2025-2026 II SEM

UNIT II

Selection Control: If Statement- Indentation in Python- Multi-Way Selection - Iterative

Control: While Statement- Infinite loops- Definite vs. Indefinite Loops.

Lists: List Structures - Lists (Sequences) in Python - Python List Type - Tuples -
Sequences - Nested Lists.

2. CONTROL STRUCTURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION
In programming, the control structure determines the order in which statements are
executed.

Python supports three major types of control structures:

1. Sequential Control
2. Selection (Decision-making) Control
3. Iteration (Looping) Control

1. Sequential Control Structure

 This is the default mode of execution in Python.

 Statements are executed line by line in the same order as they appear.

Example:

print("Start")
x = 10 + 5
print("Sum =", x)
print("End")

Output:

Start
Sum = 15
End

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2. Selection / Decision-Making Control

 Decision-making structures allow the program to make choices and execute different
code blocks based on conditions.
 Python uses Boolean expressions to evaluate conditions (True or False).

The if Statement

 Used to execute a block of code only if a condition is true.

Syntax:

if condition:
statement(s)

Example:

age = 20
if age >= 18:
print("Eligible to vote")

Output:

Eligible to vote

The if–else Statement

 Used when you need to execute one block if true and another block if false.

Syntax:

if condition:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)

Example:

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even number")

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else:
print("Odd number")

The if–elif–else Ladder

 Used to test multiple conditions.

Syntax:

if condition1:
statement(s)
elif condition2:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)

Example:

marks = 85
if marks >= 90:
print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 75:
print("Grade B")
elif marks >= 60:
print("Grade C")
else:
print("Grade D")

Nested if Statement

 When one if statement is placed inside another.

Example:

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num >= 0:
if num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Negative number")

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4. Iteration / Looping Control

 Loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly as long as a condition is true.
 Python supports two main types of loops:

1. while Loop
2. for Loop

and provides two loop control statements:

 break
 continue

1. The while Loop

 Used when the number of iterations is not known in advance.

Syntax:

while condition:
statement(s)

Example:

i=1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i=i+1

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

2. The for Loop

 Used when we know exactly how many times to repeat.

Syntax:

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for variable in sequence:
statement(s)

Example:

for i in range(1, 6):

print(i)

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

The range() Function

 Used to generate a sequence of numbers.

Common forms:

 range(stop) → starts from 0

 range(start, stop)
 range(start, stop, step)

Example:

for i in range(2, 11, 2):

print(i)

Output:

2
4
6
8
10

Loop Control Statements

a) BREAK STATEMENT

 Used to terminate the loop prematurely.

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Example:

for i in range(1, 10):

if i == 6:
break
print(i)

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

CONTINUE STATEMENT

Used to skip the rest of the statements in the current iteration and move to the next.

Example:

for i in range(1, 6):

if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

Output:

1
2
4
5

PASS STATEMENT

Used as a placeholder when no action is required.

Example:

for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
pass # Placeholder
print(i)

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Nested Loops

Loops inside another loop.

Example:

for i in range(1, 4):

for j in range(1, 3):
print(i, j)

Output:

11
12
21
22
31
32

Example Programs

1. Sum of first N numbers

n = int(input("Enter N: "))
sum = 0
for i in range(1, n+1):
sum += i
print("Sum =", sum)

2. Factorial of a number

n = int(input("Enter number: "))

fact = 1
for i in range(1, n+1):
fact *= i
print("Factorial =", fact)

3. Display numbers using while loop

i=1
while i <= 10:
print(i)
i += 1

3. List

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3.1 List Structure

 A list is a mutable sequence used to store an ordered collection of items.

 Lists can hold elements of different data types — integers, strings, floats, or even other
lists.

Syntax:
list_name = [element1, element2, element3, ...]

Example:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
mixed = [10, "python", 3.14, True]

3.2 Characteristics of Lists

Property Description

Ordered Elements have a definite index order

Mutable Can be modified after creation

Heterogeneous Can contain different data types

Indexing & Slicing Supports both positive and negative indices

Dynamic Size can be changed at runtime

Example:

data = [1, 2, 3, 4]
data[2] = 10
print(data)
# Output: [1, 2, 10, 4]

3.3 Accessing List Elements

1. Indexing

List elements can be accessed using indexes.

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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(fruits[0]) # apple
print(fruits[-1]) # cherry

2. Slicing

Slicing returns a subsection of a [Link] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

print(numbers[1:4]) # [20, 30, 40]

print(numbers[:3]) # [10, 20, 30]
print(numbers[-3:]) # [30, 40, 50]

3.5 Updating and Modifying Lists

Since lists are mutable, their elements can be added, removed, or changed.

Updating an Element
nums = [5, 10, 15]
nums[1] = 20
print(nums) # [5, 20, 15]

Adding Elements
Method Example Description

append() [Link]("mango") Adds an item at the end

insert() [Link](1, "orange") Adds an item at a specific index

extend() [Link](["kiwi", "melon"]) Adds multiple elements

Removing Elements
Method Example Description

remove() [Link]("apple") Removes first matching element

pop() [Link](1) Removes element at index

clear() [Link]() Removes all elements

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Common List Operations

Operation Example Result

Concatenation [1,2] + [3,4] [1,2,3,4]

Repetition [1,2]*2 [1,2,1,2]

Membership 3 in [1,2,3] True

Length len([10,20,30]) 3

Maximum max([10,20,30]) 30

Minimum min([10,20,30]) 10

Traversing a List

Using a For Loop

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)
Using Range and Index
for i in range(len(fruits)):
print(i, fruits[i])

List Comprehension

A compact way to create lists using a single line of code.

Syntax:

[expression for item in iterable if condition]

Example:

squares = [x*x for x in range(1,6)]

print(squares) # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

Nested Lists

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A nested list is a list that contains other lists as its elements.

Example:

matrix = [
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
]

print(matrix[0]) # [1, 2, 3]
print(matrix[1][2]) # 6

Iterating a Nested List:

for row in matrix:

for val in row:
print(val, end=" ")

Tuples in Python

Definition:

A tuple is an immutable sequence of ordered elements.

Once created, its elements cannot be modified.

Syntax:
tuple_name = (element1, element2, element3)
Example:
colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
print(colors[1]) # green

Characteristics of Tuples

Property Description

Ordered Maintains the order of elements

Immutable Cannot be changed once created

Heterogeneous Can contain different data types

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Property Description

Indexing & Slicing Supported like lists

Example:

t = (10, 20, 30, 40)

print(t[0]) # 10
print(t[1:3]) # (20, 30)

Tuple Operations

Operation Example Result

Concatenation (1,2)+(3,4) (1,2,3,4)

Repetition (1,2)*2 (1,2,1,2)

Membership 3 in (1,2,3) True

Length len((10,20,30)) 3

Difference Between List and Tuple

Feature List Tuple

Syntax [] ()

Mutability Mutable Immutable

Performance Slower Faster

Use Case When data may change When data is fixed

Methods Available Many (append, remove, etc.) Limited (count, index)

Example Programs

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1. Sum of List Elements

nums = [10, 20, 30, 40]

print("Sum =", sum(nums))

2. Largest Element in a List

nums = [3, 8, 1, 9, 5]
print("Max =", max(nums))

3. Convert Tuple to List

t = (1, 2, 3)
l = list(t)
print(l)

4. Nested List Traversal

matrix = [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]
for row in matrix:
print(row)

Assignment Topics

1. Write programs using if, if-else, and elif conditions.

2. Create menu-driven programs using multi-way selection.
3. Program using while loop with counters.
4. Create an example for an infinite loop & correct it.
5. Compare definite and indefinite loops using examples.
6. Write a program using lists & list methods.

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7. Create nested lists for marks of students and process them.
8. Write programs using tuple operations.
9. Write sequence-based programs (searching, slicing operations).

YouTube Video Links

 If–Else in Python: [Link]

 While Loops: [Link]
 Lists & Sequences: [Link]

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