HISTORICAL
02 EVOLUTION OF
FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
The basic principles of optics and cameras were
first mentioned by Chinese and Greek
philosophers. The first surviving mention of the
principles behind the pinhole camera or camera
obscura belongs to the Chinese philosopher Mozi
(Mo-Ti) around 5th to 4th centuries BC, who
referred to this device as a “collecting plate” or
“locked treasure room”.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
On the other hand, the Greek philosopher
Aristotle understood the principles of
pinhole camera when he noted that the
lights passing through the leaves of a tree
and sieves produced elliptical rays.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Alhazen
(Ibn Al-
Haytham)
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Alhazen
(Ibn Al-
Haytham)
CAMERA OBSCURA
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Camera
Obscura
means “dark chamber”. A
darkened enclosure in which
images of outside objects are
projected through a small
aperture or lens onto a facing
surface (Kalalang, S. & Kalalang,
A., 2009).
PERSONALITIES
Jean Baptiste Forta
(more accurately
Giambattista della
Porta)
PERSONALITIES
Johann Heinrich
Schulze
Structure of Film
Scratch resistance coating
Emulsion
Adhesive
Base
Adhesive
Anti halation backing
perforations/holes found in both edges of the film that is
used to engage with the sprocket tooth of the camera to a subdivision of a long
facilitate the forward movement or winding of the film strip of film in which each
during exposure.
image is separated from
the other.
film sprocket film frame
emulsion side film leader
base coated with a number of very thin
light-sensitive consisting of silver
found at the tip of the rolled film designed
to guide the photographer for easy
transparent material salts or dyes. insertion of the film unto the film take-up
umaking safety film. spool of the camera.
PERSONALITIES
Thomas
Wedgewood
PERSONALITIES
Joseph Nicephore
Niepce
PERSONALITIES
Joseph Nicephore
Niepce
PERSONALITIES
HELIOGRAPHY. - an
early photographic
process producing a
photoengraving on a
metal plate coated
with an asphalt
preparation.
Bitumen of Judea
PERSONALITIES
Louise Jacques
Mande Daguerre
Daguerreotype process – a method
producing direct positive images on a
silver-coated copper plate in 1837.
-forerunner of modern film
PERSONALITIES
Mathew Brady
father of
photojournalism
PERSONALITIES
William Henry Fox
Talbot
FATHER OF MODERN
PHOTOGRAPHY
Talbotype photographic
technique(Calotype process) – is a
process wherein a sheet of paper coated
with silver iodide was exposed to light in a
camera obscura and those areas hit by
light became dark in tone, yielding a
negative image
❑ Paper is coated with silver nitrate and
potassium iodide, forming silver iodide.
❑ The prepared paper is placed in a camera and
exposed to light.
❑ A chemical developer (gallic acid and silver
nitrate) is used to bring out the latent image.
❑ The image is fixed using sodium thiosulfate
(hypo) to make it permanent.
❑ The paper negative is placed over another
sensitized paper to produce positive prints.
PERSONALITIES
John F. W.
Herschel
PERSONALITIES
Frederick Scott
Archer
Collodion process - used of gelatin dry plate
process which is based on the light sensitive of
the silver halides – SILVER HALIDES.
ADVANTAGE-Unlike the earlier Daguerreotype
and Calotype processes, which required long
exposures, the Collodion process reduced
exposure time to just 2–3 seconds.
PERSONALITIES
Daniel Barbaro
Introduced
aperture/diaphragm
control
PERSONALITIES
Sir Isaac Newton
PERSONALITIES
Richard Leach
Maddaox
- he introduced the gelatin dry
plate silver bromide process in
which negatives no longer have to
be developed immediately.
PERSONALITIES
Andre Adulphe
Eugene Disperi
PERSONALITIES
Nadar or
Gaspard-Felix
Tournachon
PERSONALITIES
Sir William Abney
developing agent
✓ – chemical used to enhance
and manifest the image in a
sensitized material
PERSONALITIES
George Eastman
✓ Patented the KODAK roll-film
camera
✓ Roll Film – photographic film
with a protective light roofing
backing paper in a spool (film is
rolled in circular manner)
PERSONALITIES
Wilhelm
Roentgen
PERSONALITIES
D.O. Hill
and Robert
Adamson
PERSONALITIES
Aloh Roemer
PERSONALITIES
James Clark
Maxwell
✓ “Tartan Ribbon” – very first
image that possessed color
✓ - Produced the first colored
photograph.
PERSONALITIES
Abel Niepce de
Saint-Victor
PERSONALITIES
Louis Desirie
Blanquart-Evard
✓ printing paper coated with
albumen – makes the printing
paper so glossy
PERSONALITIES
Odelbercht
PERSONALITIES
Alphonse
Bertillon
Anthropometric measurement
✓ a technique for describing individuals on
the basis of a catalogue of physical
measurements, including standing height,
sitting height (length of trunk and head),
distance between fingertips with arms
outstretched, and size of head, right ear,
left foot, digits, and forearm.
PERSONALITIES
Dr. R.A. Reis
founded the academic forensic science program
and the “Institute de police Scientifique” (Institute of
Forensic Science) at the University of Lausanne.
(EDUCATE POLICE OFFICERS WITH FORENSIC
SCIENCE – to be a good investigator)
(FOCUS MORE ON THE FORENSIC
KNOWLEDGE)
PERSONALITIES
Victor Baltazard
PERSONALITIES
Edwin Herbert
Land
He introduced the polaroid
camera (Instant camera)
PERSONALITIES
Gabriel Lippman
PERSONALITIES
D.A. Woodward
PERSONALITIES
Draper
PERSONALITIES
Louis Jules
Duboscq
PERSONALITIES
Griffin and Sons
They made the
simple daylight
enlarger.
PERSONALITIES
Steven Sasson
IMPORTANT
DATES/EVENTS
DATES
16th century Italian scholars used the camera as a
drawing apparatus. Instead of using a
darkroom, they used box with a lens and
placed a mirror.
17th century camera obscura was built-in with convex
lens.
1800 Thomas Wedgewood and Humphey
Davy produced photograms.
CONVEX LENS-This type of lens is thicker at
the centre and thinner at the edges.
A photogram is a photographic image made
without a camera by placing objects directly onto
the surface of a light-sensitive material such as
photographic paper and then exposing it to light
DATES
1835 the year when colored films, sensitized materials
and different brands of cameras came in different
types and model sold in the market.
1839 birthyear of modern photography. The year
when the Science of Photography became a
public knowledge.
1850 the year when photography was already well-
developed. It was used as an art
concerned with landscape, portraiture, and
architectural presentation.
DATES
1859 in the United States, one of the earliest
applied Forensic Science was in photography.
It was used to demonstrate evidence in
California case (Luco v. US). Enlarged
photographs of a signature were presented in
a court case involving forgery.
1875 first recorded use of accident photography in
Blair v. Inhabitants of Pelham where
photographed was admitted in
evidence to assist the jury in understanding
the case.
DATES
1877 Photographs were admitted as
evidence in a civil suit involving a
train wreck in Lock v. The Sioux
City & P.R.R.
1879 Reden v. Gates was the first case to
hold that a relevant photograph of
an injured person was admissible as
evidence.
DATES
1890 full corrected lens were introduced.
1906 a plate was placed on the market
that could reproduce all colors in
equivalent shades of gray.
DATES
1907 Lummiere color process was
introduced. A panchromatic film
was used but with
blue, green and red filter.
1911 People v. Jennings, the use of
fingerprint photographs for
identification purposes was
approved.
DATES
1934 in State v. Thorp, UV
photography was approved
concerning a picture of
footprints in blood on a
linoleum floor.
1935 color process came out
together with electronic flash.
DATES
1960 – LASER (Light Amplification
through Simulated Emission of
Radiation) was invented
making possible holograms- tri-
dimensional pictures.
1970 - colored photography has
matured as an artistic medium.
DATES
1981 Sony unveiled the first consumer camera
to use a charge-couple device for
imaging, eliminating the need for film.
The Sony Mavica saved images t disk, the
images were displayed on television,
and the camera was not fully digital.
1988 arrival of true digital cameras.
1990 Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first
commercially available digital cameras.