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Light – Reflection and Refraction

1. Did you ever notice that We see a variety of objects in the world around us. However , we are
unable to see anything in a dark room.

On lighting up the room, things become visible. What makes things visible?

Well, During the day, the sunlight helps us to see objects.

An object reflects light that falls on it. This reflected light, when received by our eyes, enables
us to see things.

2. Hello friends welcome to EdFunShow, Education with fun.

Today we will learn about Light, Reflection and Refraction, which is chapter no. 10 in class
10th science book of CBSE syllabus.

This is a level 1 beginner class, so you are not required to open your textbooks at all. Just
switch on your smart tv or mobile device, open your popcorn packet, relax on your sofa and
watch this EdFunShow.
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Our objective today is to go thru the syllabus in textbook and learn the fundamentals of light to
understand the concept of Reflection and Refraction with examples.

We are able to see through a transparent medium as light is transmitted through it.

There are a number of common wonderful phenomena associated with light such as image
formation by mirrors, the twinkling of stars, the beautiful colours of a rainbow, bending of light
by a medium and so on.

By observing the common optical phenomena around us, we may

conclude that light seems to travel in straight lines.

The fact that a small source of light casts a sharp shadow of an object implies that light travels
in straight line. This straight line is denoted by a ray of light.

If an object on the path of light becomes very small, light has a tendency to bend around it.
this is known as the diffraction of light.

In this case the straight-line theory of light using rays doest work.

To understand diffraction, light is treated as wave.

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Again, at the beginning of the 20th century, it was felt that wave theory of light also fails to
explain the interaction of light with matter, and then the light was treated as a stream of
particles.

This confusion about the true nature of light continued for some years till a modern quantum
theory of light emerged in which light is neither a ‘wave’ nor a ‘particle’. This new theory
explains all the behaviors of light.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT – (ting tong) – headline in video

3. A shiny and polished surface like a mirror, reflects most of the light
falling on it. Basic laws of reflection of light are–

(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

(ii) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence
and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.

4. These laws of reflection are applicable to all types of reflecting surfaces including spherical
surfaces.
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Image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual and erect. The size of the image is equal to that of
the object. The image formed is far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. Also, the image
is laterally inverted that is your left land is right hand of the image.

GOGO INTRODUCTION:-

1. Master Gogo wants to be an aviator

2. But he is afriad of heights
3. He talks too much when he is nervous
4. He is mr know it all

5. G1 -Take a large shining spoon. Try to view your face in its curved Surface
Do you get the image? Is it smaller or larger?
Now Move the spoon slowly away from your face and Observe the image.
How does it change?

Ok, again, Reverse the spoon and repeat the Activity.

How does the imagelook like now?Compare the characteristics of the image on the two surfaces.

The curved surface of a shining spoon could be considered as a curved

mirror .
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The most commonly used type of curved mirror is the sphericalmirror.

The reflecting surface of such mirrors can be considered to forma part of the surface of a sphere.

Such mirrors, whose reflecting surfaces are spherical, are called spherical mirrors. Lets understand
more about spherical mirrors.

SPHERIC AL MIRRORS – (ting tong) – headline in video

6. The surface of a mirror from where the light bounces off is called reflecting surface.

The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror may be curved inwards or outwards.

A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved inwards that is, faces towards the centre of
the sphere, is called a concave mirror.

A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards, is called

a convex mirror .

Convex and concave mirrors are denoted by the back of the mirror as shaded area.
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Friends, time for some memory tips, remember the word cave. Now, imagine a cave shining from
inside. This type of mirror is called concave mirror. The other type of mirror is convex mirror.

Lets learn terminology of spherical mirrors.

Centre of the reflecting surface is a point called the pole. It lies on the surface of the mirror. The
pole is by the letter P.

The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere.

This sphere has a centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of
the spherical mirror . It is represented by the letter C. Centre of curvature is not a part of the
mirror . It lies outside its reflecting surface.

The centre of curvature of a concave mirror lies in front of it whereas it lies behind the mirror in
case of a convex mirror .

The radius of the sphere of which the spherical mirror forms a part, is called the radius of curvature
of the mirror . It is represented by the letter R.
In the diagram distance PC is equal to the radius of curvature.

Draw a line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror. This line is
called the principal axis. Principal axis is perpendicular to the mirror at its pole.
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G2 –Concave Mirror – Hi friends, lets do an activity now.

take a concave mirror and direct its reflecting surface towards the Sun.

Adjust the mirror in such a way that the light reflected by the mirror is directed on to a sheet of
paper .

Move the paper far and close slowly until the mirror generates a bright, sharp spot of light on paper
screen.

Hold the mirror and the paper in the same position for a few minutes.
And see what happens and why?

After some time the paper at begins to produce smoke and catches fire.

Actually, the light from the Sun is converged at a point, as a sharp, bright spot by the mirror .

This spot of light is the image of the Sun on the sheet of paper.

And point is the focus of the concave mirror .

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The heat produced by concentration of sunlight ignites the paper.

The distance of this spot of light on paper from the mirror is the
approximate value of focal length of the mirror .

7. When a number of rays parallel to the principal axis falls on a concave mirror, they intersect at
a point on the principal axis. This point is known as principal focus of the concave mirror.

Similarly, is the case of convex mirror.

The only difference is that, principal focus of the concave mirror is in front of the mirror, that is
towards the shining side. Whereas the principal focus of the concave mirror is in back of the mirror,
that is towards the shaded side.

The principal focus is represented by the capital letter F.

The distance between pole and the principal focus of a spherical mirror is called the focal length. It
is represented by the small letter f.

The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical mirror is called its aperture. The distance MN
represents the aperture.
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For our ease of understanding we assume that the aperture of spherical mirrors is much smaller
than its radius of curvature.

The radius of curvature is twice the focal length. This means the principal focus of a spherical
mirror lies midway between the pole and centre of curvature.

Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors – (ting tong) – headline in video

We normally see the image formation by plane mirrors.

How about the images formed by spherical mirrors?

Lets do an Activity.

G3 -Hey Friends, gogo here again, How you doing, Im sure you are having fun here.
Last time we determined the focal length of aconcave mirror .
In Previous Activity named concave mirror, we observed that the sharp brightspot of light isthe
image of the Sun.
Well it wasa small , real and inverted image of sun.

We also got the approximate focal lengthof the concave mirror by measuring the distance of the
image fromthe mirror .
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lets continue ahead with our experiment, take that concave mirror with focal length measured last
time.

Now we will Mark a line on a flat surface and Place the concave mirror on
a stand. In such a way that its pole lies overthe line.

Draw two more lines parallel to the previous linesuch that the distance between any two
successive lines is equalto the focal length of the mirror.

These lines will correspondto the positions of the points P that is pole , F - principal focus and
Ccurvature.

For a spherical mirror of small aperture, the principal focus lies

half-way between the pole and the centre of curvature.

Keep a bright object a small bulb or a candle, at a position far beyond

curvature.

We will use a screen and move it in front of the mirror till we get a
sharp bright image of the candle flame on it.

Lets Observe the image, its nature, position andrelative size with respect to the object size.
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Repeat the activity by placing the candle–

(a) just beyond curvature,

(b) at curvature,
(c) between principal focus and curvature,
(d) at principal focus ,
(e) between pole and principal focus .
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Understand Spherical Mirrors Using Ray Diagrams – (ting tong) – headline in video

8. Lets study the formation of images by spherical mirrors with the help of drawing ray diagrams.
Consider a cricket bat placed in front of a spherical mirror .

9. Consider two rays, one emnating from the top and another from bottom of the bat towards the
mirror. The intersection of these two reflected rays from mirror gives the position of image.

We will understand the various cases one by one

A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through
the principal focus in case of a concave mirror.

A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will appear to diverge from the principal focus in
case of a convex mirror.

Now the reverse of above two cases,

A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror, will emerge parallel to the principal
axis after reflection.
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A ray which is directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror, will emerge parallel to the
principal axis after reflection.

Further,

A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror is reflected back along the same
path after reflection.

Similarly, A ray directed in the direction of centre of curvature of a convex mirror is reflected back
along the same path after reflection.

The light rays go and come back along the same path because the incident rays fall perpendicular
on the mirror surface.

(iv) A ray incident obliquely to

the principal axis, towards
a point P (pole of the mirror),
on the concave mirror
[Fig. 10.6 (a)] or a convex
mirror [Fig. 10.6 (b)], is
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reflected obliquely. The

incident and reflected rays
follow the laws of reflection
at the point of incidence
(point P), making equal
angles with the principal axis.
(a) (b)
Figure 10.4
Remember that in all the above cases the laws of reflection are followed.
At the point of incidence, the incident ray is reflected in such a way that
the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.

10.3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT - video top heading

Light seems to travel along straight-line paths in a transparent medium.

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But, What happens when light enters from one transparent medium toanother? Does it still move along a
straight-line path or change its direction?

We shall recall some of our day-to-day experiences. You might have observed that the bottom of a tank or a
pond containing water appears to be raised.

Similarly, when a thick glass slab is placed over some printed matter, the letters appear raised when viewed
through the glass slab. Why does it happen? Have you seen a pencil partly immersed in water in a glass
tumbler? It appears to be displaced at the interface of air and water. You might have observed that a lemon
kept in water in a glass tumbler appears to be bigger than its actual size, when viewed from the sides. How
can you account for such experiences?

Let us consider the case of the apparent displacement of a pencil, partly immersed in water. The light
reaching you from the portion of the pencil inside water seems to come from a different direction,
compared to the part above water. This makes the pencil appear to be displaced at the interface. For
similar reasons, the letters appear to be raised, when seen through a glass slab placed over it.

Does a pencil appear to be displaced to the same extent, if instead of water, we use liquids like kerosene or
turpentine? Will the letters appear to rise to the same height if we replace a glass slab with a transparent
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plastic slab? You will find that the extent of the effect is different for different pair of media. These
observations indicate that light does not travel in the same direction in all media.

It appears that when travelling obliquely from one medium to another, the direction of propagation of light
in the second medium changes. This phenomenon is known as refraction of light. Let us understand this
phenomenon further by doing a few activities.

Gogo will help you understand this:-

GOGO-

Activity - Coin in Bucket of water

Place a coin at the bottom of a bucket filled with water. With your eye to a side above water, try to pick up
the coin in one go. Did you succeed in picking up the coin?
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Repeat the Activity. Why did you not succeed in doing it in one go?

Activity - Coin in shallow water bowl

Place a large shallow bowl on a Table and put a coin in it. Move away slowly from the bowl. Stop when the
coin just disappears from your sight. Ask a friend to pour water gently into the bowl without disturbing the
coin. Keep looking for the coin from your position. Does the coin becomes visible again from your position?
How could this happen? The coin becomes visible again on pouring water into the bowl. The coin appears
slightly raised above its actual position due to refraction of light.

Activity - line and glass slab

Draw a thick straight line in ink, over a sheet of white paper placed on a Table.
Place a glass slab over the line in such a way that one of its edges makes an angle with the line. Look at the
portion of the line under the slab from the sides. What do you observe? Does the line under the glass slab
appear to be bent at the edges?

Next, place the glass slab such that it is normal to the line. What do you observe now? Does the part of the
line under the glass slab appear bent?
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Look at the line from the top of the glass slab. Does the part of the line, beneath the slab, appear to be
raised? Why does this happen?

10.3.1 Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab

To understand the phenomenon of refraction of light through a glass slab, let us do an Activity first

Activity - Line and rectangular glass slab

Fix a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using drawing pins. Place a rectangular glass slab over the
sheet in the middle. Draw the outline of the slab with a pencil. Let us name the outline as ABCD.

Take four identical pins. Fix two pins, say E and F, vertically such that the line joining the pins is inclined to
the edge AB.

Look for the images of the pins E and F through the opposite edge. Fix two other pins, say G and H, such
that these pins and the images of E and F lie on a straight line.
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Remove the pins and the slab. Join the positions of tip of the pins E and F and produce the line up to AB. Let
EF meet AB at O. Similarly, join the positions of tip of the pins G and H and produce it up to the edge CD. Let
HG meet CD at O′.

Join O and O′. Also produce EF up to P, as shown by a dotted line