23AID212-Introduction to IoT

Prepared by
Dr. A. S. Radhamani, AP/AID
Syllabus

• Introduction to IOT- Overview of machine-to-machine communication

– Sensing – Actuations-Basics of Networking- Introduction to Micro-
Controllers-Introduction to Embedded systems.
Introduction
• The Internet of Things represents the whole way from collecting data,
processing it, taking an action corresponding to the signification of
this data to storing everything in the cloud.

• Example: In Your Home (Smart Home)

Smart Speakers/Assistants (Alexa, Google Home, Smart Thermostats
(Nest), Security Systems, Smart Appliances
• Personal & Wearables
• Fitness Trackers (Fitbit, Apple Watch), Smartwatches
Definition & Characteristics of IoT
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects with
sensors, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange
data over the internet without human input.
• Intelligence:
• Connectivity:
• Dynamic nature:
• Enormous scale:
• Sensing:
• Heterogeneity:
• Security:
Applications of IoT
Applications..
• 1) Home
• 2) Cities
• 3) Environment
• 4) Energy
• 5) Retail
• 6) Logistics
• 7) Agriculture
• 8) Industry
• 9) Health & Life Style
Overview of machine-to-machine communication

• M2M Communication
• M2M, or Machine-to-Machine, is a technology that allows machines
to communicate with each other and exchange data without human
intervention, and it is considered a subset of the larger Internet of
Things (IoT) concept. M2M facilitates direct, point-to-point
communication through technologies like cellular networks, Wi-Fi, or
Bluetooth, enabling applications from industrial automation to smart
homes.
m2m real time examples
• Smart Meters: Utility meters automatically transmit real-time energy
consumption data to utility providers for accurate billing and efficient
energy management.
• Smart Vending Machines
• Industrial Automation
M2M features
• Large number of nodes or devices
• Low cost
• Energy efficient
• Small traffic per device/machine
• M2M communication free from human intervention
•
General Architecture of M2M Systems
Concept of IoT
Components of IoT System

• Devices & Sensors

• Physical objects embedded with sensors or actuators that collect data

from the environment (e.g., temperature, motion, gas, light).
• Sensors convert physical signals into digital data for further analysis.
• 2. Connectivity: Networks such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN,
or 5G that transmit data between devices, gateways, and cloud
platforms.

• 3. Data Processing

• Edge devices, gateways, or cloud platforms process and analyze

collected data, often using AI or big data technologies.
• This step transforms raw data into meaningful insights.
4. User Interface (UI)
• Applications, dashboards, or mobile apps through which users
interact with IoT systems.
• Interfaces can also trigger actuators to perform automated actions.
Different types of Sensors
• Temperature Sensors: Measure heat or temperature changes in the environment
or objects.
• Image Sensors: Capture visual data for cameras and computer vision applications.
• Gyro Sensors (Gyroscope): Detect angular velocity and orientation of objects.
• Obstacle Sensors: Identify the presence of obstacles to avoid collisions.
• RF Sensors: Use radio frequency signals for detection, tracking, and
communication.
• IR Sensors (Infrared): Detect heat signatures or motion using infrared light.
• MQ-02/05 Gas Sensors: Sense the presence and concentration of gases like CO,
methane, or smoke.
• LDR Sensor (Light Dependent Resistor): Measure light intensity and brightness
levels.
• Ultrasonic Distance Sensor: Calculate distance by using ultrasonic sound waves.
IoT Enablers

• IoT enablers are the key technologies and tools that make the
Internet of Things work. They provide the foundation for devices to
connect, collect data, process information, and deliver meaningful
outcomes.
• egs
• RFID & NFC, Sensor Technologies, Low-Power Embedded Systems,
Smart Networks & Protocols, Cloud & Big Data, Edge/Fog Computing
Working of IoT Devices

• Collect and Transmit Data

• Actuate device based on triggers produced by sensors or processing
devices
• Receive Information
• Communication Assistance
Modern Applications

• Smart Grids and energy saving

• Smart cities
• Smart homes/Home automation
• Healthcare
• Earthquake detection
• Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
• Smartphone detection
Criteria to Choose a Sensor

• There are a few features that need to be addressed, along with the
sensor to be selected. The features are as follows:
• 1. Accuracy
• 2. Cost
• 3. Range of communication
• 4. Repeatability
• 5. Resolution
• 6. Environmental constraints
• 7. Data calibration
ACTUATOR
• Actuator is a device that converts the electrical signals into the
physical events or characteristics. It takes the input from the system
and gives output to the environment. For example, motors and
heaters are some of the commonly used actuators.
IoT Architecture and Protocol
(Basics of Networking)
IoT architecture is comprised of the following components:
• 1. Thing: IoT is interconnected with various sensors to collect the
data and actuators to perform actions corresponding to the
commands received from the cloud.
• 2. Gateway: It is used for data filtering, preprocessing, and
communicating it to the cloud and vice versa (receiving the
commands from the cloud)
• 3. Cloud gateway: It is used to transmit data between the gateways
and IoT central servers.
• 4. Streaming data processor: It distributes the data coming from
sensors to the relevant devices connected in network.
• 5. Data lake: It is used to store all defined and nondefined data.
• 6. Big data warehouse: It is used for collecting valuable data.
• 7. Control application: It is used to send commands to the actuators.
• 8. Machine learning: It is used to generate models by applying
algorithms on data, which can be used to control applications.
• 9. User application: It enables the users to monitor the data and
make decisions on controlling connected devices.
• 10. Data analytics: It is used for manual data processing
IoT Protocols
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model for IoT protocols, as shown in below includes five layers: physical layer, link
layer, internet layer, transport layer, and application layer.
Organization Levels
• IoT protocols can also be categorized on the basis of the organization
levels,
• as follows:
• 1. Infrastructure (IPv4/IPv6, 6LowPAN, RPL)
• 2. Identification (EPC, IPv6, uCode, URIs)
• 3. Communication (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LPWAN)
• 4. Discovery (DNS-SD, mDNS, Physical Web)
• 5. Data Protocols (AMQP, MQTT, Websocket, CoAP, Node)
• 6. Device Management (TR-069, OMA-DM)
• 7. Semantic (Web Thing Model, JSON-LD)
• 8. Multi-layer Frameworks (Weave, IoTivity, Alljoyn, Homekit)
Enabling Technologies for IoT
Short-Range Wireless Technology
• Bluetooth networking in mesh: It is a Bluetooth low-energy (BLE)
compatible mesh network with an increased number of nodes.
• Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi): This technology is almost similar to the Wi-Fi
standard, but it uses the visible light spectrum.
• Near-field communication (NFC): It is a communication protocol
that enables communication between two devices within a range
of 4 cm.
• QR codes and barcodes: It is optical tag that can be read by machine;
it stores the information for the item to which it is stacked to.
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID): It uses electromagnetic
fields to read the information stored in tags on the other items.
• Thread: This network protocol is based on the IEEE 802.15.4
standard.
• Wi-Fi: It is for local area networking, which is based on the IEEE
802.11 standard.
• Z-Wave: It is a low-powered, low-latency, near-range communication
protocol having better reliability than Wi-Fi.
• ZigBee: This protocol can be used for a personal area network; it is
based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
Medium-Range Wireless Technology
• HaLow: It is the variant of the Wi-Fi standard. It provides low data
rate transmission over a wide range.
• LTE-Advanced: It is Long-Term Evolution technology meant to provide
flawless communication with a high data rate.
Long-Range Wireless Technology
• Low-power wide-area networking (LPWAN): This wireless network
facilitates a wide range of communication along with low bit
rate and less power.
• Very small aperture terminal (VSAT): This communication is used
in satellites using dish antenna for narrow-banded data.
Wired Technology
• Ethernet: It is a wired communication technique using a twisted
pair and optical fiber with hubs or switches.
• Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA): This technology enhances
video quality over existing cable.
• Power-line communication (PLC): This communication technology
uses the transmit of electrical power and data.
IoT Levels
• Level 1 IoT: A level 1 IoT system performs sensing, actuation, storing,
and analysis operations and is comprised of a single node/device.
An example is a home automation system where a single node is
designed to control the lights and appliances remotely.
• Level 2 IoT: A level 2 IoT system performs sensing, actuation, and
analysis and has a single node/device. This is suitable for big data
analysis. The data is stored on the cloud. It is popular for cloud-
enabled applications like smart farming.
• Level 3 IoT: A level 3 IoT system is a single-node-based cloud
platform.
• This type of system is suitable for big data needs that are
computationally intensive. An example is the package tracking
system.
• The system comprises of a single node (for a package), which
monitors the vibration level of a package being shipped.
• Level 4 IoT: A level 4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform the
and data stored on the cloud.
The system may have local and cloud-based server nodes that receive
the information and upload on the cloud. Server nodes only process
the information and perform no control action. It is suitable where
multiple nodes are required and involve big data that is
computationally intensive. An example is noise monitoring.
• A level 5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and a single
coordinator node. The end node performs the sensing and/or actuation
actions. Collections of data done by the coordinator node form the
sensor nodes and communicates it to the cloud and is analyzed
on the cloud.
The system is suitable for a WSN-based solution with
big data and computationally intensive requirement. An example
is forest fire detection. The system is comprised of multiple nodes
placed at different locations for monitoring temperature, humidity,
and CO2 levels in the forest.
• Level 6 IoT: A level 6 IoT is comprised of sensor nodes and an actuator
to perform sensing and controlling. It is a suitable cloud-based database
designed for data analysis. The central controller knows the status of all
end nodes and sends the control commands to the nodes.
• An example is a weather monitoring system. The system is comprised of
multiple nodes that are placed at the different locations for monitoring
temperature, humidity pressure, radiation, and wind speed.
MICROCONTROLLERS – Overview
What is a Microcontroller?
• A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is
designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like
displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals, etc.
• The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the
memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers,
counters), etc.
Criteria for Choosing Microcontroller
• Packaging
• Power Consumption
• Amount of RAM and ROM on the chip.
• Count of I/O pins and Timers on the chip.
• Cost per Unit
What is Embedded System?

• Embedded system is a computational system that is developed based

on an integration of both hardware and software in order to perform
a given task. It can be said as a dedicated computer system has been
developed for some particular reason.
Components of Embedded Systems
• 1. Hardware 2. Software 3. Firmware
Examples of Embedded Systems

• Digital watches, Washing Machine, Toys, Televisions, Digital phones,

Laser Printer, Cameras, Industrial machines, Electronic Calculators,
Automobiles, Medical Equipment
Block Structure of Embedded System
How does an Embedded System Work?

• Embedded systems operate from the combination of hardware and

software that focuses on certain operations. An embedded system at
its heart has microcontroller or microprocessor hardware on which
user writes the code in form of software for control of the system.
•