝒅 𝒆 𝒇| = 2 then | 𝟓𝒅 𝒆 𝒇 | = …….
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝟑𝟓𝒙 𝟕𝒚 𝟕𝒛
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=5 × 7 |𝑑 𝑒 𝑓| = 5 × 7 × 2 = 70
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

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13-Without expansion prove that:
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒄
| 𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃𝒄 | = a2 + b2 + c2 + 1
𝒂𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏
2 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
L.H.S =|𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 | + |0 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 |
2 2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 +1 0 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 +1
𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 1 0 𝑎𝑐
|𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 | + |0 𝑏2 𝑏𝑐 | + |0 1 𝑏𝑐 |
2 2 2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 +1 0 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 + 1 0 0 𝑐 +1
1 𝑏 𝑐 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 1 0 𝑎𝑐
= a2 |𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 | +|0 𝑏2 𝑏𝑐 | + |0 1 𝑏𝑐 |
2 2 2
𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 +1 0 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 + 1 0 0 𝑐 +1
- br1 + r21 , – cr1+r3
1 𝑏 𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎𝑐
= a2 |0 1 0| + b2|0 1 𝑐 | + c2 + 1
0 0 1 0 𝑐 𝑐2 + 1
- cr2 + r3
1 𝑎 𝑎𝑐
= a2 + b2 |0 1 𝑐 | + c2 + 1= a2 + b2 + c2 + 1
0 0 1

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𝒂+𝒃 𝟓 𝒄
14-R.T.P | 𝒃 + 𝒄 𝟓 𝒂|=0
𝒂+𝒄 𝟓 𝒃
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 5 𝑐
C1 + C3 |𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 5 𝑎|
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 5 𝑏
1 1 𝑐
= 5(a + b + c) |1 1 𝑎| = 0 C1 = C2
1 1 𝑏

−𝟕 𝟑
15- If A = (𝟐 𝟓) , B = ( ) and A × C = B
𝟓 𝟑 −𝟒𝟔 𝟏𝟕
Then C = ….
C = A-1B |𝐴| = 6 – 25 = - 19 −5
) Aadj = ( 3
−5 2
−7 3 −1 209 −76 −11 4
C = 19 ( 3 −5) (
−1
)= ( )=( )
−5 2 −46 17 19 −57 19 3 −1

16- In ∆ABC, find the value of

𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
| 𝟓 𝟕 𝟖 |
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑪
a: b: c= sin A : sin B : sin C
... r3 = kr1 ∆=0

𝟏 −𝟐𝒄 + 𝟐𝒄𝟐 −𝟑𝒄 + 𝟑𝒄𝟐

17- Prove that |𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒄𝟐 𝟑𝒄𝟐 | = 1 + 2c + 3c2 Without expanding
𝒄 𝟐𝒄𝟑 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒄𝟑
-2c2 C1 + C2 , -3c2 C1 + C3
1 −2𝑐 −3𝑐
L.H.S = |1 1 0 | = C1 – C2 – cC3
𝑐 0 1
1 + 2𝑐 + 3𝑐 2 −2𝑐 −3
| 0 1 0 | = 1+ 2c + 3C2
0 0 1

18- . If A is a square matrix |𝑨| = 4, then A x Adj(A) = ……..

a- 4
b- I
c- 4I
𝟏
d- 𝟒 𝑰
1
A-1 = |𝐴| Aadj ... |𝐴| A-1 = Adj (A)
|𝐴| A.A-1 = A. Adj (A) A. Agj (A)=4I

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19-The system of equations
x+y+z=6 , x + 2y + 3z = 14 , 3x + 4y + kz = 14
Find the value of k which makes the system has a unique solution
RK (A) = n = RK (A*) ... |𝐴| ≠ 0
1 1 1
.. . |1 2 3 | ≠ 0
3 4 𝑘
2k – 12 – (k – 9) + 4 – 6 ≠ 0
k – 12 + 9 – 2 ≠ 0
k≠5 k ∈ R - }5{

𝒂𝟑 − 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂
20-If |𝒃𝟑 − 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃| = 0 where a ≠ b ≠ c
𝒄𝟑 − 𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄
Prove that: abc = 1
𝑎3 𝑎2 𝑎 1 𝑎2 𝑎
|𝑏 3 𝑏2 𝑏| - |1 𝑏2 𝑏 | = 0
𝑐3 𝑐2 𝑐 1 𝑐2 𝑐
2
𝑎 𝑎 1 𝑎2 𝑎 1
abc |𝑏2 𝑏 1| - |𝑏2 𝑏 1| = 0
𝑐2 𝑐 1 𝑐2 𝑐 1
2
𝑎 𝑎 1
|𝑏2 𝑏 1| (abc – 1) = 0
𝑐2 𝑐 1
𝑎2 𝑎 1
.. . |𝑏 2 𝑏 1 | ≠ 0 ... abc = 1
2
𝑐 𝑐 1

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21- Solve the system of the following equations using Cramer’s rule:
3y + 2x = z + 1, 3x + 2z = 8 – 5y, 3z – 1 = x – 2y
Solution
1) Put the equations system in the form ax + by + cz = m as follows:
2x + 3y – z = 1 , 3x + 5y + 2z = 8 , x – 2y – 3z = -1
2) Find ∆𝒙 , ∆𝒚 , ∆𝒛 as follows:

Solution
𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏
∆ = |𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 | = 2 ( -15 + 4) -3 (-9 -2) + (-1) (-6 -5)
𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑
= -22 + 33 + 11 = 22
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏
, ∆𝒙 = | 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 | = 1 ( -15 + 4) -3 (-24 +2) + (-1) (-16+5)
−𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑
= -11 + 66 + 11 = 66
𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏
∆ 𝒚 = |𝟑 𝟖 𝟐 | = 2 ( -24 + 2) -1 (-9 -2) + (-1) (-3 -8)
𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟑
= -44 + 11 + 11 = - 22
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
∆ 𝒛 = |𝟑 𝟓 𝟖 | = 2 ( -5 + 16) -3 (-3 -8) + 1 (-6 -5)
𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏
= 22 + 33 - 11 = 44
3) Find the variables x, y, z as follows:
∆ 𝟔𝟔 ∆ −𝟐𝟐 ∆ 𝟒𝟒
x = ∆ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐 = 3, y = ∆ 𝒚 = = -1 , z = ∆ 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐 =𝟐
𝟐𝟐
... The S.S. = } (3 , -1 , 2){

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22- Solve the following system of linear equation using the inverse matrix:
4x + y = 0 , x + 2z = 15 , y – 7z = 0
Solution
Write the matrix equation AX = B where
4 1 0 𝑥 0
A = (1 0 2 ) , X = (𝑦) , B = (15)
0 1 −7 𝑧 0
Find the inverse of the matrix A using the cofactors matrix
4 1 0
|𝐴| = ∆ = |1 0 2 | = 4(-2)-1(-7) = -1
0 1 −7
0 2 1 2 1 0
| | −| | | |
1 −7 0 −7 0 1
1 0 4 0 4 1
the cofactors matrix = − | | | | −| |
1 −7 0 −7 0 1
1 0 4 0 4 1
( |0 2| −|
1 2
| |
1 0 )
|

−2 7 1 −2 7 2
= ( 7 −28 −4) Adj (A) = ( 7 −28 −8)
2 −8 −1 1 −4 −1
−2 7 2
1 1
A-1 = |𝑎| × Adj (A) = (7 −28 −8)
−1
1 −4 −1
... X = A-1B
𝑥 −2 7 2 0 −105
1
(𝑦) = −1 ( 7 −28 −8) (15) = ( 420 )
𝑧 1 −4 −1 0 60
... x = - 105 , y = 420 , z = 60 The solution set = }(-105 , 420 , 60){
23- Without expanding the determinant, prove that
𝒂−𝒃−𝒄 𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒄
| 𝟐𝒂 𝒃−𝒄−𝒂 𝟐𝒄 |= (a + b + c)3
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒃 𝒄−𝒂−𝒃

𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒄
L.H.S=|𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 𝒃−𝒄−𝒂 𝟐𝒄 |
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 𝟐𝒃 𝒄−𝒂−𝒃
𝟏 𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒄
= (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) |𝟏 𝒃 − 𝒄 − 𝒂 𝟐𝒄 |
𝟏 𝟐𝒃 𝒄−𝒂−𝒃

𝟏 𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒄
=(a+b+c)|𝟎 −𝒃 − 𝒄 − 𝒂 𝟎 |= (a + b + c)3
𝟎 𝟎 −𝒄 − 𝒂 − 𝒃

Third Secondary 79 Mr. Ahmed Rashad