📘 CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE —
COMPLETE NOTES (Detailed Version)
🏛️HISTORY
🌍 Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
1️⃣ The Idea of Nation-State
Before 1789 → Europe ruled by absolute monarchies.
French Revolution (1789) introduced:
o Sovereignty rests with the people.
o Ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity.
o Uniform laws, common system of weights and measures, French as national
language.
These inspired other European countries.
2️⃣ The Napoleonic Era (1799–1815)
Napoleon Bonaparte spread revolutionary ideals but ruled as a dictator.
Napoleonic Code (1804):
o Equality before law.
o Abolition of feudalism.
o Rights to property.
o Unified currency, efficient tax system.
However, his wars led to exploitation and national resentment.
3️⃣ Congress of Vienna (1815)
After Napoleon’s defeat → aim: restore monarchies.
Led by Metternich of Austria.
Restored Bourbon monarchy in France, re-drew map of Europe.
4️⃣ Liberalism and Conservatism
Liberalism: freedom of individual, equality before law, representative government.
Conservatives: wanted monarchy but with modernisation.
Economically liberalism: free markets, end of trade barriers, uniform currency.
5️⃣ Revolutionaries and Nationalists
Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy & Young Europe.
Wanted united democratic republics.
Secret societies formed to oppose monarchy and foreign rule.
6️⃣ The Revolutions (1830–1848)
1830: France overthrew Bourbon kings → Louis Philippe became constitutional
monarch.
1848: France became republic with universal male suffrage.
Peasants and artisans demanded reforms and rights.
7️⃣ Unification Movements
Italy: Cavour (Prime Minister of Sardinia–Piedmont) led unification. Mazzini
inspired, Garibaldi fought wars. Unified in 1861 under King Victor Emmanuel II.
Germany: Otto von Bismarck used policy of “blood and iron” to unite 39 states
under Prussian king Wilhelm I (1871).
8️⃣ The Balkan Crisis
Balkans = region with ethnic diversity (Greece, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, etc.).
Nationalist tensions, Ottoman Empire’s decline → rivalries → WWI.
🇮🇳 Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
1️⃣ Birth of Nationalism
British rule caused economic & political exploitation.
Indian National Congress (INC) formed (1885).
Gandhiji returned in 1915 → introduced Satyagraha.
2️⃣ Early Satyagrahas
Champaran (1917): Indigo peasants.
Kheda (1918): Tax suspension.
Ahmedabad (1918): Mill workers.
3️⃣ Rowlatt Act (1919)
Allowed detention without trial.
Led to Jallianwala Bagh massacre (April 13, 1919).
Countrywide protest, strikes, and unity.
4️⃣ Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)
Joined with Khilafat Movement (Muslim support).
Boycott of foreign goods, schools, councils; use of khadi.
Suspended after Chauri Chaura (1922) violence.
5️⃣ Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34)
Salt March (Dandi, March 1930) – symbol of defying unjust law.
Broke salt law → nation-wide campaign:
o Boycott British goods, refuse taxes, resign from jobs.
o Women participated widely.
Signed Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931); but repression continued.
6️⃣ Role of Different Groups
Businessmen: Supported initially; wanted freedom from British control.
Peasants & tribals: Demanded reduction in taxes, forest rights.
Dalits: Wanted political representation (Ambedkar).
Muslims: Feared majority domination.
7️⃣ Sense of Collective Belonging
National symbols, songs (Vande Mataram), folk traditions spread unity.
Indian identity strengthened through culture, history, and struggle.
🌎 Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World (Till 1.3)
1️⃣ Pre-modern World
Silk Routes linked Asia, Europe, Africa — trade of silk, spices, gold, religion.
Example: Buddhism spread through these routes.
Before industrialisation, goods and ideas already moving globally.
2️⃣ Nineteenth Century (1815–1914)
Industrial Revolution → need for raw materials & markets.
Britain became “workshop of the world”.
Corn Laws repealed → free trade policy.
Improved transport (railways, steamships, telegraphs).
Migration: Indentured labour (India → Mauritius, Fiji, Trinidad, etc.).
Colonisation: European control over Asia & Africa expanded.
3️⃣ Global Agricultural Economy
Colonisation of America, Africa, Australia → large scale farming.
Local people displaced, slavery & indenture increased.
Refrigerated ships revolutionised food transport (meat, dairy).
Global economy linked producers and consumers worldwide.
🌳 GEOGRAPHY
🌿 Chapter 1: Resources and Development
Resource: Anything satisfying human needs.
Types: Natural (renewable/non-renewable), Human-made, Human.
Resource Planning:
1. Identification & survey
2. Planning & technology
3. Implementation
Sustainable development: Meet current needs without harming future generations.
Land degradation: Caused by mining, deforestation, over-irrigation.
Soil conservation: Contour ploughing, terrace farming, afforestation.
🌲 Chapter 2: Forest and Wildlife Resources
India = mega-biodiversity nation.
Flora and Fauna classification: Normal, Endangered, Vulnerable, Extinct.
Causes of depletion: Deforestation, mining, agriculture, development projects.
Conservation methods:
o Project Tiger, Project Rhino.
o Joint Forest Management (1988).
o Community movements like Chipko and Beej Bachao Andolan.
💧 Chapter 3: Water Resources
Water = renewable, but overused and polluted.
Multipurpose projects: Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Damodar Valley — irrigation,
electricity, flood control.
Problems: Displacement, inequality, ecological damage.
Rainwater harvesting: Rooftop tanks, johads, kulhs, khadins.
Example: Tamil Nadu – rooftop compulsory; Rajasthan – traditional tanks.
🌾 Chapter 4: Agriculture
Types:
o Primitive (Jhumming),
o Intensive subsistence (rice, wheat),
o Commercial (cotton, sugarcane).
Crops:
o Kharif: Rice, maize, cotton.
o Rabi: Wheat, mustard.
o Zaid: Watermelon, cucumber.
Revolutions:
o Green (wheat), White (milk), Blue (fish), Yellow (oilseeds).
Problems: Monsoon dependence, soil degradation, overuse of chemicals.
Solutions: Crop rotation, mixed farming, organic farming.
⚙️Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources
Minerals: Natural, inorganic, definite composition.
Types:
o Metallic: Ferrous (iron, manganese), Non-ferrous (bauxite, copper).
o Non-metallic: Mica, limestone.
o Energy: Coal, petroleum, natural gas.
Energy sources:
o Conventional – coal, petroleum, hydel.
o Non-conventional – solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas.
Conservation: Reuse, recycling, exploration of alternatives.
⚖️POLITICAL SCIENCE
🤝 Chapter 1: Power Sharing
Power sharing: Distribution among organs and levels to avoid conflict.
Forms:
o Horizontal – Legislature, Executive, Judiciary.
o Vertical – Central, State, Local.
o Social – Among ethnic/religious groups.
Examples:
o Belgium – Equal representation for Dutch & French.
o Sri Lanka – Sinhala-only policy → civil war.
Importance: Promotes unity, stability, democracy.
🗺️Chapter 2: Federalism
Division of power between central and state governments.
Features:
o Two levels of government.
o Written constitution.
o Independent judiciary.
India’s structure:
o Union List, State List, Concurrent List.
o Residuary powers with Centre.
Decentralisation: 73rd (Panchayati Raj) & 74th (Municipalities) Amendments
(1992).
⚧️Chapter 3: Gender, Religion, and Caste
Gender: Women underrepresented in politics; only 14% MPs are women.
Religion: India secular — no official religion.
Communalism: Political use of religion; threat to democracy.
Caste: Affects politics but democracy has reduced its rigidity.
Equality: Affirmative action, reservations for SC/ST/OBC.
🗳️Chapter 4: Political Parties
Functions: Contest elections, policy making, represent people, shape opinion.
Types: National (INC, BJP), State (DMK, TMC, AAP).
Challenges: Dynastic politics, corruption, lack of internal democracy.
Reforms: RTI, transparency, women’s representation, citizen movements.
💰 ECONOMICS
🌱 Chapter 1: Development
Development = improvement in quality of life.
Indicators: Income, health, education.
HDI: Life expectancy, literacy, income.
Sustainable development: Meet present needs without harming future.
Per Capita Income: National income ÷ population.
Different people = different goals (material + non-material).
⚙️Chapter 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy
Primary: Agriculture, mining.
Secondary: Manufacturing.
Tertiary: Services (banking, education, transport).
Organised vs Unorganised: Job security vs informal employment.
Public vs Private Sector: Govt vs individual ownership.
GDP: Value of all final goods & services produced in a year.
💵 Chapter 3: Money and Credit
Money: Medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account.
Modern forms: Currency, cheques, demand deposits.
Credit: Borrowing with promise of repayment + interest.
Formal: Banks (RBI control).
Informal: Moneylenders (high interest).
SHGs: Encourage small savings, self-employment, women’s empowerment.
🌍 Chapter 4: Globalisation and the Indian Economy
Globalisation: Integration of economies through trade, investment, tech.
MNCs: Produce in several countries; invest where labour is cheap.
Liberalisation (1991): Ended licence raj, opened economy.
Impacts:
o Positives: More choices, higher quality, employment.
o Negatives: Small industries affected, inequality.
Fair Globalisation: Govt support for small producers, equal opportunities.
✅ Quick Revision Chart
Theme Key Concept Example
Power Sharing Balance of Power Belgium vs Sri Lanka
Federalism Two-tier Govt Centre & State
Agriculture Kharif & Rabi Crops Rice & Wheat
Money Medium of Exchange Currency Notes
Globalisation MNCs Coca-Cola, Samsung
Nationalism in India Civil Disobedience Dandi March
Minerals Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Iron, Bauxite
Development HDI Indicators Income, Health, Education