IQRA’A CRÈCHE

TUDUN MALIKI, KANO STATE

SECOND TERM
LESSON NOTES

CLASS:
BASIC THREE

SESSION
2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION

Age Range: 7 – 10 years

Sex: MIXED
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
TOPICS
1. Fraction (2) – Addition and Subtraction of like and unlike
fractions
2. Square and square roots
3. Addition and Subtraction
4. Multiplication
5. Division of numbers
6. Algebraic processes
7. Money

FRACTIONS 2
Addition and Subtraction of like Fractions (revision)

Addition and Subtraction of unlike Fractions

Example: Simplify:
4 3 7 7
a. 7 + 28 b. 8 + 10

a. Solution: Step 1: Find the lcm. lcm = 28.

Step 2: Find equivalent fraction with the lcm (multiply by 4).
4 16 3 3
7
= 28
, 28
= 28

They now have the same denominators.

Step 3: add both fractions.
16 3 19
28
+ 28
= 28

7 7
b. 8 + 10 lcm = 40
7 35 7 28
8
= 40
and 10
= 40
35 28 63 23
40
+ 40
= 40
= 1 40
Subtraction of Unlike Fractions
We subtract unlike fractions the same way we add unlike fractions.
2 3 6 5
Examples: a) 3 – 15
b) 9 – 27
2 3
Solution: a. 3 – 15 , lcm = 15

Or
2 10 3 7
3
= 15
– 15
= 15
10 – 3 7
That is: 15 = 15

6 5
b. 9 – 27
lcm = 27

Or
6 5 5 13
9
= 27
– 27
= 27
18 – 5 13
That is: 27 = 27

Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Fractions.

Addition of Mixed Numbers
We have mixed numbers when we have both whole numbers and
fractions together in a sum. To add mixed numbers, we first add the
fractions then the whole numbers.
3 5
Example 1: 2 12 + 1 12 Example 2:

2 3
Solution: a. a. 2 3 + 1 15

3 5 8
= 12 + 12
= 12
 Then 2 + 1 = 3
3 5 8 2
 2 12 + 1 12 = 3 12 = 3 5

Subtraction with Mixed Numbers

The subtraction of mixed numbers are similar to addition of mixed
numbers. We first subtract the whole numbers.
5 4 1 3
Example: a. 6 11 – 3 11 b. 6 4 – 34

5 4
Solution: a. 6 11 – 3 11

5 4 1
6 11 – 3 11 = 3 11

1 3
b. 6 4 – 34

3 1
In this problem 4 cannot be subtracted from 4 , so we regroup as
follows:
1 3 1
64 – 34 Write 1 4 as improper fraction

1 5 5
64 = 5+ 4 = 54

We then subtract.
1 5 3 2 1
64 = 54 – 34 = 24 =22 .
 SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS OF NUMBERS
The Square of One-Digit Numbers
Not all numbers are square numbers. Some numbers cannot form
perfect squares. Numbers like 6, 12, 15, ……
Square numbers are formed by multiplying a whole number by itself.

The Index or Power of a Number

Numbers written as 12, 22, 32, etc are said to be written in index
form or index notation. The small 2 written at the top side of the
given number is called “the index” or “the power” and is read as one
(1) raised to the power of two (2). For example, 1 2. The index power is
a notation which shows that the given number is squared or
multiplied by itself.
Square numbers are also known as perfect squares. While some
numbers are not perfect squares such as 6, 12, 15, etc.
For example, we cannot arrange 12 marbles in equal numbers of rows
and columns, 12 is not a square number and we form a square with
12 marbles. However, 16, 25, etc. are perfect square.
The Square of Two-digit Numbers
We write the squares of two-digit numbers in short form as thus: 11 2,
122, 202, 402, etc.
To calculate the squares of two-digit numbers, we use any of these
methods:
i. Finding the square from the square table.
ii. Multiplying the number by itself using the multiplication method.
Example: what is 172?
Solution: 172 = 17 × 17
= (10 + 7) × (10 + 7)
= 10 (10 + 7) + (10 + 7)
= 100 + 70 + 70 + 49
= 289 answer
or 172 = 17 × 17 = 1 7
×1 7
119 = 7 × 17
+1 7 0 = 10 × 17
289 = 15 × 17
17 × 17 = 289 answer.

Study this number pattern.

12 22 32 42 52 62 102 112 122 132

1 4 9 16 25 36 100 121 144 169

 The difference between two consecutive perfect squares can be
shown as:

22 – 12 = 4 – 1 = 3 42 – 32 = 16 – 9 = 7

32 – 22 = 9 – 4 = 5 52 – 42 = 25 – 16 = 9

A pattern emerges i.e. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 ……

From this number pattern, we see that the difference between the
squares of two consecutive numbers is equal to their sum. For
example, if two consecutive numbers are 4 and 5, difference
between 52 – 42 = 25 – 16 = 9, is their sum, 5 + 4 = 9.

SQUARE ROOT OF PERFECT SQUARES UP TO 400

Recall that a perfect square is the product of a number multiplied by

itself. For example, 4 = 2 × 2, 9 = 3 × 3. When we have a perfect
square as shown above, it means a number multiplied by itself has
given us the perfect square. That is, when multiplied by itself, gives
the first number. This is the opposite of squaring.

These numbers are known as the square roots of the perfect

squares. The symbol used for square root is √❑.

If the square of 3 is 9, then the square root of 9 is 3.

Written as √ 9 = 3, because 3 × 3 = 9

Similarly, √ 9 = √ 3 × 3 = 3.
Example: find the square root by completing the spaces provided:

a. √ 25 =  ×5=

b. √ 36 =  × =

Solution: a. √ 25 =  5 × 5 = 5

b. √ 36 =  5 × 5 = 5

Finding Square Roots By Factors

The factors or a number are those numbers that can divide it without
a remainder. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. But prime
factors of 12 are 2 × 2 × 3. Therefore, finding square root by factors
is by:

i. Expressing the given number in its prime factors or the given

number as the product of its prime factors;
ii. Pairing the factors in two equal places using brackets;
iii. Picking one factor from each pair;
iv. The product of the picked factors is the square root of the given
number.

Example: find √ 36 by factors.

Solution a. expressing 36 in prime factors

2 3
 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
6
b. pairing the factors
2 1
8  36 = (2 × 2) × (3 × 3)

3 9 c. picking one factor from each pair

3 3  i.e. 2 × 3

1 d. the product is 2 × 3 = 6.  √ 36 = 6 answer.

 ASSIGNMENT

1. Find the factors and prime factors of these numbers:

a. 24 b. 25 c. 48 d. 120
e. 156 f. 36 g. 16 b h. 100
2. Find by factors the square roots of:
a. 49 b. 196 c. 324 d. 121
2 2 2
e. 3 × 36 × 4 f. 2 × 3 g. 2 × 52 × 32
4

3. Simplify the following:

a. √ 121 – 32 b. √ 32 × 22 c.√ 62 ×100 d. 42 + 62
e. √ 162 – 12 f. √ 100−81 g. 52 – √ 49

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Addition and Subtraction of 4-digits and More

The addition of 4-digit numbers with and without renaming is done

by using three different methods, just as it is done with 3-digit
numbers.

Without renaming:

1st method – by using abacus.

2nd method – by using expanded form method.

3rd method – by using short/digit method.

With renaming:

1st method – by the expanded form method.

2nd method – by the short or digit form method.

3rd method – by the partial sum method.

Example: Add 2 145 and 1 623.

Solution: method 1 – by using abacus.

Th H T U

2 145 + 1 623 = 3 768

3 7 6 Answer = 3 768

Method 2 – by expanded form.

2 145 = 2 000 + 100 + 40 + 5

1 623 = 1 000 + 600 + 20 + 3

3 000 + 700 + 60 + 8

i.e. 3 000 + 700 + 60 + 8 = 3 768

 2 145 + 1 623 = 3 768 Answer.

Method 3 – by the digit or short form method.

Th H T U

2 1 4 5

+1 6 2 3

3 7 6 8

We subtract two 4-digit numbers with or without renaming in two

ways:

By expanded method and by short form method.

Subtraction of two 4-digit numbers is done in the same way as for the
3-digit numbers.

Example: subtract 2 113 from 4 386

Solution: method 1 – by expanded form.

4 386 = 4 000 + 300 + 80 + 6

2 113 = – 2 000 + 100 + 10 + 3

= 2 000 + 200 + 70 + 3

= 2 273

 4 386 – 2 113 = 2 273

Answer = 2 273.

Method 2 – by short or digit method.

Th H T U

4 386 = 4 3 8 6

2 113 = – 2 1 1 3

= 2 2 7 3

 4 386 – 2 113 = 2 273

Answer = 2 273.

Assignment

1. Add by any method of your choice.

a. Th H T U
6 2 4 8
+1 4 6 3
 b. Th H T U
4 9 2 5
+2 3 6 8

c. Th H T U
7 2 0 9
+1 9 8 5

d. Th H T U
2 6 9 7
+6 4 5 3

e. 3 550 + 1 450 = ________

f. 5 206 + 3 417 = ________
g. 6 821 + 2 170 = ________
2. Subtract using any method:
a. Th H T U
8 5 6 7
–3 2 4 6
b. Th H T U
2 7 5 8
–1 6 3 7

c. Th H T U
6 6 5 4
– 6 7 3 2

d. Th H T U
9 2 1 4
–6 3 5 8

e. 6 151 – 5 246 = ________

 f. 4 163 from 6 598 = ________
g. 7 604 from 9 825 = _______

Subtraction of Decimal Fractions

To subtract decimals, we write the numbers in columns according to

their place value, with the decimal points in a straight line vertically.
Subtract as in whole numbers.

Example: subtract 2.34 from 8.66

1 1
Solution: U 10 100

8 . 6 6

–2 . 3 4

6 . 3 2

Zeros may be added to a number at the right side of the decimal

point and the number will remain the same e.g. 6 is the same as 6.00,
12.4 is the same as 12.400

Word Problems on Addition and Subtraction of Decimal

Fractions

Example: The track was supposed to be 6 000m long. The coach

found that it was 5 998.94m long. How much longer should the track
have been?

Solution: to find how much longer, we subtract.

It should have been: 6 000 – 5 998.94 = 1.06m longer.

Working: 6 0 0 0 . 0 0

– 5 9 9 8 . 9 4
 1 . 0 6m Answer.

Assignment

1. 33.7 – 23.4 = __________

2. 88 – 0.758 = __________
3. 873.67 – 660.54 = __________
4. Find answer to the following:
a. The first side of a CD plays for 20 minutes. The second side plays
for 14.32 minutes. How long does the CD play for altogether?
b. Susan is 1.3m tall. Her brother, john is 0.36m taller. How tall is
john?
c. Chidi drank 0.256 litres of lemon juice, 0.5 litres of orange juice
and 0.244 litres of pineapple juice. How much juice did he drink
altogether?

MULTIPLICATION

Multiplies of 10 up to 1 000 are:

101 = 10

102 = 10 × 10 = 100

103 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1 000

There are two ways of multiplying whole numbers by 10, 100 and 1
000.

First method: by normal multiplication.

Second method: by adding the number of zeros of the multiplier to

the multiplicant.

Example: multiply 213 by: a. 10 b. 100 c. 1 000

Solution: first method: by normal multiplication (partial sum)
method.

a. 213 × 10 is
2 1 3
× 1 0
3 0 = 10 × 3
1 0 0 = 10 × 10

+2 0 0 0 = 10 × 200

2 1 3 0 = 2 130

b. Second method: by adding the zeros.

213 × 10 = 2 130 Answer

Multiplying Whole Numbers by 1-digit Numbers

We can multiply whole numbers by one-digit numbers in three main

method as thus:

First method – By expanded form method.

Example: Multiply 235 by 7

Solution: 235 × 7 = (200 + 30 +5) × 7

= (200 × 7) + (30 × 7) + (5 × 7)

= 1 400 + 210 + 35 = 1 645

Answer = 1 645

Second method – by partial product method.

235 × 7 = 2 3 5

× 7
 3 5 = 7×5 = 35

2 1 0 = 7 × 30 = 210

1 4 0 0 = 7 × 200 = 1 400

1 6 4 5 1 645

Third method – by short form method or digit method.

235 × 7 = H T U Step 1 Step 2

2 3
2 3 5 5 × 7 = 35 7 × 3 + 3 =24

× 7 Step 3

1 6 4 5 7 × 2 + 2 = 16

Multiplication of Decimals

We use the decimal point to separate whole number digits from the
fractional digits.

In words In fraction In decimal Decimal place

One ten 10.0 No decimal None

One unit 1.0 No decimal None

One-tenth 1 0.1 One

10

One- 1 0.01 Two

100
hundredth

One- 1 0.001 Three

1000
thousandth
When multiplying decimals by one-digit numbers, we multiply in the
same way as multiplying whole numbers by one-digit numbers but we
keep the decimal point in the same decimal place as in the
multiplicant.

EXAMPLES: Multilply a) 16.45 x 8.5 b) 13.065 x 0.567 c) 15 x

6.5

a) Multiplying decimals by decimals b) c)

Assignment

1. If each basket contains 257 mangoes, what is the number of

mangoes in 4.3 baskets?
2. A tin contains 120 sweets. How many sweets are there in 18 similar
tins?
3. Multiply 42 by 33.2
4. Multiply:
a. 0 . 2 4 2 b. 3 . 4 0 7

× 8 × 9

5. 11.205 × 5.66
6. 13.24 × 0.7
7. Find the product of 12.9 and 5.46
 DIVISION OF 2 AND 3-DIGIT NUMBERS

Division Facts

Division is breaking down a number into smaller parts.

Signs like ÷ or means ‘divided by’.

For example 28 ÷ 7 means: sharing 28 items into 7 equal groups or

parts. To check a division problem, we use the reverse of division
which is multiplication. To do it, we multiply the result of our division
with the number used in dividing, then add the remainder if there is
any.

If 54 ÷ 9 = 6, then 9 × 6 = 54.

Points to note:
1. When you divide a number by 1 the result is the number.
2. When you divide a number by itself the result is 1.
3. When you divide zero (0) by a number the result is zero, never divide by zero.

Two-step Division

The two-step division is a method of dividing large numbers. For

instance, to divide 86 by 4, we use two steps. First we divide the tens,
then we divide the unit.

T U similarly, for the number 537 809 divide by

35:

2 1 r2

4 8 6

–8

0 6

–4
 2

Assignment

1. Divide and show the remainders

a. 66 ÷ 2
b. 80 ÷ 6
c. 54 ÷ 4
d. 434 ÷ 3
e. 136 ÷ 4

Solving Word Problems

Remember that we can divide to find the total amount of items or

numbers of persons, the number of certain items or persons to benefit
and the number of times they will benefit from some numbers
provided.

Example: There are 294 chairs in a school hall. Each row has 7
chairs. How many rows of chairs are there in the hall?

Solution:

Think 294 in all.

7 in one row.

42

7 294

–28

14

– 14

There are 42 rows of chairs.

We can divide to find how many in each group, when we know how
many items in all and how many groups altogether.

Assignment

1. A pet store has 105 gold fish. A bowl can contain only 6 gold fish,
how many bowls are needed? How many gold fish will be leftover?
2. There are 40 pupils in a class with 8 pupils in each row how many
rows are there in the class?
3. Each carton can hold 30 bars of soap, Mr John has 728 bars of soap,
how many cartons can he fill? How many bars of soap will be
leftover?
4. 360 boys stood in equal rows. How many boys were there in each
row?

ALGEBRAIC PROCESSES

Algebraic Operations

Open sentences (Mathematical sentences – Addition and

Subtraction)

These are mathematical sentences. All these mathematical sentences

are true.

1. 4 – 1=3 Four minus one is equal to three.

2. 3 + 2=5 Three plus two is equal to five.
3. 12 ÷ 4 = 3 Twelve divided by four is equal to three.
4. 2 × 5 = 10 Two multiplied by five is equal to ten.

Write T if the mathematical sentence is true and F if the

mathematical sentence is false, in the blank spaces.

Example: a. 9 × 5 = 13 F . bb. 6 × 8 = 48 T .

a. 11 – 6 = 9 ____ g. 14 – 5 = 9 ____
b. 25 ÷ 5 = 5 ____ h. 15 ÷ 3 = 5 ____
c. 13 + 21 = 34 ____ i. 8 – 7 = 1 ____
d. 17 – 7 = 10 ____ j. 20 ÷ 21 = 6 ____
e. 3 × 3 = 9 ____ k. 9 + 3 = 15 ____
f. 6 ÷ 3 = 5 ____ l. 12 – 12 = 1 ____

Open Sentences involving Addition and Subtraction

Look at these carefully.

1 3
a. 9 + = 12 c. 4 + =4

7 2
b. 13 – =6 d. 8 – = 8

The boxes in these mathematical sentences represent missing

numbers. These missing numbers are those that will make the
sentence true. Mathematical sentences with missing numbers like
these are called open sentences. In an open sentence, we are
required to fill in the missing number that will make the sentence
true. Let’s fill in the missing numbers in the above sentences.

Examples

a. 9 + = 12. What number in the box will make the sentence

true?
9 + 3 = 12. Will it be true if 3 goes in the box?
9 + = 12. It is true.

b. 13 – 7 = 6. Will it be true if 7 goes in the box?

13– = 12. Yes, it will be true.

1 3 2
c. 4 + =4 Will it be true if 4 goes in the box?
 1 2 3
So, 4 + 4 =4
7 2 5
d. 8 – =8 Will it be true if 8 goes in the box?

7 5 2
Therefore, 8 – 8 =8

ASSIGNMENT

In each sentence, find the number which makes it true.

2 1 2 1
a. = 3 – 3 b. 5 + 5 =
5 3
b. Kkk – 4 = 4 d. 8 – jkds = 8
7 3
c. 8 = rkjh – 12 e. 10 – hjfx = 10
7 3
d. 12 – = 12 f. – 1=6
e. Hjg – 5 = 10 g. 22 = +2
1 3
f. 0 = 8 – h. 4 + 4 =

OPEN SENTENCES (Multiplication and Division)

Example: in each sentence, find the number which makes it true.

1
a. 2 of =7 b. 5 × = 20

c. 15 ÷ =3

Solution:
 1
a. 2 of = 7 will be true if 14 goes in the box?
1
of =7
2

b. 4 × = 20 will be true if 5 goes in the box?

4 × = 20

c. 15 ÷ = 3 will be true if 5 goes in the box?

15 ÷ =3

ASSIGNMENT

Write the number that makes each sentence true.

1. If 5 goes in the box.

a. 7 × = _______
b. + 25 = _______
2. Write the number that makes each sentence true.
1
a. 2 of =8
b. 40 ÷ 8 =
c. 6 × = 36
3. In each sentence, find the number which makes it true.
2 1
a. = 3 –3
0 8
b. 9 + =9

MONEY
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MONEY

Shopping and Simple Bills

An example of a mini shopping.

Get 2 pupils and let them be A and B. Let them do shopping like this:

A: How much is a ball?

B: It costs N350.00.

A: I want to pay N250.00 for it.

B: You can pay the actual; price which is N350.00.

A: Take this N500.00 note and give me my change.

B: Your change is N200.00, here is it.

A: Thank you. It is correct. Goodbye.

B. Goodbye. Please call again.

When we buy more than one good from a shop or market, we add the
prices to get the correct amount of money to pay for the goods
bought.

Sometimes, we give the shopkeeper or the trader money which is

greater than the cost of the article or item bought and demand for
change. In this case, we subtract the cost of the goods from the value
of the money given.

A bill is a written statement of charges for articles or goods bought or

delivered to a person who bought them, showing the total amount of
money to pay.

Example: Bako bought a basket for N200.50, two bananas for N21.50
and a ball for N300.00. Prepare a simple bill to show how much
he has to pay for the items.
Solution: A simple bill is as follows:

1 basket = N2 0 0 .5 0

2 bananas = N 2 1 .5 0

1 ball = +N 3 0 0 .0 0

Total = N 5 2 2 .0 0

 Bako has to pay N522.00

Adding Money

We add money the same way we add decimal numbers. The smaller
denominations, i.e. the kobo are added first and converted to bigger
ones which is the Naira if it is over one hundred kobo.

The word sum is used for the answer of addition or the total amount
of money being added.

We write money in two ways as:

i. Showing the two denominations using a colon:

i.e. N : k showing Naira under Naira column and kobo
under
50 : 55 the kobo column.
ii. Showing the Naira only, using a decimal point.
i.e. N50 . 55

Example: Add the following: N16.25, N3.05 and N40.48.

Solution:

Re-arrange the question vertically as:

N 1 6 : 2 5

N 3 : 0 5

N 4 0 : 4 8
 N 5 9 : 7 8

Subtraction of Money

Money is subtracted the same way we subtract decimal numbers.

Higher denominations are changed to smaller ones to make the
subtraction of smaller denominations possible, whenever the cases
arises.

You recall that N1:00 is 100 kobo.

Example 1: what change do you receive from N1:00 after paying the
following? a. 68k b. 45k c. 22k + 59k

Solution: we get the change after subtracting the amount from

N1:00 = 100 kobo.

a. N1:00 – 68k = 100k – 68k = 32k.

b. N1:00 – 45k = 100k – 45k = 55k.
c. N1:00 – (22k + 59k) = 100k – 81k = 19k.

Example 2: Subtract N21:41 from N37:68

Solution: N3 7 : 6 8

N2 1 : 4 1

N1 6 : 2 7

Multiplication and Division of Money

Multiplication is the short form of addition.

Example 1: What is the cost of 3 books, if each one costs N200.55?

Solution: There are two methods of finding the answer.

By repeated addition.

If 1 book costs N200.55

 3 books will cost N200.55 + N200.55 + N200.55

= N601.55

 The cost of 3 books is N601.65

By multiplying with whole numbers.

If 1 book costs N200.55

 3 books will cost N200.55 × 3

= N601.65

 3 books will cost N601.65

Division is the reverse process of multiplication and another meaning

of division is sharing equally.

Example 2: N1.68 ÷ 4 by the two method.

Solution: by short method

4 N1 . 6 8 ÷

N0 . 4 2 Answer

because 16 = 4 × 4

8=4×2

by long method

N0.42

4N1.68 ÷
 – 1 6

4 0 8 ÷

0  N1.68 ÷ 4 = N0.42 Answer

Assignment

1. Find the sum of these monies:

a. N12:30k, N20:15k and N15:21K = _____________
b. N43:05, N5:84, N20:19 and N18:42k = _______________
c. N18:5k, N8:24k and N25:36k = __________________
d. A teacher gave three of her pupils N26.45, N8.45, N21.17k to
buy something in the market. How much did she give out?
2. Subtract:
a. N26.38 from N48.15
b. N40.00 – N32.79
c. How much less is N3:76 than N8:25?
d. A cock costs N360.00 and a hen costs N72.50 less than the cock.
What is the cost of: a. the hen? b. the cock and the
hen together?
3. Find the product of:
a. N35.15 × 2
b. An exercise book costs N28.50, how much will 9 similar exercise
books cost?
c. What is the cost of 4 bags of salt if each bag costs N45.65?
d. A pencil costs N20.00. what is the cost of 10 pencils?
4. Divide:
a. N17.00 ÷ 4
b. N33.84 ÷ 6
c. 25 bottles of soft drinks cost N300.00k. what is the cost of each
bottle?
d. If five books cost N145.75k, what is the cost of one book?
SUBJECT: BASIC SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH
EDUCATION
TOPICS
1. Weather
2. Safety 1
3. Safety 2
4. Technology
5. Wood
6. Paper production process
7. Vehicles
8. First aider
 WEATHER
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time in a
particular place. There are different types of weather: storm,
hurricane, thunderstorm, and tornado are examples of wild weather.
Scientists who predict and report weather are called Meteorologists.
Weather changes in similar way every year to give two seasons in
Nigeria which are:
1. Wet season/ Rainy season
2. Harmattan season/ Dry season

There are four seasons in other regions of the world:

1. Spring
2. Summer
3. Autumn
4. Winter
Factors affecting weather
1. Sunshine
2. Rainfall
3. Wind
4. Cloud
5. Humidity
6. Temperature
7. Atmospheric pressure
These are also referred to as the elements of weather.
Weather instrument
The following are standard weather instrument used to measure
weather conditions:
1. Rain guage
2. Thermometer
3. Anemometer
4. Wind vane
5. Barometer
6. Hygrometer
7. Sling poychometer
8. Compass
9. Weather satellite
10. Eye
Thermometer

RAIN GUAGE

Barometer

Compass
licensed under CC BY-NC

Wind vane

Anemometer
Hygrometer
 Instrument Weather Element Measured
1. Rain guage Amount of rainfall
2. Thermometer Temperature
3. Anemometer Speed of wind
4. Barometer Air pressure
5. Hygrometer Water vapour content
6. Sling poychometer Relative humidity
7. Compass Finding directions
8. Weather satellite For taking photograph
9. Wind vane Direction of wind
10. Eye

Weather symbols
Weather symbols are used by meteorologists to predict the
weather.

Clear night Sunny day

Night Over cast

Heavy Rain Night Heavy Rain Day

 SAFETY
Safety means to be free from harm or danger wherever we are,
whether it is at home, school or on the road, we need to keep
ourselves safe. This means that we must not try to get hurt physically
or injure ourselves in any way.
Safety at home
An emergency is a serious, unexpected often dangerous situation
needing immediate action. If there is an emergency at home or if
someone is hurt, important numbers are to be called at times of
emergency; NEMA:112, FRSC:122 and Fire service:08032005557
How to prevent accident at home
1. When using appliances at home, make sure there is an adult to
help you.
2. Do not touch any hot pots, pans or hot stove.
3. Do not play with matches or around an open fire and never use
matches near petrol.
Safety at home
When you are out on the playground, you need to be sure that you
play safely.
Playground safety rules are:
1. Always watch where you are going on the playground.
2. Wait your turn to use the playground equipment.
3. Never run on the with food or sharp objects in your mouth or
hand.
 4. Never touch broken glass or sharp object. Tell your teachers
when you see a broken glass or a sharp object lying around.
5. Find an open area away from the playground equipment if you
want to run or play a game.
6. Never use playground equipment that is broken.
Safety on the road
Busy roads, more traffic in towns, more pedestrians, greater speed,
all means that being on the road or in a car, or as a pedestrian can be
very dangerous. It is very important that we all know the rules of the
road, whether we are on foot, bikes, motor cycles or in car.

SAFETY 2: SIMPLE SAFETY DEVICES

There are many different kinds of safety devices that we use when we
want to prevent accident. A device is something that has been
specially designed to prevent accident. Examples of safety devices
are:
a. Goggles
b. Fire extinguishers
c. Safety clothing like boots, overall and helmet which are worn
by fire fighters.

Fire extinguisher
Safety gloves Safety goggles

Helmet Safety boots

Safety overall
Author is licensed under CC
 Assignment
1. Define safety
2. Mention three ways on we can prevent accident at home
3. Mention any three safety devices you know
TECHNOLOGY
Technology is all around us. Technology can be defined as human
knowledge that uses tools, materials and systems to help make our
lives easier.
The importance of technology
Technology first started when humans used natural resources to
make simple tools, when they learnt how to make fire and when they
invented the wheel without technology. The human race would not
have been developed to where it is today.
Products of technology
The table below shows some of the most important products of
technology.
Inventions Inventors Date
1. The first printing press Johannes 1450
Gustenbera
2. The first telephone Alexander 1876
Graham Bell with
Thomas (Watson)
3. The light bulb that glowed Thomas Edison 1879
for a long time and did not
burn out
4. The aeroplane Wilbar and 1903
Oruive Wright
5. The first ball point pen Lazlo and Geogry 1935
 that did not leak Bino

WOOD
Source
Wood is a structural tissue found in the stem and roots of trees and
other woody plants like shrubs. Wood are strong in tension.
Processed wood and its kinds
We cannot use wood straight from the trees to make things. It needs
to be processed which means we must do things to it to change its
characteristics, only then can it be used for different purposes. The
different kinds of processed wood we have are:
1. Plywood
2. Chipboard
3. Blackboard
4. Hardboard

a. Plywood: It is made by sticking thin layers of wood together.

The fibres in each layer of wood goes in a different direction to
the layers above and below it. Doors are made out of plywood.
b. Chipboard: It is made of thousands of tiny pieces of wood glued
and pressed together. It is quite expensive. Kitchen cupboards
are made of chipboard.

c. Blackboard: It is made by gluing strips of wood side by side.

ThisBY-SA
CC Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
Some furniture are made up of this wood.

d. Hardboard: This is pulped wood that is glued and pressed

together. It comes in large sheets and covers large areas. Back
of cupboards are also made of hardwood.

Uses of woods in technology

1. Woods are used as fuel.
2. They are used in making furniture.
3. They are used in flooring some apartments.
4. They are used in construction of roads, houses, ships, etc.
5. They are used in making artworks like statues, structures,
carvings and other decoration objects.
6. In making musical instruments like piano, violin, flute, bass and
drums.
7. Some dishes and kitchen utensils are made from wood.
8. In making handles of tools such as screwdrivers and hoes.
9. Sport equipments including table tennis board, bats as well as
some toys are made from wood.
 Assignment
1. Define wood
2. Mention 4 kinds of processed wood that you know
3. State 5 uses of wood in technology

PAPER PRODUCTION PROCESS

Shape construction means making an object whether is big or small,
cut off any material according to a certain shape.
Shape construction with paper describes the production of paper
from woods.
How paper is made at a papermill
1. The leaves and barks are ripped from the trees and the remaining
wood is taken to a woodmill.
2. The wood is chipped into small pieces at the mill.
3. Then the chipped woods are washed.
4. The chipped woods are mixed with water to form pulp.
5. Then the watery pulp is washed and bleached. Bleaching helps to
whiten the pulp.
6. The pulp is beaten to the correct thickness.
7. The pulp moves over a moving wire screen to make the fibres stick
together.
8. A roller squeezes out the water and smooth the pulp.
9. Then the rollers heat and dry the pulp. Then, special coating and
chemicals can be added to make the paper shiny.
10. The paper is finished.

VEHICLES
A Vehicle is a machine used for transportation of people and goods,
especially on lands such as a car or cart.
 Types of vehicles
There are many different kinds of vehicles. Some of these are:
1. Bicycle
2. Motorcycle
3. Truck
4. Bus
5. Motor car
6. Lorry A tractor under CC BY-NC A truck
7. Train
8. Tractor
9. Payloader
A payloader

Advantages and disadvantages of vehicles

Advantages Disadvantages
a. They can travel very They are expensive to run
quickly, faster than and repair.
walking.
b. They can carry large Most of them pollute the
quantity of goods. atmosphere.
c. They can travel long Most of them use tools of
distances. petrol.
d. They are available night They can cause bad
and day. accidents and traffic jams.

BICYCLES
A bicycle is a vehicle with two wheels in a frame. Each frame is
behind the other, there is a handle bar for steering and pedals that
you push with your feets.
Types of bicycles
 a. Tricycle
b. Racing cycle
c. Penny farthing
d. BMX (Bicycle Motor Cross)
e. Tandem
f. Motor bike
g. Mountain bike
h. Hybrid bike
Parts of a bicycle
a. Seat f. Wheel
b. Pedal g. Bell
c. Chain. h. Mud guard
d. Light i. Tyre
e. Reflector j. Handle bar

FIRST AIDER
A first aider is someone in an organization who has been trained to
give immediate medical help in an emergency.
Duties of a first aider
1. Access the situation quickly and calmly to get an understanding
of what happened.
2. Comfort the patient.
3. Protect yourself and casualty from any danger.
4. Prevent infection between you and them.
5. To provide immediate, temporary care to someone who is ill or
injured before taking the person to the hospital.
Qualities of a first aider
Some of the qualities of a first aider are:
1. A good first aider should be able to communicate effectively with
the injured person.
2. He/she must have the ability to work under pressure.
 3. He/she must have the ability to work in a team.
4. He/she should have leadership ability.
5. He/she should be selfless and fit.
Assignment
1. Who is a first aider
2. Mention five duties of a first aider
3. List 4 qualities of a first aider

SUBJECT: SOCIAL STUDIES

TOPICS
1. Local Government
2. State Government
3. Division of Labour
4. Agricultural Industry
5. Saving money in the bank
6. Job
7. Suspicious movement
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Meaning of local government
There are three levels of governments in Nigeria. These are: Federal
Government, State Government and Local Government. These
three levels of government has separate powers and duties. The
federal government oversees the country’s affairs. The state
government oversees the affairs of the state while the local
government oversees the affairs of the local areas in the state. The
local government is made up of wards with councilors representing
these wards.
A local government is a body of people who control government
affairs at the grass roots. It is the closest government to the people
out of all the government levels in Nigeria.
A local government is headed by a chairman while the wards are
headed by councilors.

The importance of local government

The purpose of establishing the local government is to enable
development to reach people at the grass roots. Since the local
government is the closest to the people, they perform various
functions in order to cater for the people’s needs. The followings are
the importance of a local government:
1. They provide social amenities like markets, schools, clinics,
water, e.t.c.
 2. They make laws which guide the people’s activities in their local
government areas.
3. They maintain law and order in the community.
4. They establish customary courts in their areas.
5. They provide roads linking the communities.
6. They provide health services in the local government area.
7. They encourage commitment to duty, loyalty, honesty, dialogue,
punctuality to work, accountability and transparency.

Problems of the local government

Local governments encounter various problems that always make
them not to function as expected. Some of these problems are:
1. Limited autonomy as the affairs of the local governments are
always interfered with by other government levels.
2. Inadequate financing by the federal and state governments.
3. Corruption among the political office holders and the staff.
4. Low educational level of personnel which leads to low
productivity.
5. Poor attitude to work by staff due to lack of super-vision by the
authorities concerned.

Solutions to the problems of the local government

The problems facing local governments in Nigeria can be solved
when the following measures are put in place.
1. Regular payments of taxes.
2. Enough funds made available for the local governments to work
with.
3. The workforce or staff should be well trained.
4. Members of staff are punctual to and regular in their places of
duties.
5. Funds in the local governments are well managed.
 STATE GOVERNMENT
Definition of a state government
State government is the second level of government in Nigeria. It
is bigger than the local government. State government is a body of
people that controls the public affairs of many local government areas
within each state. The state government is headed by a governor who
is assisted by the deputy governor.
The state government has three arms- the Executive arm of
government which includes the governor, deputy governor and the
commissioners; the Legislative arm which comprises of the members
of the house of assembly and the Judicial arm which is made up of
lawyers, magistrates and judges.
The function of the state government are:
1. Developing the state.
2. Preparing its annual budget.
3. Providing educational facilities, water and health centres.
4. Constructing and maintaining roads in the state.
5. Establishing industries and creating jobs.
6. Providing courts for fair judgement.
 7. Making laws for the state.
8. Maintaining law and order in the state.
9. Providing and maintaining electricity.
10. Providing bursary awards to indigent students.
Problems of state governments
Just like the local governments, the state governments are faced with
a lot of problems. These problems hinder them from functioning well
in the country. Some of the problems of state governments are:
1. Inadequate funding: funds from the federal government to
carry out developmental programmes is not enough.

2. Ethnic differences: different ethnic groups seek for their own

interest in a state.

3. Religious differences: different religious groups fight for

recognition in their state.

4. Corruption: mismanagement of funds by some leaders affects

the duties of state governments.
5. Irregular and non-payment of taxes by the citizens affect the
state income generation.
6. Frequent changing of government disallows continuity of
developmental programmes.
Cooperation between state and local governments
Both the state governments and local governments are required to
together so as to achieve better result for the people’s benefits. When
the states and local governments cooperate, they would be able to
achieve the following results:
1. Maintenance of peace and order in the state.
2. Ensure that people in the local government pay their taxes.
3. Provision of social amenities for the people’s benefits.
4. Monitoring of funds allocated to local governments to ensure
that it is judiciously utilized.
 5. Agreement between the leaders in the states and the local
government for progress in the state as a unit.
6. Proper management of funds.
Benefits of cooperation among state and local governments
There are many benefits that can derived if the local and state
government cooperate. Some of these benefits are:
1. There will be progress and development in the society.
2. They will work together to achieve better results.
3. There will be peace and harmony between the leaders and
people in the society.
4. They will be able to manage the funds given to them by the
federal government.
5. Their cooperation will reduce the incessant strikes by the
workers.
6. Workers will work wholeheartedly.
Assignment
1. What is a state government?
2. Mention five functions of a state government
3. Mention any five problems of a state government
4. Mention five reasons why it is important for the local and state
government to cooperate

DIVISION OF LABOUR
Division of labour in our community
Division of labour is the separation of a work process into a number
of tasks with each task performed by a separate person or group of
persons. It is a situation where individuals are assigned to special
duties or functions for effective production. Division of labour is
always practiced in big industries that engage in large scale
production.
Division of labour in the agricultural industry
Agricultural industry are those industries that are involved in the
production of cash crops, food crops, fish, meat and wood. Some of
the agricultural industries products are cocoa, kola nut, palm oil,
coffee, rubber, clothes, paper, yam, beans, plantain, crayfish, cow,
meat, wood etc.
Various jobs in the agricultural industry
There are various jobs in the agricultural industries. These jobs
include:
1. Crop production: this includes the production of cash crops like
cocoa, kola nut, coffee and the production of food crops like
yam, rice, maize, beans, plantain, walnut, coconut, orange,
sugar cane, palm oil etc.

2. Animal production: this include the production of animals and

meat like cow, goat, fowl, rabbits, snails etc.

3. Fishery: this includes the production of fishes like cat fish,

barracuda fish, herring fish etc.

4. Forestry: this includes the planting and preservation of forests

with various trees for the production of wood.
The importance of division of labour
Division of labour is important in agricultural industries. It is useful in
the following ways:
1. It helps in the cultivation of a larger are of land at a time.
2. It helps people to work efficiently.
3. It makes agricultural practices easier and faster.
4. It leads to an increase in the agricultural products harvested.
5. It gives workers the opportunity to acquire more skills on the
work as they repeat it over time.
 Problems of agricultural industry
Despite the importance of the agricultural industry, the industry is
still faced with many problems such as:
1. Lack of funds to buy equipment used in cultivating lands and
rearing animals.
2. Outbreak of diseases and pests in farms which affects farm yield.
3. Insufficient labour supply.
4. Inadequate preservation and storage facilities for farm produce.
5. Low pricing of agricultural commodities in the market.
6. High cost of agricultural tools and implements.
Solutions to the problems of agricultural industry
Problems facing the agricultural can be solved if the following
measures are put in place:
1. The government should provide facilities for preservation and
storage of farm produce.
2. Loans should be granted to farmers by the government to help
their production capacity.
3. Appreciating division of labour in the agricultural commodities by
the government will encourage farmers to produce more.
4. More agricultural products will be produced if different people do
different aspects of the agricultural work such as clearing, ridge
making, planting, weeding, harvesting, transporting, storing,
machine operation, packaging, marketing etc.
5. Better price fixing of agricultural commodities by the
government will encourage farmers to produce more.

Assignment
1. Explain division of labour in the agricultural industry
2. Mention four jobs that can be found in the agricultural industry
3. List five problems facing the agricultural industry in Nigeria
4. Mention ways of solving these problems
 BANK
Capital resource preservation (savings)
A bank is a place where we save our money and other valuables such
as jewellery and documents. A bank is a safe place to save money
and other valuables. Things that are saved in the bank are known as
deposits.
Money saved in the bank generates interest for the owner. The
interest on the money you saved depends on the amount you saved
and the time allowed for the money to remain in the bank. If your
money stays long in the bank, the interest on it for you will increase.
We can also borrow from the bank. The money we borrow generates
interest for the bank because when you want to return the money
borrowed from the bank, you pay an extra money on it. This extra
money is called interest. Banks also help us to get foreign currencies
when they are needed.
Different banks in Nigeria
Below are the types of banks that exist in Nigeria:
1. Central bank of Nigeria: This is the Federal Government’s
bank. It was established in 1959. Its main function is to control
the affairs of other banks. It is in charge of printing money and
its distribution. The central bank regulates the amount they print
to avoid excess or shortage in circulation. It has its headquarters
in Abuja and branches in all the state capitals in Nigeria. It is
known as the apex bank.

2. Commercial banks: These are privately-owned banks. These

banks keep their customers’ valuables and money. They lend
money and also render foreign exchange services to their
customers. Examples of commercial banks are First bank of
Nigeria, Access bank, Keystone bank, Wema bank, Zenith bank
among others.
 3. Community banks: These banks are organized, operated and
owned by the local people in the community. They establish
them to keep their money and to promote their trade. They
cannot be found everywhere except in particular areas.

4. Savings bank: These are banks set up by the governments for

the people earning a little salary. The main function of these
banks is to hold deposit in savings account and give loans to
customers to carry out tangible projects and to improve their
standard of living. Examples of savings bank are the Federal
Mortgage Bank and the Federal Savings Bank

5. Development bank: these banks are set up by the government

to assist farmers and traders by lending them money to promote
their works. Examples of development banks are Agricultural
Bank of Nigeria Plc. And Nigerian Bank of Commerce and
Industry. They are very common in state capitals.

6. Merchant banks: they help their customers to buy gods and

allow them to pay for it in installments. They also give loans to
customers and allow them to pay it over a long period of time.
Examples are First City Monument Bank, NAL Merchant Bank etc.
There are various types of account that can be opened by any
prospective customer of any bank. These are:
A. Savings account.
B. Current account.
C. Fixed Deposit account.
Advantages of saving money in the bank
Saving money in the bank has several benefits. When we save our
money, we enjoy the following advantages:
1. For making purchases and executing projects: We save in
order to have enough money to build houses, buy cars, establish
businesses and pay school fees.

2. People save for security reasons: If we keep our money with

us at home, thieves and robbers may break in and carry it away.
 However when we keep it in the bank, it will be safe for us to
collect anytime we need it.

3. For retirement: If we save money, we will have enough of it to

use for ourselves and for other people when we are old.

4. To avoid waste: people save money to avoid waste and

extravagant spendings.

5. To obtain loan: people obtain loans from their banks in times of

need. This can only be achieved if they have saved enough
money in the bank.
Other ways of saving money
If we do not save money in the bank, there are some other ways of
saving it. These are:
1. Thrift collectors.
2. Cooperative societies.
3. Finance houses.
4. Buying of shares.
Assignment
1. Define a bank.
2. Mention five types of banks we have in Nigeria.
3. Write down five advantages of saving money in the bank.
4. Explain three other ways of saving money other than in the
bank.
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
TOPICS
1. Storage and preservation of crops and food products.
2. Land and Soil
3. Soil fertility
4. Compost
5. Farm produce processing
6. Farm produce preservation
 STORAGE AND PRESERVATION OF CROPS AND FOOD
PRODUCTS
Food is any substance that we eat and drink to make us grow well
and maintain our body. There are different methods used in the
storage and preservation of crops and food products.
Storage and preservation of crops and food products
Crops and food products belong to different classes according to their
nature and uses, and as such, the method used in storing and
preserving these crops and food products are not the same.
1. Grain crops: Grain crops like maize, millet, sorghum, wheat are
dried in the sun. they are kept in air-tight containers and bags
after drying.
 2. Tuber crops: Yam, cassava, cocoyam are peeled and dried in
the sun. they are stored in bags and containers like baskets and
big bowls after drying.

3. Fruit crops: Fruits such as mango, orange, banana, pineapple

and apple are processed into juice and stored in bottles. Fruits
can also be stored in the refrigerator.

4. Vegetables: Vegetables crops like okra, tomato and melon seed

can be dried in the sun and stored in bags. Tomato can be
processed and stored cans and sachets. All vegetables crops can
also be stored in refrigerators.

5. Oil crops: Oil crops such as palm fruits, melon and groundnuts
are processed and their oil extracted. The oil is stored in kegs.

Assignment
1. State three crops and food products that can be stored in the
sun
2. Mention five food crops that can be stored and preserved in a
refrigerator.
3. Mention five food crops that can be stored and preserved in cans
and sachets.
LAND AND SOIL
Land is the solid part of the earth’s surface. It is made of minerals,
rocks and soil.
Soil is the top layer of the earth surface on which plants grow. Plants
are held to the soil by their roots. Plants take water and mineral salts
they need from the soil. Animals like earthworms, rabbits and moles
burrow and live in the soil.
Classification of soil
There are three types of soil. There are:
1. Sandy soil
2. Clayey soil
3. Loamy soil
Each type has its own unique properties like colors, textures and
mineral content. The type of soil in an area helps determine the types
of plants grown there.

Sandy soil
a. It has large, loosely packed particles.
b. It does not hold water and many nutrients.
c. It is rough when rubbed between fingers.
d. Crops do not grow well on sandy soil.

Clayey soil
a. It has small and closely packed particles.
b. It is smooth when dry and sticky when wet.
c. It can hold a lot of water and nutrients.
d. It does not allow air and water through it.
e. Most crops do not grow on it.

Loamy soil
a. It is a mixture of sand and clay particles which are moderate in
sizes.
b. It holds water moderately and it is the best soil for growing crops.
c. It is a fertile soil.
d. It contains large amount of decayed animals and plants nutrients.
 Soil formation
Soil is formed from the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles. The
breakdown of rock into soil particles is called weathering and is
caused by:
a. Climate
b. The activities of plants and animals present in the soil.
c. The reaction of various chemical materials present in the soil.
When the soil is formed, they may be taken to a far distance by
running water and strong wind.
SOIL FERTILITY
Soil fertility is the needed plant foods (nutrients) a soil contains in the
right proportion. A fertile soil contains all these plant foods (nutrients)
in the right proportion. This type of soil is very good for plants’
growth.
Ways soil can loss its fertility
a. Burning: This is setting bush on fire. It is mostly done on
farmlands after clearing.
b. Land clearing of farmland {removal of all plants from a piece of
land}
c. Leaching {washing away of nutrients by water}
d. Erosion {removal of top soil layer by run off from rainfall or strong
wind}
e. Over grazing {excessive feeding on grass by animals on a land
for too long}
f. Mono cropping {continuous planting of the same type of crops on
a farmland for many planting seasons}.
Methods of improving soil fertility
a. Manuring- Adding dead and decomposed plant and animal
materials to the soil.
b. Mulching- This is the covering of the surface of the soil close to the
growing plants with materials that can decay such as grasses,
leaves, palm folds and paper.
c. Crop rotation- This is a farming system in which a farmer crops in a
defined order on a piece of land year in year out. For example, in a
four years crop rotation course, four different crops are grown.
Each of the selected crop is not planted twice on a plot during the
four years.
d. Bush fallowing- This is a farming system where a farmer grows
crops on a piece of land for about four years. He then leaves the
land to rest or lie fallow for some years before he comes back to
grow crops on it again.
e. Cover cropping- This is the practice of planting leguminous crops
and cover crops. Leguminous crops add nitrogen from the
atmosphere to the soil, while cover crops reduce soil erosion.

COMPOST
Compost is a dark brown mixture of decayed organic matter from
plant remains, kitchen and animal wastes. They are added to the soil
to make it more fertile.

Methods of making compost

There are two methods of making compost. There are:
1. Pit method:
2. Heap method:

Materials needed for making compost

Most organic (once alive) materials are used for making compost,
except those on the “do not use” list. Some of these materials that
can be used are:
1. Dried flowers
2. Sewage
3. Farmyard waste
4. Dry leaves
5. Saw dust
6. House plants
7. Weeds without seeds
8. Soil
9. Water
Do not use the following materials to make compost.
1. Hide and skin
2. Rubber
3. Wood and charcoal ash
4. Bones
5. Fats and oils
6. Glass, metal, plastics and non-organic materials.
 Processes involved in making compost
The process in making compost is called composting.
»Select a well drained level ground with partial shade, close to the
source of compost materials.
a. Pit method
i. Dig four pits (A-D) of equal sizes
ii. Empty compost materials into pit A and arrange them in
layers by separating each layer with soil. Wet water for easy
decomposition. This is the first stage called loading pit.
iii. After two weeks, move contents from pit A to pit B. {first
turn}
iv. Second turn, move contents from pit B to C after another two
weeks.
v. Move from pit C to D after another two weeks {third turn}
vi. Contents in D is known as compost or manure. Cover to avoid
evaporation before it is applied to the soil.
b. Heap method
i. In this method, place the compost materials in a heap buried
with soil and moistened with water.

FARM PRODUCE PROCESSING

This is the process of turning harvested, raw or fresh farm produce
into a form that can be eaten, stored or preserved.
Ways of processing farm produce are:
a. Peeling
b. Shelling
c. Grinding
d. Frying
e. Baking
f. Milling
g. Sun drying
h. Boiling
 i. Packaging
j. Sieving
k. Soaking etc.
Yam tubers are processed into yam flour called elubo by peeling,
sun drying and grinding.
Maize grains are processed into pap by shelling, soaking, milling,
sieving and packaging.
Cassava tubers are processed into garri by peeling, washing,
grinding, pressing and frying.
Importance of farm produce processing
1. It makes them ready for eating directly or indirectly.
2. It makes them better for usage.
3. It removes poisonous substances from raw farm produce.
4. They have better improved food and market value.
5. It helps store the farm produce for a long period without spoiling.
6. It helps to get different varieties of foodstuffs.
7. It provides employment opportunities for people.
8. It makes transportation easier.

FARM PRODUCE PPRESERVATION

This is the process of treating and keeping farm produce in a way
that greatly slows down or stops spoilage. It is usually done when the
farm produces are in a season and abundant to make them available
when they are out of season and expensive.
Methods of preserving farm produce
a. Drying
b. Smoking
c. Salting
d. Frying
e. Freezing
f. Pickling
g. Curing
h. Canning and bottling
Benefits of preserving farm produce
1. It helps to retain colour, taste and nutritional values of farm
produce.
2. It helps keeps farm produce for a long period without spoilage and
wastage.
3. It makes them available at all times for future use.
4. It also makes them available in areas where they are not produced.
5. It makes transportation and storage easier.
6. It makes farm produce remain good and viable for planting in the
next season.
7. It protects them from insects and other pests attack.
8. It prevents possible contamination and infection from under-
preserved food items.
9. It saves money.

SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE

TOPICS
1. Setting up a computer (practical)
2. Connecting parts of a computer (practical)
3. Booting a computer (practical)
4. System unit
 5. Data and Information
6. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
7. Computer as an IPO system

CONTENTS
COMPUTER PRACTICAL: WEEK 1 {REVISION}

COMPUTER PRACTICAL: WEEK 2 {SETTING UP A COMPUTER}

COMPUTER PRACTICAL: WEEK 3 {CONNECTING PARTS OF A

COMPUTER}

COMPUTER PRACTICAL: WEEK 4 {BOOTING A COMPUTER SYTSTEM}

 WEEK 5: SYSTEM UNIT
System unit is the engine of the computer. It looks like a box. All
processing is done in the system unit.
It is the Central Processing Unit (CPU), that the computer works on all
the input received.
The system unit is divided into two:
a. Tower System Unit
b. Desktop System Unit
Components of the system unit
The system unit is made up of:
a. Case: This houses all its components such as memory, drives
etc.
b. Power supply unit: it supplies power to all the system unit.
c. Mother board: It is the main circuit of the computer. It contains
the CPU, RAM, CMOS battery, jumpers etc.
d. Floppy disk drive: they are external storage devices e.g CD
ROM drive, Hard disk drive.
e. Controller card.
f. Ribbon cable.

DATA AND INFORMATION

A computer is a machine that accepts data, process it and gives out
information as output.
Data is defined as the input received by the computer which the
computer is yet to work upon or process. E.g age, name, sex etc.
when the computer has worked on this raw data by processing it, it
becomes an INFORMATION.
INFORMATION can be defined as processed data.
Some examples of computer are:
a. Personal computer (PC) or laptop.
b. Smart phone.
c. Calculator.
d. Fuel pump etc.
Sources of information
Different types of information are needed at different places. For
example, while at home, information such as time, weather, address
and telephone numbers of relations and friends are required. While in
school, information such as library records, pupils’ performance,
admission and registration numbers are required. These information
are usually obtained from sources.
Some of the sources of information are:
1. Radio
2. Television
3. Newspaper
4. Computer
5. Internet
6. Magazine
7. Social platforms such as whatsapp, facebook, twitter etc.
Radio
We get information by listening to different programmes and news.
Some of these frequencies on the radio are 99.5 (freedom), Rahma
radio, Dala fm (97.5), Cool fm (96.5).
Television
We get information by watching different stations on television. Some
of these stations are NTA, AIT, CNN, BBC, Channels Tv, Arewa Tv etc.
Computer
We also get numerous information through the use of computer. We
get information such as education, career guidance, employment
opportunity, university admission, examination results etc.
Internet
Just like using the computer, we get information from the internet at
any point, from any device once connected to wifi. We usually get
very useful information from the internet. We can also download/ read
books on the internet.
Newspaper
We get information from the newspaper by reading it. It is a printed
booklet with numerous sheets containing different information.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (C.P.U)

The CPU is the brain of the computer. It is called the processer. The
computer works on all the input received in the CPU. The CPU controls
all the other parts of the computer. The speed of the CPU determines
how fast it can run a computer program or give result.
Parts of the CPU
1. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
2. Memory (Registers)
3. Control Unit (CU)
a. Arithmetic and logic unit: performs all the arithmetic
operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division in the computer. It also carries out logical functions
such as >,<, AND, OR, etc.
b. Memory (Register): stores data temporarily for the
processor to work on.
c. Control Unit: gives signal to other parts of the computer of
what to do and how to do it.
Functions of the C.P.U
1. It stores data.
 2. It carries out and takes decision.
3. It performs arithmetic operations.
4. It controls the movement of data and information.
5. It gives instruction to other parts of the computer.

COMPUTER AS AN IPO SYSTEM

The computer system makes use of the IPO system. IPO simply
means Input- Process- Output; also known as IPO pattern. This is
because the computer system collects data through the input
devices, process the data through the CPU and produces result as
information through the output devices.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Input C.P.U e.g Output
devices: ALU, devices:
e.g Memory e.g Printer,
keyboard, Unit and monitor,
mouse, Control speaker
flash drive Unit and
etc. projector
etc.

Input must always be done using the input devices. Output can only
be displayed using an output device.

SUBJECT: PHONETICS
TOPICS
 1. The consonants /l/
2.
3.
4.

The Consonant /l/

This is a lateral consonant produced when the tongue comes in
contact with the ridge of the upper teeth creating a partial closure on
one or both sides of the mouth cavity for the air to escape through. /l/
is a voiced consonant usually spelt by letter ‘l’ or ‘ll’.
Graphemes of /l/
S/N Initial median final Clusters
‘cl’
1 Log pillow Ball Clear
2 Last fellow Feel clary
3 Leap lilac meal clay
4 Love elbow kneel clock
5 Lost allow Bell clean
6 Load bullet Drill clew
7 Lamp gallon Hall cloth
8 Look milk Fall clap
9 Late mellow Model class
10 Leave yellow Normal climb

Letter ‘l’ in consonant clusters

The consonant /l/ is commonly found in consonant blend with /b, g, k,
p, s/ as in the table below:
S/N /bl/ /kl/ /gl/ /pl/ /sl/
1 black clock glad place Sleep
2 blue clean glow plant slap
3 blood claw globe plain slab
4 blab club glue pledge slack
5 blood class glass plane slam
6 blink cloud glory plaza slant
7 blow clinic gloss Player slate
8 blame clever glare pluck slave
9 blade claim glove plots slide
10 blend clash glance plug slow

Silent ‘l’
Know that letter ‘l’ is silent in the following words: could, would,
should, psalm, calm, bald, alms, talk, walk, chalk, yolk, calf, half.
The Consonant /r/
This consonant sound is produced when the tip of the tongue goes
down while the back part of the tongue raises and presses against the
insides of the top teeth.
Facts about letter ‘r’
Letter ‘r’ does not sound at the end of words in Standard British
pronunciation when such words are pronounced in isolation; for
examples; teacher, father, baker, tailor etc.
However, if the word (ended by an r) is followed immediately by a
word beginning by a vowel sound, the r is then pronounced as you
link two words in a connected speech; for example, father and
mother; more information; four envelope etc.
Graphemes of /r/
S/N Initial Median
1. Red Arrow
2. Race Carry
3. Rock Berry
4. Road Arrive
5. Right Correct
6. Ride Lorry
7. Rich Mirror
8. Rabbit Sorry
9. Random Borrow
10. Ransom Carrot

Minimal Pairs of /r/ and /l/

S/N /r/ /l/
1 Red Led
2 Right Light
3 Pray Play
 4 Roof Loot
5 Rife Life
6 Road Load
7 Rack Lack
8 Correct Collect
9 Rain Lane
10 Read Lead

Consonant blends with /r/

S/N Br Cr Dr Fr Gr Pr
1 Brother Cry Drink Frame Green Praise
2 Bright Crawl Dried Free Grip Pray
3 Broom Crab Drum Fry Grass Price
4 Bring Crack Draft Frank Grace Prime
5 Broad Craft Drama Fresh Grab Print
6 Brain Crave Drag Freeze Groom Pride
7 Bread Craze Dress Frown Great Probe
8 Break Cream Drill Frog Grate Prone
9 Brand Create Drop Freak Grain Prank
10 Brick Crowd Drug Front Gramm Proud
ar

Sound it right (Pronunciation drills)

Pay attention to these pronunciations and the transcription of the
words:
S/N WORDS TRANSCRIPTION
1 Football /΄fʊtbɔːl /
2 Basketball /΄baːskɩtbɔːl/
3 Boxing /baksɩ‫ פ‬/
4 Badminton /΄bædmintən /
5 Cycling /saɩklɩ‫ פ‬/
6 Hockey /΄hɒki /
7 Table tennis /teɩbl tenɩs /
8 Swimming /swɩmɩ‫פ‬/
9 Billiards /΄bɩlȷəd /
10 Volleyball /΄valibɔːl /
11 Handball /΄hændbɔːl /
12 Wrestling /΄res.lɩ‫פ‬/
13 Long jump /lɔː‫פ‬ʤnmp/
14 High Jump /həiʤnmp/
15 Kung Fu /kʊ‫פ‬fuː/

Read these sentences below in right diction and intonation:

1. My favorite sport is basketball.
2. Football is the most popular sport in the world.
3. Table tennis and billiards are good indoor games.
4. I love cycling and volleyball.
5. Do you like boxing?

Read these sentences below in right diction and intonation:

1. The word Zainab is an example of a noun
2. A verb is an action word.
3. Adjectives give more information about a noun in a sentence.
4. Can you define preposition?

The Consonant /w/

This is a voiced consonant. It is produced when you raise the back of
your tongue towards the soft palate closely similar to the production
of /u:/. In the process your lips will be rounded but not to create any
obstruction against the airstream.

Graphemes of /w/
S/N Initial Median Wh Sw Tw
1 Weak Award What Swim Twins
2 Week Awake When Sweet Twelve
3 Water Away White Sweep Twice
4 Wire Between Which Switch Twenty
5 Watch Reward Whisper Swamp Twinkle
6 West Always Whisker Swallow Tweet
7 Work Waywar Whistle Swing Twist
d
8 Wash Dwarf Whether Sweat Twine
9 Worship Swim Wheat Swollen Twig
10 Wallet Dwell Whim Swear Twill

The silent /w/

Note that the /w/ is silent
1. When letter /w/ is immediately followed by letter /r/ for e.g
wrong, write, wreak, wrist, wrapper, wreck, writ and wrestle.
2. When letter /w/ comes before /h/ in some words for e.g who,
whose, whom, whole, whoever.
3. In words like answer, two, sword.

The Consonant /j/

S/N Y U U-E
1 You Use Cute
2 Yes Union Argue
3 Young Uniform Tune
4 Year Unity Mute
5 Yesterday Unique Fuse
6 Yard Unit Nude
7 Your Urine Huge
8 Youth University Fume
9 Yawn Unify Mute
10 Yolk Unicycle Numeracy

Note that letter y sounds like a vowel in some words like family,
quickly, city, symbols, etc. In such cases, it is considered as vowel /i/
Minimal pairs
S/N /j/ /w/
1 Jet Wet
2 Jell Well
3 Joke Woke
4 Jelly Warn
5 Jen When

The Vowel /aʊ/

This is a diphthong. It is produced when the tongue pronounces /æ/
and moves quickly to the point of /ʊ/. The resultant would be /aʊ/. The
vowel may be spelt by “ou”, “ow”, “ough”.

Graphemes of //
S/N Ou Ow -ound/-ouse words
1 Out How Sound
2 About Cow Found
3 Loud Now Ground
4 Shout Brown Pound
5 Mouth Crown Round
6 Lout Frown Blouse
7 Scout Town Mouse
8 House Fowl House
9 Tout Allow Louse
10 Stout Down Souse

Minimal Pairs
S/N /aʊ/ /aʊ/
1 Out Oat
2 How Hoe
3 Town Tone
4 Now Row
5 Row Know

S/N /aʊ/ /æ/

1 Out At
2 How Shat
3 Town Tan
4 Now Rand
5 Row Lad

Mind your Diction

S/N Word Say Don’t say
1 Sound /saʊnd/ /sænd /
2 Round /raʊnd/ /rænd/
3 Loud /laʊd/ /læd/
4 Shout /ʃaʊt/ /ʃæt/
5 Ground /graʊnd/ /grænd/

Oral Comprehension - Fun in the Sun

I like to have fun
I have fun in the sun
I like to run in the sun
I run in the sun for fun
They like to have fun
I see them have fun in the sun
They run for fun in the sun
We all like to run
And we all like to have fun
So we run in the sun for fun.

Oral Questions: Answer these questions orally

 1. Do you catch fun in the sun? How about your partner?
2. What do you do in the sun?
3. Work with your group to chant the poem in chorus and share
your views with others.
4. Do you like the poem? Really?

The Vowel /ai/

This is also another diphthong. In the pronunciation of this sound, the
tongue glides from // to /i/, a half-closed position. It is often spelt by
ie, i and y.
Graphemes of /ai/
S/N ie i-e y -ide word
1 Tie Kite My Slide
2 Lie Like By Decide
3 Pie Bike Try Divide
4 Die Advice Cry Inside
5 Fie Bride Ply Outside
6 Plies File Fly Provide
7 Flies Life Style Subside
8 Tied Pipe Dry Confide
9 Tries Smile Sky Abide
10 Spies Time Why Reside

Minimal pairs
S/N /ai/ /a:/
1 Bike Bark
2 Hide Hard
3 Might Mart
4 Fight Fart
5 Life laugh
6 Pike Park

S/N /ai/ /Ʌ/

1 Kite Cut
2 Fine Fun
3 Bite But
4 Nine Nun
5 Like Buck
6 Shine Shun

The Consonant /ʃ/

This is a voiceless consonant sound. This sound is produced when the
tip and the blade of the tongue are raised towards the meeting point
of the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. /ʃ/ may be spelt by “sh” and
“s”.
Graphemes of /ʃ/
S/N Sh- -sh- -sh S
1 Shall Fashion Fish Pension
2 Ship Cushion Dish Tension
3 Shut Worship Brush Extension
4 Shout Ashamed Smash Sure
5 Shin Bishop Wish Sugar
6 Sheep Bushel English Mansion
7 Short Cashier Flush Insurance
8 Shake Publisher Wash Insure
9 Shark Freshener Polish Assurance
10 Shine Extinguisher establish Reassure

Minimal Pairs
S/N /ʃ/ /s/
1 She See
2 Sheet Seat
3 Show So
4 Short Sort
5 Shift Sift
6 Shell Sell

The Consonant /ʧ/

This is a voiceless consonant sound. To produce the sound, the tip
and the blade of the tongue are placed against the point where the
teeth ridge meets the hard palate. This will obstruct the airstream
which slowly escapes when the obstruction is lifted. This sound is
often spelt by “ch” and “t”/
Graphemes of /ʧ/
S/N Initial –ch Median Final -t- -tch-
1 Choice Churches Punch Actual Watch
2 Chop Bunches Bunch Lecture Catch
3 Chair Teacher Bench Feature Kitchen
4 Chapter Merchant Touch Fortune Fetch
5 Chain Archer Torchy Culture Witch
6 Chief Archbish Beach Picture Stitch
op
7 Chart Voucher Such Question Ditch
8 Child Mischief Much Textual Hitch
9 Cheat Mischanc Speech Righteou Pitch
e s
10 Check Touchy Perch Obituary Hatch

Minimal Pairs
S/N /ʧ/ /s/
1 Chair Share
2 Which Wish
3 Choose Shoes
4 Cheat Sheet
5 Watch Wash
6 Cheer Sheer
7 Chop Shop
8 Ditch Dish
9 Cheap Sheep
10 Catch Cash

Mind your Diction

S/N Word Say Don’t say
1 Chair /ʧeaʳ/ /ʃeaʳ/
2 Watch /wats/ /waʃ/
3 Chop /ʧiːp/ /ʃiːp/
4 Cheap /ʧuːz/ /ʃuːs/
5 Choose /wiʧ/ /wiʃ/
7 Cheat /ʧiːt/ /ʃiːt/
8 Chapter /ʧæpteʳ/ /ʃæpteʳ/
9 Bench /benʧ/ /benʃ/
10 Touch /tnʧ/ /tnʃ/