P-Block
In One Shot
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY OM PANDEY , IIT-Delhi
Topics
1 Electronic Configuration , General Oxidation State
2 Atomic Size , Ionisation Energy , Electron Affinity ,
Electronegativity
3 Unique Behaviour of First element in each group
5 Bond Dissociation Energy, Catenation Properties,
Allotropes of P,S
Group -15 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction : Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and
chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups ; unique
behavior of the first element in each group.
Periodic Table
Chemical Bonding
P block – class 11th
Co-ordination Chemistry
P Block Elements
He
B C N O F Ne
Al Si P S Cl Ar
Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Electronic Configuration Group oxidation state
He
N O F Ne
P S Cl Ar
As Se Br Kr
Sb Te I Xe
Bi Po At Rn
Atomic radius
He
N O F Ne
P S Cl Ar
As Se Br Kr
Sb Te I Xe
Bi Po
Ionisation Energy N O F Ne
He
Metallic Character N O F Ne
P S Cl Ar
Non-metallic Character Br Kr
As Se
Sb Te I Xe
Bi Po
Electron Affinity
He
N O F Ne
P S Cl Ar
As Se Br Kr
Sb Te I Xe
Highest E . A . :
Group 1 egH Group 16 egH Group 17 egH Group 0 egH
H –73 He +48
Li –60 O –141 F –328 Ne +116
Na –53 S –200 Cl –349 Ar +96
K –48 Se –195 Br –325 Kr +96
Rb –47 Te –190 I –295 Xe +77
Cs –46 Po –174 At –270 Rn +68
Electronegativity
N O F
P S Cl
As Se Br
Sb Te I
Physical Properties (data based)
1. B.P. 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th : ↑ (Top to bottom)
2. M.P. 15th N < P < As > Sb > Bi
16th , 17th , 18th → Top to Bottom : M.P. ↑
3. Density 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th : ↑ (Top to bottom)
First Atom of Group
B C N O
No, d orbital Hybridisation : sp sp2 sp3
Small in size Form multiple bond easily
Existence : NCl5 PCl5
NF6– PF6–
BF4– AlF63–
Amphoteric Oxides Neutral Oxides
As Fe Sb Cr V Te
CO NO N2O
Zn Sn Be Al Pb Ga
As2O3 Fe2O3 Sb2O3 Cr2O3 V2O5 TeO2
Basic Oxides Metals
ZnO BeO Al2O3 Ga2O3 SnO SnO2
PbO PbO2 Pb3O4 Pb3O2 Basic Amphoteric Acidic
Oxides
Acidic Oxides
OXIDE Oxides
Li2O MnO2
Oxides
CrO3
Non – metal oxides As
Metalloid oxides CaO TiO2 Mn2O7
As2O5 Sb
Sb2O5
MgO ZrO2
SeO2 TeO2 Se
GeO2 Te
B2O3 CO2 N2O5 P2O5 Cl2O7 Ge
Oxo-acids
Group-13 Group-14 Group-15 Group-16 Group-17 Group-18
H3BO3 H2CO3 HNO3 H3PO4 H2SO4 HClO4 H4XeO6
H4SiO4 HNO2 H3PO3 H2SO3 HClO3 H2XeO4
HClO2
H2N2O2 H3PO2
HClO
Acids of Nitrogen
Hyponitrous acid
Nitric acid
Nitrous acid
Nitric Anhydride
Oxo-acids of
Sulphur Sulphur trioxide
Sulphuric
Thio-sulphuric acid acid Sulphurous acid
Pyro sulphuric acid
+ [O]
Peroxy disulphuric acid
Oxo-acids of P Meta phosphoric acid
Phosphorous acid
Phosphoric acid
Pyro-phosphoric acid
Acid having single CA 2) n = 2 3) Always
1) No of OH = No of H
n=3
H3BO3
H2N2O2 H3PO2
H2CO3 H3PO4
HNO3 H3PO3
HNO2
H2SO4 H2SO3
H2SO5 H4SiO4
HClO4 HClO2
HClO3 HClO
Anions ic acid : ate ion ous acid : ite ion
HClO4 NaClO4
HClO3 NaClO3
HClO2 NaClO2
HClO NaClO
Bond Dissociation Energy Min. energy required to break a bond
C C Si Si
N N P P
O O S S
F F Cl Cl
BDE : Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
Allotropes Different forms of an element within the same physical phase
Carbon Phosphorus Sulphur
Diamond Red Rhombic
Graphite White Monoclinic
Fullerenes Black
Allotropes of Phosphorus
White phos. P4 Red phos. (P4)n Black phos. Pn
Polymeric chain Covalent solid
Because of angular strain in the P4 molecule, it readily catches fire in air to give
NCERT
dense white fumes.
White Phos. P4 Red Phos. (P4)n
P P P P
P P P P P P P P
P P P P
Reactivity :
Thermal stability :
Solubility (in water) :
Solubility (in CS2) :
Glow :
White Phos. P4 Red Phos. (P4)n
P P P P
P P P P P P P P
P P P P
Translucent white waxy solid Iron grey lustre
Poisonous Non - poisonous
Allotropes of Sulphur
S S S Rhombic Sulphur Monoclinic Sulphur
S S
-Sulphur -Sulphur
S
S S S8 S8
Transition (at 369 K) :
Solubility (in water) :
Solubility (in CS2) :
Stability (at RT) :
NCERT
The S8 ring in both the forms is puckered and has a crown shape.
Allotropes of Sulphur
At elevated temperatures (~ 1000 K), S2 is the dominant species and is
paramagnetic like O2.
S
S S
S S
S
Standard Reduction Potential
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
+ve E° value +2.83 +1.36 +1.07 +0.54
Oxidising power
The ready acceptance of an electron is the reason for the strong oxidizing nature of
halogens.
Three factors are responsible for E° order Bond Dissociation Energy
Electron gain enthalpy
Hydration energy
Oxidising Nature of Halogens
F2 + Cl–
F2 + Br –
F2 + l–
Cl2 + Br –
Cl2 + I–
Br2 + I–
Group – 18
O2 + PtF6
I.E. of O2 = (I.E.)Xe
Xe + PtF6
All the noble gases except radon occur in atmosphere.
Most abundant element in air is Ar.
Noble gases have very low melting & boiling points.
Helium has the lowest boiling point (4.2 K) of any known substance.