EMMED3A WORKED EXAMPLES 1, S2, 2021
JOURNAL BEARINGS AND BALL & ROLLER BEARINGS
Question 1 (20 marks)
A load of 12 kN is applied to a ring-oiled line shaft bearing. The bearing dimensions are: 60 mm in diameter and 85
mm long with a diametral clearance of 0.055 mm. The oil used has a kinematic viscosity of 75 mm 2/s at 40oC and
specific gravity of 0.889 at 20oC. The bearing surface temperature was found to be 60oC during operation and the
ambient temperature 25oC. If the shaft speed is 280 r/min; determine:
(a) The bearing pressure; [2]
(b) The oil temperature; [2]
(c) The dynamic viscosity of the oil in the bearing; [4]
(d) The bearing modulus; [2]
(e) The coefficient of friction; [2]
(f) The heat generated per second; [2]
(g) The heat dissipated per second for unventilated average industrial bearing [Use ‘heat dissipated’ graph]; [3]
(h) The heat dissipated using Lasche equation (with the average value of K). Compare your answer with the
solution obtained in (g) and explain the discrepancies that may exist between the two solutions; [3]
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Solution:
𝑊 12×103
(i) Bearing pressure 𝑃 = = = 2.18835 × 106 𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝐷 0.06×0.085
(ii) Oil temperature: Tb-Ta = ½(To-Ta).
⇒ To = 2(60-25)+25 = 95oC
(iii) The bearing modulus
G85 = 0.889 – 0.000657(95 – 20) = 0.84
(iv) From Fig 11.2 (Viscosity/Temperature Characteristics), the kinematic viscosity of oil at
95oC is about 12.0 cSt.
Hence, dynamic viscosity, 𝑍 = 12 × 0.84 = 10.08 cP.
𝑍𝑁 10.08×280
= = 1.201 × 10−3
𝑃 2.35×106
(v) Coefficient of friction:
Coefficient of friction, µ = 326 x 10-6 x 1.021 x 10-3 x (60/0.055) + 0.002 = 0.0024.
𝑁 280
(vi) Heat generated, 𝐻𝑔 = 𝜇𝑊𝜋𝐷 60 = 0.0024 × 12000 × 0.06𝜋 × 60
= 25.65 W
(vii) Heat dissipation, graphical solution:
For the unventilated average industrial bearings and Tb-Ta = 60 - 25 = 35oC; the heat dissipation
graph gives C(Tb-Ta) ≈ 12.0 kW/m2.
⇒ 𝐻𝑑 = 𝐴 × 𝐶(𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑎 ) = 60 × 850 × 10−6 × 12 × 103 = 61.2 𝑊
(viii) Heat dissipated. Using Lasche equation; Hd = K(ΔT + 18)2LD.
K = ½(2.07+3.66) = 2.865
Hd = 2.865 x (35 + 18)2 x 0.06 x 0.085 = 41.04 W
Explanation in the discrepancies observed in the heat dissipated answers: This is due to
the fact that heat is dissipated, not only from the bearing housing, but also along the exposed
portions of the shaft and also from the walls of the oil reservoir.
Question 2 (20 marks)
The following data refers to a ring-oiled bearing: Kinematic viscosity of the oil at the operating temperature = 23.5
mm2/s; oil density at operating temperature = 865 kg/m 3; bearing load = 15 kN; diametral clearance ratio = 950;
journal speed = 1500 r/min. The bearing is square, 80 mm diameter and 80 mm long.
(a) Determine the Sommerfeld number for this bearing. [5]
(b) Use the Raimondi-Boyd charts to find:
(i) Coefficient of friction, µ. [3]
(ii) Minimum film thickness, ho. [3]
(iii) Oil flow due to pumping action of the journal, Q (in cm3/s). [3]
(iv) End leakage, Qs (in cm3/s). [3]
(v) Temperature rise of oil as it passes through the bearing (c = 1675 J/kgK). [3]
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Solution:
Given: Journal speed, N = 1500 r/min; bearing load, W = 15 kN; kinematic viscosity at the operating
temperature, Zk =23.5 mm2/s; shaft diameter, d = 80 mm and length, L = 80 mm; diametral clearance
ratio, D/C = 950; oil density, = 896 kg/m3 (at operating temperature).
(a) Calculation of Sommerfeld number:
G = 0.896, hence dynamic viscosity, 𝑍 = 23.5 × 0.896 = 21.06 cP.
Sommerfeld number (S):
2
𝑍𝑁 𝐷 2 21.06×10−3 ×1500
𝑆= ( )
𝑃 𝐶
= 2.2×106 ×60
× 9502 = 0.2
(b) Use of Raimondi-Boyd charts:
(i) From the Coefficient of friction variable chart: 2
𝐷 1
𝜇𝐶 ≈ 4.5 ⇒ 𝜇= 4.5 × 950 = 0.0047 C = D/950 = 0.08/950
(ii) From the Minimum thickness variable chart:
2
ℎ 0.53×0.08
2 𝐶𝑜 ≈ 0.53 ⇒ ℎ𝑜 = 2×950
= 22.32 × 10−6 𝑚 (22.32 µm)
(iii) From the Flow variable chart:
4𝑄
𝐷𝐶𝑁 1 𝐿
≈ 4.1; where, N1 = 1500/60.
4.1×0.08×0.08×1500×0.08 2
∴𝑄= 4×850×60
= 15.43 × 10−6 m3/s (15.43 cm3/s)
(iv) From the End leakage (Flow ratio) chart:
𝑄𝑠 2
𝑄
≈ 0.56 ⇒ 𝑄𝑠 = 0.56 × 15.43 = 8.64 cm3/s
(v) From the Temperature rise chart:
𝜌𝑐∆𝑇 20×2.2×106 2
𝑃
≈ 20 ⇒ ∆𝑇 = 896×1675
= 29.3𝑜 𝐶
Question 3 (5 marks)
A ball bearing supporting a purely radial load of 6 kN is required to last 4 years of continuous operation.
For a journal speed of 1500 r/min, decide on the suitable bearing by using the bearing life chart (Fig. 12.1
in VR Hamilton & RV Setterfield).
Given: Radial load, Fr = P = 6 kN; running speed, N = 1500 r/min.
Selection of a (deep groove) ball bearing:
Bearing life in operating hours, L10h = 4 x 365 x 24 = 35040 hours.
𝐶
From the life calculation chart, 𝑃
≈ 14.0; hence C = 14 x 6 = 84 kN.
Choose a deep groove ball bearing type 6410 with a dynamic capacity of 87100 N
And Principal dimensions d = 50 mm, D = 130 mm.
Question 4 (15 marks)
4.1 A deep groove ball bearing running at 1800 r/min has a dynamic capacity C = 38 kN. If a radial load
of 12 kN is applied to the bearing, calculate:
(a) The bearing life in millions of revolutions. [3]
(b) Average life expectancy in hours. [2]
4.2 An SKF spherical roller bearing, type 21318 CC, made of standard steel, is to rotate at a speed of
1500 r/min under a constant radial load of 30 kN. The lubricating oil actual viscosity is 18 mm 2/s.
Determine the adjusted rated life for a reliability of 96%. [10]
Solution:
4.1 For deep groove ball bearing: C = 38 kN; p = 3; N = 1800 rpm; P = 12 kN.
𝐶 𝑝 38 3 2
(a) ∴ 𝐿10 = (𝑃) = (12) = 31.75 million revs.
(b) For N = 1800 rpm;
31.75×106
𝐿10ℎ = 1800×60
= 294 hours.
Life expectancy = 294 x 5 = 1470 hours.
4.2 Given: SKF spherical roller bearing 21318 CC: reliability = 96%; N = 1500 rpm; Fr = 30
kN; Oil actual viscosity, v = 18 mm2/s.
For a reliability of 96%, a1 = 0.53
For SKF spherical roller bearing 21318 CC:
C = 322 kN; dm = 0.5(90+190) = 140 mm. p = 10/3;
Hence, v1 ≈ 10 mm2/s from Fig. 12.5; and k = v/v1 = 1.8. a23 ≈ 1.5 (Fig. 12.4)
10
𝐶 𝑝 322 3
∴ 𝐿2𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑎23 (𝑃) = 0.53 × 1.5 × ( 30 ) = 2168.45 million revs.
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