Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
Module – 5
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Syllabus:
Aircraft Systems:
Mechanical systems and their components; hydraulic and pneumatic systems; oxygen
System; environmental Control System; fuel system. Electrical systems, flight deck and
cockpit systems; navigation system, communication system.
Aircraft systems (Mechanical) – hydraulic and pneumatic systems and their applications;
environment control system; fuel system, oxygen system.
Aircraft systems (Electrical) – flight control system, cockpit instrumentation and
displays; communication systems; navigation systems; power generation systems –
engine driven alternators, auxiliary power Module, ram air turbine; power conversion,
distribution and management.
5.1 Flight Control Systems
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Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
5.2 Hydraulic system
Hydraulic system: Transmits the power from one point to another through the
incompressible fluids like oil.
A hydraulic system uses a fluid under pressure to drive machinery or move
mechanical components.
Virtually all aircraft make use of some hydraulically powered components.
In light, general aviation aircraft, this use might be limited to providing pressure to
activate the wheel brakes.
In larger and more complex aero planes, the use of hydraulically powered
components is much more common.
Depending upon the aircraft concerned, a single hydraulic system, or two or more
hydraulic systems working together, might be used to power any or all.
Advantage of hydraulic system:
Light weight and easy to maintain
Efficiency almost 100% with negligible losses due to friction
We can develop practically unlimited force
Easily transfer the force in curved path also
Disadvantage of hydraulic system:
Possibility of leakage
Contamination by foreign matter in the system can cause malfunction of any unit
Parts Controlled by Hydraulic System:
Wheel brakes
Nose wheel steering
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Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
Landing gear retraction/extension
Flaps and slats
Thrust reversers
Spoilers/speed brakes
Flight control surfaces
Cargo doors/loading ramps
Windshield wipers
Propeller pitch control
Basic Components:
A hydraulic system consists of the hydraulic fluid plus three major mechanical
components. Those components are:
The “pressure generator” or hydraulic pump
The hydraulically powered “motor” which powers the component concerned
The system “plumbing” which contains and channels the fluid throughout the
aircraft as required.
Hydraulic Fluid:
Fluid is the medium via which a hydraulic system transmits its energy and,
theoretically, practically any fluid could be utilized.
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Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
The operating pressure (3000 to 5000 psi) that most aircraft hydraulic systems
generate.
High Flash Point.
In the event of a hydraulic leak, fluid ignition should not occur at the normal
operating temperatures of the surrounding components.
Special hydraulic fluids with fire resistant properties have been developed for
aviation use. These fluids are phosphate esters and, unlike mineral oil based
hydraulic fluids,
Adequate Viscosity
Lubricant Properties.
Thermal Capacity/Conductivity
Hydraulic Pumps:
Gear Pumps: Gear pumps use meshing gears to pump fluid. Gear pumps are fixed
displacement type pumps as they move a specific amount of fluid per rotation. Gear
pumps may be used on low pressure systems (under 1500 psi) but are generally not
suitable for high pressure applications
Fixed Displacement Piston Pumps: Piston pumps utilize a piston moving in a
cylinder to pressurize a fluid. A fixed displacement pump moves a specific amount
of fluid with each stroke.
Variable Displacement Piston Pumps: This is the most common type of pump on
large aircraft. The variable displacement design allows the pump to compensate for
changes in the system demand by increasing or decreasing the fluid output. This
allows near constant system pressure to be maintained.
Hydraulic system for aircraft:
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Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
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Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
Fig: Hydraulic system for light aircraft
5.3 Pneumatic System
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5.4 Oxygen System
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Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
5.5 Environmental control system
Air conditioning system
Air cycle cooling system
Freon vapor cycle cooling systems
Aircraft pressurization system
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5.6 Fuel System
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Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
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Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
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Aircraft Systems Elements of Aeronautics
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