A

Major Project Report

on

Hi-TECH BATTERY CHARGER FOR MODERN EV’S USING IOT

A thesis submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Lingolo Sony (19R11A0262)

Yadiki Advaith Vishal (19R11A0285)
M. Uttej Chary (20R15A0235)
Myaka Vinay (20R15A0236)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. Vittam Rakesh

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

(UGC Autonomous)

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH, Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade)
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), [Link].-501 301.

2019-2023

i
 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
(UGC Autonomous)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH, Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade)
Cheeryal (V), Keesara(M), Medchal Dist.-501 301.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the major project report entitled “HI-TECH BATTERY
CHARGER FOR MODERN EV’S USING IOT” is a bonafide work of [Link]
(19R11A0262), [Link] Vishal (19R11A0285) and [Link] Chary (20R15A0235),
[Link] (20R15A0236) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award for
the degree of Bachelor of Technology in “Electrical and Electronics Engineering” from
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad during the year 2022-2023.

Internal Guide HOD-EEE

Mr. V. Rakesh Dr. Radhika Dora
Assistant Professor Professor

External Examiner

ii
 Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
(UGC Autonomous)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH, Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade)
Cheeryal (V), Keesara(M), Medchal Dist.-501 301.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

We, [Link], [Link] Vishal, [Link] Chary, [Link] bearing Roll Nos.
19R11A0262, 19R11A0285, 20R15A0235, 20R15A0236 respectively, hereby declare that the
project report entitled “HI-TECH BATTERY CHARGER FOR MODERN EV’S USING
IOT” which was carried out under the guidance of Mr. Vittam Rakesh, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Geethanjali College of Engineering and
Technology, is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

This is a record of bonafide work carried out by us in Geethanjali College of Engineering

and Technology and the results embodied in this project have not been reproduced or copied
from any source. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the award of any other degree or diploma.

L. Sony (19R11A0262)
Y. Advaith Vishal (19R11A0285)
[Link] Chary (20R15A0235)
[Link] (20R15A0236)

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our privilege and pleasure to express a profound sense of respect, gratitude and
indebtedness to our guide Vittam Rakesh, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, for his inspiration,
guidance, support and encouragement throughout this dissertation work.

We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Radhika Dora, Professor & Head, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, for
her suggestions, motivations and support for the successful completion of the mini-project.

We extend our sincere thanks to Prof. B. Hari Kumar, Dean, Electrical Engineering,
and Dr. P. Vijai Bhaskar, Dean Academics for their understanding and support.

We extend our sincere thanks and gratitude to our Principal, Dr. S. Udaya Kumar
and our Chairman, Mr. G. R. Ravinder Reddy, for their inspiration.

L. Sony (19R11A0262)
Y. Advaith Vishal (19R11A0285)
[Link] Chary (20R15A0235)
[Link] (20R15A0236)

iv
Abstract:

These days, we find many batteries used in Electric Vehicles are burning or blasting due to
the overcharging or long-time charging. During such condition, the battery body temperature may
rise by which the batteries are blasting. To avoid these types of mishaps, here this special type of
battery charger is designed using latest technology such that the battery can be charged using
wireless technology and at the same time the battery voltage and its body temperature data will be
monitored continuously through an embedded system. An important feature added in the system is
that if the battery body temperature raises more than the threshold I value, immediately supply to
the battery will disconnected automatically and alarm will be energized. Once the alarm is
energized it remains in energized condition until the reset button is activated. The battery condition
will be monitored digitally and it will be displayed through an CD interfaced with Arduino board.
Another important feature added to the system is that entire information will be transmitted to the
concern mobile phone through Wi-Fi module using IOT technology. The data will be transmitted to
the phone directly because the wireless link will be established between the system and mobile
phone. Wireless charging is a new technology for charging the batteries that allows charging over
short distances without cables. The advantage of wireless charging is that charging is quicker and
easier, we need not have to plug and unplug each time, simply by placing the vehicle in its parking
place where the power transmitting coil is installed under the ground, the battery starts charging
automatically. For demo purpose, 4 wheelers chassis will be constructed and all devices including
battery will be arranged over this manually moving body. The power receiver coil will be arranged
below the chassis such that it acquires maximum current from the wireless charger.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vi
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 E.M.F 2

1.3 Wireless power transmission 3

2 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 Functional Description 5
2.2 LC circuit 5
2.3 Power receiving circuit 7
2.4 Temperature sensing circuit 8
2.4.1 LM35 temperature sensor 9

2.4.2 Working principle of LM35 11

2.5 Battery terminal voltage monitoring system 12

2.5.1 Relay 13
2.6 Power MOSFETS 14

3 CHAPTER 3 ARDUINO AND WIFI MODULE

3.1 Arduino 16

3.1.1 Arduino processor 17

3.2 Internal A to D converter of Arduino 19

3.3 Pin Description 20

3.4 Wifi module 20

3.5 How Wifi works 21

4 CHAPTER 4 DISPLAY SECTION

4.1 Display section 23

4.2 LCD 25

4.3 Pins Description 26

4.4 LCD interfacing with Arduino 27

5 CHAPTER 5 ARDUINO PROGRAMMING CODE 29

6 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion 31

6.2 Future Scope 33

7 CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES 34
LIST OF TABLES Page No

3.3 Pin Descrip on Arduino 20

3.3.1 LCD Func on of each pins 24

4.3 Pin descrip on of LCD 26

4.4.1 List of instruc uon command codes 28

LIST OF FIGURES Page No

1.3.1 Coils used in wpt 4

2.2.1 LC circuit 7

2.3.1 Power receiving circuit 8

[Link] LM35 temperature sensor 10

2.5.1 Voltage sensor 12

2.6.1 Relay 14

[Link] Arduino uno 18

4.2.1 LCD 26

vi
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Many scientists across the world are conducting many experiments over this technology
to improve the efficiency and distance between the power transmitting coil and power
receiving coil. Presently the main drawback of this system is, poor efficiency and poor
distance, once this is improved than this technology will become popular and we can find
these chargers everywhere. In practical, in this method of charging, when considered to charge
an electric car battery, the power receiving coil must be arranged below the chassis of vehicle.
Here vehicle is not constructed, but demo piece can be simulated. With the help of a digital
monitoring system constructed with Arduino board, battery body temperature and its voltage
can be monitored during charging or in idle condition. 12v – 2Ah rechargeable battery is used
and its terminal voltage is monitored continuously through an LCD interfaced with the
Arduino board.
When the EV batteries are charging in hot environment especially in summer, battery
cathodes are main cause of the heat release. Protecting the battery with efficient thermal
management is essential, especially in our country, the ambient temperature is high. Therefore
this project work is considered to protect the battery burning due to the over temperature
during charging.
In wireless chargers, often a power transmitting coil as well as power receiving coil
plays dominant role for charging the batteries. In this method, the energy will be transmitted
to one coil to the other without any conducting wires. Resonant transfer works by making a
coil ring with an oscillating current which generates an oscillating magnetic field. When a
secondary coil is brought near to this magnetic field, maximum energy will be grabbed which
is converted as pure DC source and which can be used to charge the battery. The output is no
regulated there by voltage up and downs can be monitored by varying the distance between
two coils. The Arduino processor used in the project work is having built-in-with ADC, so
that additional ADC is not required for converting the analog data generated by the
temperature sensor. In same manner, the battery terminal voltage is also monitored and
displayed through an LCD interfaced with Arduino.

1
 1.2 Electro Magnetic Field

In electromagnetic radiation (such as microwaves from an antenna, shown below)

the term applies only to the parts of the Electromagnetic field that radiate into infinite
space and decrease in intensity by an inverse-square law of power, so that the total
radiation energy that crosses through an imaginary spherical surface is the same, no
matter how far away from the antenna the spherical surface is drawn. Electromagnetic
radiation thus includes the far field part of the electromagnetic field around a
transmitter. A part of the "near-field" close to the transmitter, forms part of the
changing Electromagnetic field, but does not count as electromagnetic radiation.

Maxwell's equations established that some charges and currents ("sources")

produce a local type of Electromagnetic field near them that does not have the behavior
of EMR. Currents directly produce a magnetic field, but it is of a magnetic dipole type
that dies out with distance from the current. In a similar manner, moving charges
pushed apart in a conductor by a changing electrical potential (such as in an antenna)
produce an electric dipole type electrical field, but this also declines with distance.
These fields make up the near-field near the EMR source. Neither of these behaviors is
responsible for EM radiation. Instead, they cause electromagnetic field behavior that
only efficiently transfers power to a receiver very close to the source, such as
the magnetic induction inside a transformer, or the feedback behavior that happens close
to the coil of a metal detector. Typically, near-fields have a powerful effect on their own
sources, causing an increased “load” (decreased electrical reactance) in the source or
transmitter, whenever energy is withdrawn from the EM field by a receiver. Otherwise,
these fields do not “propagate” freely out into space, carrying their energy away
without distance-limit, but rather oscillate, returning their energy to the transmitter if
it is not received by a receiver.

By contrast, the EM far-field is composed of radiation that is free of the transmitter

in the sense that (unlike the case in an electrical transformer) the transmitter requires
the same power to send these changes in the fields out, whether the signal is
immediately picked up or not. This distant part of the electromagnetic
field is "electromagnetic radiation" (also called the far-field). The far-fields propagate

2
(radiate) without allowing the transmitter to affect them. This causes them to be
independent in the sense that their existence and their energy, after they have left the
transmitter, is completely independent of both transmitter and receiver. Because such
waves conserve the amount of energy they transmit through any spherical boundary
surface drawn around their source, and because such surfaces have an area that is
defined by the square of the distance from the source, the power of EM radiation
always varies according to an inverse-square law.

The far-field (EMR) depends on a different mechanism for its production than the
near-field, and upon different terms in Maxwell’s equations. Whereas the magnetic
part of the near-field is due to currents in the source, the magnetic field in EMR is due
only to the local change in the electric field. In a similar way, while the electric field
in the near-field is due directly to the charges and charge-separation in the source, the
electric field in EMR is due to a change in the local magnetic field. Both processes for
producing electric and magnetic EMR fields have a different dependence on distance
than do near-field dipole electric and magnetic fields. That is why the EMR type of
EM field becomes dominant in power “far” from sources. The term “far from sources”
refers to how far from the source (moving at the speed of light) any portion of the
outward-moving EM field is located, by the time that source currents are changed by
the varying source potential, and the source has therefore begun to generate an
outwardly moving EM field of a different phase.

1.3 Wireless power transmission

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is an efficient way for the transmission of

electric power from one point to another through air without the use of wire. By using
WPT, power can be transmitted using inductive coupling for short range, resonant
induction for mid-range. By using this technology, it is possible to supply power to
places, where it is difficult to run conventional wires. Currently, the use of inductive
coupling is an important subject and there by many scientists across the world are
concentrating to develop efficient power transmitters.

3
 The most common and popular wireless power transfer technology is the
electromagnetic induction. For efficient midrange power transfer, the wireless power
transfer system must satisfy three conditions(a) high efficiency, (b) large air gap, (c)
high power. The microwave power transfer has a low efficiency, but it can reach to
long distance. For near field power transfer this method may be inefficient, since it
involves radiation of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic induction method has short range. Since magnetic field

coupling is a non-radiative power transfer method, it has higher efficiency. However,
power transfer range can be increased by applying magnetic coupling with resonance
phenomenon applied on. A magnetic field is generated when electric charge moves
through space or within an electrical conductor. The geometric shapes of the magnetic
flux lines produced by moving charge (electric current) are similar to the shapes of the
flux lines in an electrostatic field. Theory Inductive or magnetic coupling works on the
principle of electromagnetism. When a wire is proximity to a magnetic field, it induces
a magnetic field in that wire.

Fig : 1.3.1 Coils used in WPT

4
 CHAPTER 2
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

2.1 Functional Description

As per the block and circuit diagrams shown in the next chapter, the process or
functional description begins with the Remote-control unit. Since this project work
proves basic theory of wireless energy source by incorporating Electromagnetic field
coils, little energy will be transmitted to a distance of nearly 3 to 5 cm’s. During our
trail runs, we found that around 300milli amps current is obtained at a source voltage
of 12 approximately. This power is enough to charge the battery arranged in the electric
vehicle. The battery used here is rated for 12V - 2Ah (Ampere hour), when this battery
is charged with 300ma power source, than the charging time can be defined as battery
rating / charging current rating, I.e. 2 / 0.3 = 6.6 hours. So if a high power source is
used, then the battery can be charged in less time. The detailed functional description
is provided in following chapter and the following are the important building blocks
used in this system.

2.2 LC circuit description

An LC circuit, also called a resonant circuit, tank circuit, or tuned circuit, is an

electric circuit consisting of an inductor, represented by the letter L, and a capacitor,
represented by the letter C, connected together. The circuit can act as an electrical
resonator, an electrical analogue of a tuning fork, storing energy oscillating at the
circuit's resonant frequency. LC circuits are used either for generating signals at a
particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a particular frequency from a more
complex signal. They are key components in many electronic devices, used in circuits
such as oscillator, filters, tuners and frequency mixers. An LC circuit is an idealized
model since it assumes there is no dissipation of energy due to resistance. Any practical
implementation of an LC circuit will always include loss resulting from small but non-
zero resistance within the components and connecting wires. The purpose of an LC

5
circuit is usually to oscillate through DC source and generates ac signals by which
inductive loads can be driven effectively.

The capacitor C stores energy in its electric field E and the inductor L stores energy
in its magnetic field. In this configuration, the circuit starts oscillating by which the L
and C starts charging and discharging alternatively and depending up on the values of
these two components, the tuned circuit oscillates back and forth at the rate of
thousands of times per second.

An LC circuit, oscillating at its natural resonant frequency, can store electrical

energy. A capacitor stores energy in the electric field (E) between its plates, depending
on the voltage across it, and an inductor stores energy in its magnetic field (B),
depending on the current through it. If an inductor is connected across a charged
capacitor, current will start to flow through the inductor, building up a magnetic field
around it and reducing the voltage on the capacitor. Eventually all the charge on the
capacitor will be gone and the voltage across it will reach zero. However, the current
will continue, because inductors resist changes in current. The current will begin to
charge the capacitor with a voltage of opposite polarity to its original charge. Due to
Faradays law, the EMF which drives the current is caused by a decrease in the
magnetic field, thus the energy required to charge the capacitor is extracted from the
magnetic field. When the magnetic field is completely dissipated the current will stop
and the charge will again be stored in the capacitor, with the opposite polarity as before.
Then the cycle will begin again, with the current flowing in the opposite direction
through the inductor.

The charge flows back and forth between the plates of the capacitor, through the
inductor. The energy oscillates back and forth between the capacitor and the inductor
until internal resistance makes the oscillations die out. In most applications the tuned
circuit is part of a larger circuit which applies alternating current to it, driving
continuous oscillations. If these are at the natural oscillatory frequency, resonance will
occur. The tuned circuit's action, known mathematically as a harmonic oscillator, is
similar to a pendulum swinging back and forth, or water sloshing back and forth in a
tank; for this reason the circuit is also called a tank circuit. The natural frequency (that

6
is, the frequency at which it will oscillate when isolated from any other system, as
described above) is determined by the capacitance and inductance values. In typical
tuned circuits in electronic equipment the oscillations are very fast, thousands to
billions of times per second.

Fig 2.2.1 Power transmitting circuit with LC tuned

2.3 Power receiving circuit

The LC circuit implemented at primary side (from where the power is transmitted),
the same circuit must be adopted at secondary side. The secondary coil must be exactly
similar to the primary coil and there should not be any difference in the wire gauge,
no. of turns and coil size. Similarly capacitor value must be the same as primary
capacitor and here high quality capacitors are preferred for proper resonance coupling.
If the secondary coil is synchronized perfectly with the primary coil, distance can be
increased affectively.
The output of secondary coil is converted in to pure DC, here with the help
four rectifiers full wave bridge is constructed and to obtain pure DC filter
capacitor is used. In our trail runs we carried so many experiments by winding

7
 different coils with different gauge magnetic wires with different sizes. All these
experiments are aimed to select an effective coil by which maximum voltage can
be obtained from the secondary coil. If more voltage is obtained distance also
can be increased considerably. Finally we have selected one coil which is having
8 turns at secondary and 4 + 4 Turns at primary. Wire thickness is considered as
21 SWG and coil ring size is considered as 8 inch. With this coil we got nearly
18V DC at a distance of 50mm, since it is no load voltage and when a load of
30milliamps is connected across the DC source, the voltage is fallen down to
12V.

Fig 2.3.1 Power Receiving circuit

2.4 Temperature sensing circuit

This circuit constructed with LM 35 is aimed to measure the battery body
temperature. The process begins with the LM35 and it is a temperature sensing device
which generates proportionate voltage from its output pin according to the temperature
or heat applied to the sensor. The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit
temperature devices with an output voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade
temperature. The low-output impedance, linear output and precise inherent calibration
of the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.

LM35 is a 3 pin temperature sensor which requires a VCC and GND and in return
the remaining third pin gives us an analog output. This output is then provided to the
ADC pin in Arduino processor for converting analog data in to digital. The LM35

8
series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature, if required this
temperature data can be converted in to Fahrenheit and accordingly the program must
be prepared.

Now according to LM35’s datasheet, it changes the output voltage by 10mV for
every rise or fall in 1°C. So the whole concept lies in finding a formula that could
calculate the temperature using the digital values from ADC. The LM35 is an
integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical
output proportional to the temperature. It can measure temperature more accurately
than a using a thermister. The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation.
The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require
that the output voltage be amplified. The LM35 has an output voltage that is
proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01V/°C.

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains
an accuracy of +/-0.4°C at room temperature and +/-0.8°C over a range of 0°C to
+100°C. Another important characteristic of the LM35 is that it draws only 60 micro
amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability.

Note; To convert temperature in degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit, the

temperature displayed in LCD must multiply by 9 and divide it by 5 and then
add 32. For example if display shows 400 C, 40X9= 360/5= 72+32=1040 F. This
scale is discovered by Dutch Physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724.

2.4.1 LM35 Temperature Sensor

In general, a temperature sensor is a device which is designed specifically to measure
the hotness or coldness of an object. LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with
its output proportional to the temperature (in °C). With LM35, the temperature can be
measured more accurately than with a thermister. It also possesses low self heating and
does not cause more than 0.1 °C temperature rise in still air. The operating temperature
range is from -55°C to 150°C. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and

9
precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially
easy. It has its applications on power supplies, battery management, appliances, etc.
The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature
with an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in °C). It can measure
temperature more accurately. The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to
oxidation. The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may
not require that the output voltage be amplified. The LM35 has an output voltage that
is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01V/°C.

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains
an accuracy of +/-0.4°C at room temperature and +/-0.8°C over a range of 0°C to
+100°[Link] important characteristic of the LM35 is that it draws only 60 micro
amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The LM35 comes in
many different packages such as TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, T0-46 metal
can transistor-like package, 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package.

Fig [Link] LM35 Temperature Sensor

10
2.4.2 Working principle of LM35

Fig [Link] Circuit Diagram of LM35

There are two transistors in the center of the drawing. One has ten times the emitter
area of the other. This means it has one tenth of the current density, since the same
current is going through both transistors. This causes a voltage across the resistor R1
that is proportional to the absolute temperature, and is almost linear across the range.
The "almost" part is taken care of by a special circuit that straightens out the slightly
curved graph of voltage versus temperature. The amplifier at the top ensures that the
voltage at the base of the left transistor (Q1) is proportional to absolute temperature
(PTAT) by comparing the output of the two transistors. The amplifier at the right
converts absolute temperature (measured in Kelvin) into either Fahrenheit or Celsius,
depending on the part (LM34 or LM35).The little circle with the "i" in it is a constant
current source circuit. The two resistors are calibrated in the factory to produce a highly
accurate temperature sensor. The integrated circuit has many transistors in it -- two in
the middle, some in each amplifier, some in the constant current source, and some in
the curvature compensation circuit. All of that is fit into the tiny package with three
leads.

The LM35 IC has 3 pins, out of 2 for the power supply and one for the analog
output. It is a low voltage IC which uses approximately +5VDC of power. The output

11
pin provides an analog voltage output that is linearly proportional to the Celsius
(centigrade) temperature. Pin 2 gives an output of 1 milli-volt per 0.1°C (10mV per
degree). So to get the degree value in Celsius, all that must be done is to take the
voltage output and divide it by 10-this give out the value degrees in Celsius.

2.5 Battery terminal voltage monitoring system

Here a simple pot or pentameter (Variable resistor) is used to measure the battery
voltage, since the battery voltage will be greater than 12v dc and even greater than this
when it is in charging mode, here this voltage as it cannot be applied to the A to D pin
of Arduino board. Since the processor operates at a stable supply source +5v, the
voltage applied to any pin of Arduino should not exceed more than 5v and there by
this voltage must be adjusted accordingly through this pot. Here reference voltage will
be considered and accordingly the processor will be programmed. For example, if the
battery voltage is 10 it must be divided by one, i.e. 10/1 =1, means the output voltage
of pot must be adjusted 1 volt that is proportionate to 10v.

Fig 2.5.1 Voltage sensor

12
2.5.1 Relay

The function of relay used here is to break or make supply to the battery for
charging it and disconnect the charger when temperature exceeds. A relay is a
simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts.
Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices. We know that most of the high end
industrial application devices have relays for their effective working. Relays are simple
switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically. Relays consist of
electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is carried out with
the help of the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles for its working.
But they differ according to their applications. Most of the devices have the application
of relays.
The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal
can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be
used to control a lot of circuits. They were used to switch the signal coming from one
source to another destination. After the invention of computers they were also used to
perform Boolean and other logical operations. The high end applications of relays
require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called
contactors.

It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an iron core. A

path of very low reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for the movable armature
and also the switch point contacts. The movable armature is connected to the yoke
which is mechanically connected to the switch point contacts. These parts are safely
held with the help of a spring. The spring is used so as to produce an air gap in the
circuit when the relay becomes de-energized.

13
 Fig 2.61.1 Relay

2.6 Power MOSFETS

A Power MOSFET is a specific type of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect

transistor (MOSFET) designed to handle large amounts of power. Compared to the
other power semiconductor devices, its main advantages are high commutation speed
and good efficiency at low voltages. It shares with the IGBT an isolated gate that makes
it easy to drive. It was made possible by the evolution of CMOS technology, developed
for manufacturing Integrated circuits in the late 1970s. The power MOSFET shares its
operating principle with its low-power counterpart, the lateral MOSFET. The power
MOSFET is the most widely used low-voltage switch. It can be found in most power
supplies, inverters, DC to DC converters, and low voltage motor controllers. In general
this device is used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. In Mosfets, a voltage
on the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a conducting channel between the two
other contacts called source and drain. The channel can be of n-type or p-type, and is
accordingly called an NMOSFET or a PMOSFET (also commonly nMOS, pMOS). It
is by far the most common transistor in both digital and analog circuits, though the
bipolar junction transistor was at one time much more common.

The 'metal' in the name is now often a misnomer because the previously metal
gate material is now often a layer of polysilicon (polycrystalline silicon). Aluminium
had been the gate material until the mid 1970s, when polysilicon became dominant,
due to its capability to form self-aligned gates. Metallic gates are regaining popularity,
since it is difficult to increase the speed of operation of transistors without metal gates.

14
IGFET is a related term meaning insulated-gate field-effect transistor, and is almost
synonymous with MOSFET, though it can refer to FETs with a gate insulator that is
not oxide. Another synonym is MOSFET for metal–insulator–semiconductor FET

Unfortunately, many semiconductors with better electrical properties than

silicon, such as gallium arsenide, do not form good semiconductor-to-insulator
interfaces, thus are not suitable for Mosfets. Research continues on creating insulators
with acceptable electrical characteristics on other semiconductor material. In order to
overcome power consumption increase due to gate current leakage, high-κ dielectric
replaces silicon dioxide for the gate insulator, while metal gates return by replacing
poly silicon.

The gate is separated from the channel by a thin insulating layer, traditionally of
silicon dioxide and later of silicon oxynitride. Some companies have started to
introduce a high-κ dielectric + metal gate combination in the 45 nanometer node. When
a voltage is applied between the gate and body terminals, the electric field generated
penetrates through the oxide and creates an alleged "inversion layer" or "channel" at
the semiconductor-insulator interface. The inversion channel is of the same type, P-
type or N-type, as the source and drain, thus it provides a channel through which
current can pass. Varying the voltage between the gate and body modulates the
conductivity of this layer and allows controlling the current flow between drain and
source.

15
 CHAPTER-3

ARDUINO AND WIFI MODULE

3.1 Arduino

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user

community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers
and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can
sense and control both physically and digitally. Its products are licensed under
the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public
License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software
distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled
form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The

boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The
boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial
Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal
computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features
from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional
compiler tool chains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 20 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog
inputs), a 16 MHz resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an in-circuit system
programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. Arduino consists of both a physical
programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of
software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer,
used to write and upload computer code to the physical board. This is a screenshot of

16
the Arduino IDE. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.

3.1.1 Arduino processor

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. Arduino boards are used for multiple applications in the field of electronics
and communications. Arduino is a basic single board microcontroller designed to make
applications, interactive controls, or environments easily adaptive. The hardware
consists of a board designed around an 8-bit microcontroller, or a 32-bit ARM. Current
models feature things like a USB interface, analog inputs, and GPIO pins which allow
the user to attach additional boards. GPIO stands for General Purpose, Input, and
Output. All the processors we use to have at least a few, a Raspberry Pi and
an Arduino have a lot of General Purpose Input Output that we can design our circuits.

Arduino Introduced in 2005, the Arduino platform was designed to provide a

cheaper way for hobbyists, students and professionals to create applications that play
in the human interface world using sensors, actuators, motors, and other elementary
products. Common applications for students or the inexperienced are simple robots or
motion detectors. It offers a simple integrated IDE (integrated development
environment) that runs on regular personal computers and allows users to write
programs for Arduino using C or C++.

Hardware design information is available for those who would like to assemble
an Arduino by [Link] the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of
projects, from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide
community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals -
has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an
incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and
experts alike.

17
 Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute, italy as an easy tool
for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and
programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started
changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-
bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded
environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to
build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The
software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.

Fig [Link] Arduino Uno

18
 3.2 Internal A to D converter of Arduino

The output of temperature sensor and battery voltage sensing circuit is fed to
the internal A/D converter of Arduino processor. Since the Arduino is having 6 analog
input channels, only two channels are used for the purpose and depending up on the
analog input, the channel selection depends upon the address selection sent by the
Micro-controller used in the Arduino processor. This ADC is having one address input
to select one out of 6 channels of the ADC connected internally.

The ADC on the Arduino is a 10-bit ADC meaning it has the ability to detect
1,024 (2^10) discrete analog levels. When we interface sensors to the microcontroller,
the output of the sensor many of the times is analog in nature. But microcontroller
processes digital signals. Hence, we use ADC in between sensor and microcontroller.
It converts an analog signal into digital and gives it to the microcontroller. There are
many applications of ADC like in a biometric application, Environment monitoring,
Gas leakage detection etc.
Arduino Uno has 6 0n-board ADC channels which can be used to read analog
signal in the range 0-5V. It has 10-bit ADC means it will give digital value in the range
of 0 – 1023 (2^10). This is called as resolution which indicates the number of discrete
values it can produce over the range of analog values.

Digital Output value Calculation

ADC Resolution = Vref / ((2^n) - 1)
Digital Output = Vin / Resolution
Where, Vref - The reference voltage is the maximum value that the ADC can convert.
To keep things simple, let us consider that Vref is 5V,
For 0 Vin, digital o/p value = 0
For 5 Vin, digital o/p value = 1023 (10-bit)
For 2.5 Vin, digital o/p value = 512 (10-bit)

19
 3.3 Pin Description of Arduino

Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GNDVin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an external
power source.
5V: Regulated power supply used to power
microcontroller and other components on the board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-board voltage
regulator. Maximum current draw is 50mA.
GND: ground pins.
Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.
Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of 0-5V
Input/Output Pins Digital Pins 0 – 13 Can be used as input or output pins.
Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.
External Interrupts2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.
PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.
SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI),
Used for SPI communication.
12 (MISO) and 13
(SCK)
Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.
TWI A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA)
Used for TWI communication.
AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

3.4 Wifi Module

It is surprised to hear that many people don't actually know that WiFi is an
abbreviated term. Even those who do don't always know what WiFi stands for. There
are a number of theories about what the term means, but the most widely accepted
definition for the term in the tech community is Wireless Fidelity.

Wireless technology is very popular nowadays and we can get connected almost
anywhere; at home, at work, in libraries, schools, airports, hotels and even in some
restaurants. Wireless networking is known as WiFi or 802.11 networking as it covers
the IEEE 802.11 technologies. The major advantage of WiFi is that it is compatible

20
with almost every operating system, game device, and advanced printer.

3.5 How WiFi works

Like mobile phones, a WiFi network makes use of radio waves to transmit
information across a network. The computer should include a wireless adapter that will
translate data sent into a radio signal. This same signal will be transmitted, via an
antenna, to a decoder known as the router. Once decoded, the data will be sent to the
Internet through a wired Ethernet connection. As the wireless network works as a two-
way traffic, the data received from the internet will also pass through the router to be
coded into a radio signal that will be received by the computer's wireless adapter.

WiFi is a universal wireless networking technology that utilizes radio frequencies

to transfer data. WiFi allows high-speed Internet connections without the use of cables.
The term WiFi is a contraction of "wireless fidelity" and commonly used to refer
to wireless networking technology.

WiFi is a technology that uses radio waves to provide network connectivity. A

connection is established using a wireless adapter to create hotspots, means areas in
the vicinity of a wireless router that are connected to the network and allow users to
access internet services. The term hotspot is used to define an area where WiFi access
is available. It can either be through a closed wireless network at home or in public
places.

In order to access hotspots, our computer should include a wireless adapter. If

you are using an advanced laptop model, it will probably include a built-in wireless
transmitter already. If it doesn't, we can purchase a wireless adapter that will plug into
the PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slot or USB (Universal Serial Bus) port.
Once installed, our system should automatically detect the WiFi hotspots and request
connection. If not, we should use suitable software to handle this task. Since it is
critical task, smart phone can be used to monitor the WiFi data. Here ESP8266 WiFi
module is used.

21
 The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP
facilities and microcontroller capability produced by manufacturer Espressif
Systems in Shanghai, China. The chip first came to the attention of Western makers in
August 2014 with the ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-
Thinker. This small module allows microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and
make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands.

22
 CHAPTER-4
DISPLAY SECTION
4.1 Display section
The display section is designed with LCD and the main function of this display
is to display the values of temperature and battery voltage parameters. The LCD used
here is having two rows and each row contains 16 characters, depending up on the
availability of LCD panel 3 lines or 4 lines panels can be used for the purpose, so that
more information can be displayed simultaneously. LCD Displays are dominating
LED displays, because these displays can display alphabets, numbers and some kind
of special symbols, where as LED’s (seven segment display) can display only numbers.
These LCD displays are very useful for displaying user information and
communication. LCD displays are available in various formats. Most common are 2
x 16, is that two lines with 16 alphanumeric characters. Other formats are 3x16, 2x40,
3x40 etc;

In recent years LCD is finding widespread use replacing LED’s, because of the
ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics. Another advantage is, because of
its compactness and ease of programming for characters and graphics, more
information in the form of text message or graphics can be displayed. Generally, the
LCD modules have an 8-bit interface, besides the 8-bit data bus; the interface has a
few other control lines. The 8-bit data bus is connected to port ’0’ and the control lines
are connected to port ‘2’. The default data transfer between the LCD module and an
external device is 8-bits, however it is possible to communicate with the LCD module
using only four of the 8-data lines. The R/W line is connected to ground and hence the
processor cannot read any status information from the LCD module, but can only write
data to the LCD.

23
The LCD panel used in this project work is having 16 pins. The function of each pin
description with table is as followed:

Pin No. NameDescription

Pin no. 1 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)
Pin no. 2 D6 Data bus line 6
Pin no. 3 D5 Data bus line 5
Pin no. 4 D4 Data bus line 4
Pin no. 5 D3 Data bus line 3
Pin no. 6 D2 Data bus line 2
Pin no. 7 D1 Data bus line 1
Pin no. 8 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)
Pin no. 9 EN1 Enable signal for row 0 and 1 (1stcontroller)
0 = Write toLCD module
Pin no. 10 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 11 RS
1 = Data input
Pin no. 12 VEEContrast adjust
Pin no. 13 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 14 VCCPower supply (+5V)
Pin no. 15 EN2 Enable signal for row 2 and 3 (2ndcontroller)
Pin no. 16 NC Not Connected

Table 3.3.1 LCD Function of Each Pin

Vcc, Vss, and VEE: While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground, respectively; VEE is
used for controlling LCD contrast.
RS - register select:
There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their
selection as follows. If RS = 0, the instruction command code register is selected,
allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc. If RS
= 1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the
LCD.
R/W - read/write:

24
 R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from
it. R/W = 1 when reading; R/W =0 when writing.
E - Enable:
The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When
data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order
for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum
of 450 ns wide.
D0 – D7: The 8 bit data pins, D0 – D7, are used to send information to the LCD or
read the contents of the LCD’s internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we
send ASCII codes for the letters A – Z, a – z, and numbers 0 – 9 to these pins while
making RS = 1. There are also instructions command codes that can be sent to the
LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor.
4.2 LCD
The liquid crystal display uses the property of light monitoring of liquid crystal and
they do not emit the light directly. The Liquid crystal display is a flat panel display or
the electronic visual display. With low information, content the LCD’ s are obtained
in the fixed image or the arbitrary image which are displayed or hidden like present
words, digits, or 7 segment display. The arbitrary images are made up of large no of
small pixels and the element has larger elements.
The 16×2 liquid crystal display contains two horizontal lines and they are used for
compressing the space of 16 display characters. In inbuilt, the LCD has two registers
which are described below.
• Command Register
• Data Register
Command Register: This register is used to insert a special command in the LCD.
The command is a special set of data and it is used to give the internal command to the
liquid crystal display like clear screen, move to line 1 character 1, setting the curser
and etc.

Data Register: The data registers are used to enter the line in the LCD

25
 Fig 4.2.1 16*2 LCD

4.3 Pins description of LCD

Pin No Pin Name Pin Description
This pin is a ground pin and the LCD is connected to the
Pin 1 GND
Ground
Pin 2 VCC The VCC pin is used to supply the power to the LCD
This pin is used for adjusting the contrast of the LCD by
connecting the variable resistor in between the VCC &
Pin 3 VEE
Ground.
The RS is known as register select and it selects the
Command/Data register. To select the command register the
RS should be equal to zero. To select the Data register the
Pin 4 RS
RS should be equal to one.
This pin is used to select the operations of Read/Write. To
perform the write operations the R/W should be equal to
zero. To perform the read operations the R/W should be
Pin 5 R/W
equal to one.
This is a enable signal pin if the positive pulses are passing
Pin 6 EN
through a pin, then the pin function as a read/write pin.
The pin 7 contains total 8 pins which are used as a Data pin
Pin 7 DB0 to DB7
of LCD.
This pin is connected to VCC and it is used for the pin 16 to
Pin 15 LED +
set up the glow of backlight of LCD.
This pin is connected to Ground and it is used for the pin 15
Pin 16 LED –
to set up the glow of backlight of the LCD.

26
 4.4 LCD interfacing with Arduino
The digital input lines (DB4-DB7) are interfaced with the Arduino pins from 2-5. To
adjust the contrast of the display here we can use 1K potentiometer. The current
through the back LED light is fed through 100-ohm resistor. The external power source
of +5V is fed to the pin 2 of LCD and Arduino board is powered through 9V regulator.
The Arduino board is built in with internal regulator of 5v such that input supply source
to this board must be around 9v.

In recent years the LCD panels became very popular because of their widespread use
in various electronic systems like instruments to read the parameter values, digital
communications for sending or receiving the text information, data acquisition
systems, etc. The data fed to the LCD remains as it is and the same will be displayed
until it gets an erase signal from the controller. The data can be stored and it can be
refreshed for the next task.

The instruction command codes from microcontroller can be sent to the LCD to
clear the display, depending up on the command the cursor can be brought to home
position or blink the cursor. The LCD is having two important resistors internally,
command resistor and data register; RS pin is used to select either command register
or data register. If RS = 0, the instruction command code register is selected and
allowing the user to send a command to clear the display. If RS = 1 the data register is
selected, there by the user is allowed to send data that is to be displayed on LCD screen.
By making RS pin to zero, we can also check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is
ready to receive information. As already mentioned that D0 – D7 of LCD pins are 8 –
bit data pins and the busy flag is D7, it can be read when R/W (Read or Write) pin is
high (R/W = 0) and RS = 0, as follows; if R/W = 1, R/S = 1. When D7 pin is high, the
LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will not accept any new
information. When D7 = 0, the LCD is ready to receive new information. It is
recommended to check the busy flag before writing any data to the LCD. The
following is the table shows the list of instruction command codes.

27
 Code Command to LCD Instruction
1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
5 Shift display right
7 Shift display left
8 Display off, cursor off
A Display off, cursor on
C Display on, cursor off
E Display on, cursor blinking
F Display on, cursor blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
IC Shift the entire display to the right
80 Force cursor to beginning of first line
CO Force cursor to beginning of second line
38 2 Lines and 5x7 Matrix
Table 4.4.1 List of instruction command codes

To send any commands from instruction command code table to the LCD, make
RS pin to zero. For data, feed high signal to RS pin, then send a high – to – low pulse
to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. For this, the suitable program is to
be prepared for LCD connections. Another suitable program is to be prepared for
sending code to the LCD with checking busy flag. Depending up on the program the
busy flag can be D7 of the command resistor, to read command register R/W pin must
be high and RS pin must be low, and a low to high pulse for the enable pin will provide
the command register. After reading the command register, if bit D7 (busy flag) is
high, the LCD is busy and no information (either command or data) should be issued
to it. During D7 is zero; at that time we can send data or commands to the LCD. In this
method time delays are not required in the program, because we are checking the busy
flag before issuing commands to the LCD. Enable line must be negative-edge triggered
for the write and it should be positive-edge triggered for the read.

28
 CHAPTER-5
PROGRAMMING CODE
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);
const int RLY=8;
const int BUZ=9;
const int RST=10;
const int temp=A1;
const int vlt=A0;

float vout;
int tempc=0;
float humc=0;
int fluxc=0;
int flag=0;
void setup()
{
[Link](16, 2);
[Link](0,0);
[Link]("TEMPERATURE: ");
[Link](0,1);
[Link]("BATT VOLT: ");
pinMode(temp,INPUT);
pinMode(vlt,INPUT);
pinMode(RST,INPUT);
pinMode(BUZ,OUTPUT);
pinMode(RLY,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(RLY,LOW);
digitalWrite(BUZ,LOW);
digitalWrite(RST,HIGH);
[Link](9600);
[Link]("WELCOME");
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(RST)==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(BUZ,LOW);
flag=1;
}
// vout=analogRead(temp);
vout=analogAvg1(temp);
vout=(vout*500)/1023;
tempc=vout;
[Link](13,0);
[Link](tempc);
[Link]("C");
[Link]("TEMPERATURE:");

29
 [Link](tempc);
[Link]("C");
if(tempc>50)
{
digitalWrite(RLY,HIGH);
if(flag==0)
{
digitalWrite(BUZ,HIGH);
}
}
else
{
digitalWrite(RLY,LOW);
flag=0;
}
delay(300);
vout=analogAvg(vlt);
// vout=(vout*500)/1023;
// int sensorValue = analogRead(vlt);
float voltage = vout * (5.0 / 1024.0);
voltage=(voltage*6);
[Link](10,1);
[Link](voltage);
[Link]('V');
[Link]("BATTERY VOLTAGE:");
[Link](voltage);
[Link]("V");
delay(300);

}
int analogAvg (int vlt)
{
unsigned int total=0;
for(int n=0; n<32; n++ )
total += analogRead (vlt);
return total/32;
}
int analogAvg1 (int temp)
{
unsigned int total=0;
for(int n=0; n<32; n++ )
total += analogRead (temp);
return total/32;
}

30
 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion
The subject of battery protection during charging and Electric car battery charging
using wireless battery charging technology is focused in this project work, in this
regard function of Electro-magnetic field, Resonant inductive coupling, LC network,
Synchronization between two Inductive coils, etc. are studied properly, i.e. before
starting the project work. Most of the information gathered from various websites.
Thermal protection concept is our own idea such that battery will be protected burning
due to the overheating.

Wireless power transmission is an important subject creates lot of enthusiasm

while constructing the project work. The field of wireless transmission of electrical
energy between two magnetically coupled coils requires lot of experiments to obtain
better results. In our trail runs we have winded many types of magnetic coils, we tried
with different Gauge wires, we tried with different turn’s ratio, we tried with different
sized coils, etc. Finally we have concluded and focused on one set of coils winded with
21 SWG wire with a ring size of 8”, both primary and secondary coils are having six
turns each. With these coils we found that the range increased slightly when compared
with other coils. Finally the distance between the two coils is defined as 50mm, at this
distance the battery is charging with less current, when the distance is decreased by
less than 30mm, we observed that the battery is charging at around at 300ma.

Since it is a prototype module, low power transmitter is constructed because of

restricted power source at primary side. Not only power source, economy is also
criteria, but after conducting so many experiments we are very confident that we can
build a high power transmitter and range also can be increased accordingly. The main
important factor involved in this project work is tuning of resonant circuits consisting
of inductance and capacitance. The result is depended up on these two devices and
another important issue is that the frequency at which rate these devices are conducting
effectively. To know exactly, we came to know that formulas are not so affective, only

31
thing is that go on with practical oriented experimented by conducting lot of trail runs
with huge patience.

The resonant circuits at both sides of coils must be tuned perfectly to resonate at
the same frequency. Here two similar LC circuits must be placed parallel to each other,
a transmitter coil in one device transmits electric power in to space, if receiver coil in
parallel to a certain device electric energy will be transmitted and received. This
technology is being developed for powering and charging portable devices like cell
phones, the same technology also can be used for many other applications. Here this
technology is used to charge the battery.

Resonant transfer works by making a coil ring with an oscillating current. This
generates an oscillating magnetic field. Because the coil is highly resonant, any
energy placed in the coil dies away relatively slowly over very many cycles; but if a
second coil is brought near it, the coil can pick up most of the energy before it is
lost, even if it is some distance away.

32
6.2 Future Scope
The potential application of this technology in the future may include
enhancing the effectiveness and dependability of wireless charging for electric
automobiles. This can entail enhancing the charging range, cutting down on power
loss when charging, and optimising the charging time. To further improve the battery
monitoring and management system, it may also be studied to incorporate artificial
intelligence and machine learning. This can entail creating algorithms to forecast
battery life and performance as well as automatically modifying charging parameters
according to each battery's requirements. Extending the technology's application
beyond electric vehicles to other battery-powered systems and devices like drones,
mobile phones, and laptops could be another area of future study. Last but not least,
there might be chances to investigate the commercialization of this technology,
including collaborations with firms in the automotive and technological sectors as
well as the creation of fresh business models and sources of income.

The future scopes for our concept are:

• Dynamic wireless charging - A type of wireless charging where the vehicle
is running and at the same time the battery is getting charged.
• Thermal management - Phase Change Materials, Fin Cooling, Air Cooling,
Liquid Cooling.
• Solar Power - Instead of increasing the loads on a substation, solar panels
can be used to generate power.
• Wind Power - Instead of increasing the loads on a substation, solar panels
can be used to generate power.
• Automation - The electric vehicle can be automized in many ways,
automatically charge if the battery is very low, if the battery temperature
rises then the transmission should pause and then start again after a few a
minute, battery charging control through Mobile.

33
 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

[1] C. Qiu, K. T. Chau, T. W. Ching, and C. Liu, “Overview of wireless charging

technologies for electric vehicles,” Journal of Asian Electric Vehicles, vol. 12, no. 1,
pp. 1679-1685, Jun, 2014.
[2] C. Liu, K.T. Chau, C. Qiu, and F. Lin, “Investigation of energy harvesting for
magnetic sensor arrays on Mars by wireless power transmission,” Journal of Apply
Physics, vol. 115, pp. 17E702: 1-3, 2014.
[3] Z. Zhang, K.T. Chau, C. Qiu, and Chunhua Liu, “Energy encryption for wireless
power transfer,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 5237-5246,
Sep. 2015.
[4] C. Liu, K.T. Chau, Z. Zhang, C. Qiu, F. Lin, and T.W. Ching, “Multiple-receptor
wireless power transfer for magnetic sensors charging on Mars via magnetic resonant
coupling”, Journal of Apply Physics, vol. 117, pp. 17A743: 1-4, April 2015.
[5] W. Chen, Chunhua Liu*, C.H.T. Lee, and Z. Shan, “Cost-effectiveness comparison
of coupler designs of wireless power transfer for electric vehicle dynamic charging,”
Energies, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 906-918, Nov.
2016.

34