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Complex Numbers Notes

The document provides a comprehensive overview of complex numbers, defining them in the form z = a + ib, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. It outlines key algebraic properties, including commutativity, associativity, and the distributive law, as well as operations like addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Examples are given to illustrate multiplication and division of complex numbers.

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3 views2 pages

Complex Numbers Notes

The document provides a comprehensive overview of complex numbers, defining them in the form z = a + ib, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. It outlines key algebraic properties, including commutativity, associativity, and the distributive law, as well as operations like addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Examples are given to illustrate multiplication and division of complex numbers.

Uploaded by

scamsex6
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Unit – 1: Complex Numbers

Definition:
A complex number is any number that can be written in the form:
z = a + ib,
where:
- a is called the real part,
- b is called the imaginary part, and
- i is the imaginary unit defined by i² = -1.

Algebraic Properties of Complex Numbers


1. Commutativity
- Addition: z₁ + z₂ = z₂ + z₁
- Multiplication: z₁ z₂ = z₂ z₁

2. Associativity
- Addition: (z₁ + z₂) + z₃ = z₁ + (z₂ + z₃)
- Multiplication: (z₁ z₂) z₃ = z₁ (z₂ z₃)

3. Distributive Law
- z (z₁ + z₂) = zz₁ + zz₂

4. Additive and Multiplicative Inverse


- Additive inverse: –z = –x – iy = (–x, –y)
- Multiplicative inverse (for z ≠ 0):
z⁻¹ = (x / (x² + y²)) – i(y / (x² + y²))

5. Subtraction and Division


- Subtraction: z₁ – z₂ = z₁ + (–z₂)
- Division: z₁ / z₂ = z₁ × z₂⁻¹

6. Modulus or Absolute Value


- |z| = √(x² + y²)

7. Conjugate and Properties


- z = x + iy ⇒ z̅ = x – iy
- z̅₁ ± z̅₂ = z̅₁ ± z̅₂
- z̅₁ z̅₂ = z̅₁ z̅₂
- (z₁ / z₂)̅ = z̅₁ / z̅₂

8. Triangle Inequality
- |z₁ + z₂| ≤ |z₁| + |z₂|
Multiplication of Complex Numbers
Let:
z₁ = a + ib, z₂ = c + id
Then:
z₁ z₂ = (a + ib)(c + id) = (ac - bd) + i(ad + bc)

Example:
z₁ = 5 + 4i, z₂ = 3 + 2i
z₁ z₂ = (5 + 4i)(3 + 2i) = (15 - 8) + i(10 + 12) = 7 + 22i

Division of Complex Numbers


Let:
z₁ = 2 + 3i, z₂ = 3 + 5i
z₁ / z₂ = (2 + 3i) / (3 + 5i)
= ((2 + 3i)(3 - 5i)) / ((3 + 5i)(3 - 5i))
= (6 - 10i + 9i + 15) / (9 + 25)
= (21 - i) / 34
= 21/34 - i/34

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